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New York City Department of Sanitation

(Redirected from New York City Department of Sanitation Environmental Police)

The New York City Department of Sanitation (DSNY) is the department of the government of New York City[1] responsible for garbage collection, recycling collection, street cleaning, and snow removal. The DSNY is the primary operator of the New York City waste management system.[2]

Department of Sanitation
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Department overview
FormedDecember 20, 1881; 142 years ago (1881-12-20)
JurisdictionNew York City
Headquarters125 Worth Street
New York, NY
MottoNew York's Strongest
Employees7,978 uniformed sanitation workers and supervisors
1,743 civilian employees
Annual budget$1.90 billion (FY 2024)
Department executives
  • Jessica Tisch, Commissioner
  • Javier Lojan, First Deputy Commissioner
  • Anthony Pennolino, Chief of Department
Key document
Websitewww.nyc.gov/sanitation

The department's motto. "New York's Strongest", was coined by Harry Nespoli, long-time President of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters Local 831, to describe the Department of Sanitation's football team in the late 1970s to early 1980s.[3] The section of Worth Street between Centre and Baxter Streets in Manhattan is named "Avenue of the Strongest" in their honor.

History

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Prior to 1881, a Street Cleaning Bureau functioned under the New York City Police Department. However, streets were filthy, filled with mud, rubbish, ash, and horse urine and manure. On May 29, 1881, all the bureau's books and papers were transferred from the police headquarters in anticipation of the passage of a law creating a new administrative structure and the separate Department of Street Cleaning.[4] On May 30, the bill enacting the Department of Street Cleaning was signed by Governor of New York Alonzo B. Cornell. However, Henry H. Gorringe, who had been asked to serve as the inaugural commissioner by Mayor William R. Grace, had been hoping for a different bill and declined the position, stating that it was a "delusion and snare from beginning to end", and that he would have had to answer to "five different areas of city government – the Mayoralty, the Board of Estimate and Apportionment, the Board of Health, the Police Board, and the Department of Street Cleaning," with the latter having the least effective power.[5] Instead, several days later, James S. Coleman became the first commissioner, and held the position for eight years.[6][7][8]

 
George E. Waring

In 1894, Col. George E. Waring, Jr. became commissioner, and he was credited with substantially cleaning the streets, as well as pioneering recycling, street sweeping, and the establishment of a uniformed cleaning and collection force.[9] The department's name was changed to the Department of Sanitation in 1929.[10]

  • 1980: New York City won the right to staff sanitation trucks with a crew of two, instead of three.[11]
  • 1986: New York City hired two female sanitation workers. Initially they did only street-sweeping. Going with sanitation trucks began the following year.[12]
  • 2003: Mayor Michael Bloomberg laid off 515 sanitation workers while seeking to "increase the length of runs by sanitation trucks – more trash per truck would lower costs"[13][14]
  • 2009: New York City introduced use of hybrid-electric sanitation-pickup vehicles.[15] Like those then in use, staff crew were numbered at two, not three as had been the case until 1980.

In 2015, the department had more than 9,700 employees, handled more than 3.2 million tons of refuse every year, and recycled more than 600,000 tons of waste material annually.[16] Sanitation Commissioner Kathryn Garcia resigned in September 2020 to consider running for mayor of New York City, and criticized what she termed the "unconscionable" $100 million budget cuts of Mayor Bill DiBlasio in her resignation letter.[17][18][19][20][21] Those budget cuts, among other things, forced a 60% reduction in pickups from public trash baskets.[22][23]

Strikes

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  • 1968: Sanitation workers had been without a contract for six months when they rejected Mayor John Lindsay's proposal and went on strike on February 2. 7,000 sanitation workers marched to City Hall Park to demand higher pay and increased benefits.[24] President John DeLury of the Uniformed Sanitationmen's Association is quoted saying, "No contract, no work!" to the crowd.[25] Mayor Lindsay referred to the strike as illegal,[26][27] because it was in violation of the Taylor Law, which passed that previous year. As the garbage on the streets of New York City accumulated to over 100,000 tons, negotiations between Lindsay and union leaders went poorly. Finally, on February 10, New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller stepped in, offering a $425 wage increase, double-time pay for working on Sundays, and a 2.5 percent increase in pension funds,[24] which the workers agreed to and ended the strike.[28]
  • 1975: A wildcat strike took place in 1975 from July 2 to 4 in the midst of a budget crisis for New York City before workers returned to work under the provision that they would put up their own money to guarantee payroll if the city legislation could not get the tax increase necessary.[29]
  • 1981: Workers went on strike just after midnight on December 1 to demand a wage increase and remained out until December 17.[30]

Role in 9/11 rescue and recovery efforts

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After the September 11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center, approximately 3,700 sanitation employees were involved in clean-up, debris removal and processing at ground zero and the Fresh Kills landfill, as well as other sites in the city. Fifteen hundred employees were deployed in the first 24 hours, as well as over 150 pieces of heavy machinery. They worked at ground zero for 39 weeks and processed up to 17,500 tons of material a day at the Fresh Kills landfill. This, in coordination with other departments and agencies, allowed for the identification of over 300 victims.[31]

To commemorate the 20th anniversary of 9/11, the Sanitation Foundation launched an online exhibition detailing "the incredible— and largely unknown— story of the vital role that the New York City Department of Sanitation (DSNY) played in the rescue and recovery efforts following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001".[32]

Organization

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The New York City Department of Sanitation is the largest sanitation department in the world, with 7,201 uniformed sanitation workers and supervisors, 2,041 civilian workers, 2,230 general collection trucks, 275 specialized collection trucks, 450 street sweepers, 365 snowplows, 298 front end loaders, and 2,360 support vehicles. It handles over 12,000 tons of residential and institutional refuse and recyclables a day.[33] It has a uniformed force of unionized sanitation workers (Local 831 USA of the Teamsters). Its regulations are compiled in Title 16 of the New York City Rules.

There are nine uniformed titles in the New York City Department of Sanitation. From highest to lowest, the uniformed titles are described by Civil Service Title and/or Rank;[clarification needed]

Title Insignia
General Superintendent Level V (Director)
 
General Superintendent Level IV (Chief)
 
General Superintendent Level III (Assistant Chief)
 
General Superintendent Level II (Deputy Chief)
 
General Superintendent Level I (Superintendent)
 
Supervisor
 
Sanitation Worker

Bureau of Cleaning and Collection

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The Bureau of Cleaning and Collection is responsible for collecting recycling and garbage, cleaning streets and vacant lots, and clearing streets of snow and ice. BCC assigns personnel and equipment to standard routes while managing the weekly allocation of personnel to address litter and illegal dumping.

The Cleaning Office oversees the removal of litter and debris from city streets, collects material for recycling and garbage from public litter bins and coordinates with Derelict Vehicle Operations to remove abandoned vehicles. The Lot Cleaning Unit cleans vacant lots and the areas around them, and around city-owned buildings in order to meet the city's Health Code standards.

The Collection Office oversees regularly scheduled recycling and garbage collection services to the city's residential households, public schools, public buildings, and many large institutions

Solid Waste Management

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The Solid Waste Management Bureau is responsible for the disposal of all municipal solid waste and recyclables managed by DSNY, and for long-term waste export programs. The bureau consists of Solid Waste Management Engineering, the Export Contract Management Unit, marine and land-based transfer stations, and the Fresh Kills landfill and long-term export programs.

The Export Contract Management Unit handles DSNY contracts with private vendors who operate municipal solid waste disposal facilities, including transfer stations and waste-to-energy plants. DSNY also has city-owned and operated transfer stations.

Solid Waste Management Engineering is principally responsible for the design, construction, closure and post-closure care, and end-use development of the 2,200-acre Fresh Kills landfill. It also develops and implements long-term waste export programs and the city's Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan for 2006–2025 and the Solid Waste Management Plan Final Environmental Impact Statement.

Bureau of Information Technology

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The Bureau of Information Technology manages all aspects of computing and technology for DSNY, including networks, databases, software, devices, and technical support.

The bureau designed the Sanitation Management Analysis and Resource Tracking (SMART) system, a web-based mobile system that provides DSNY field forces with digital operations, scheduling, and reporting technology, and gives DSNY management instant access to real-time operational information. It is integrated with citywide systems such as GIS mapping services, fleet management, building management, human resources, and purchasing and financial applications.

Bureau Operations Office

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The Bureau Operations Office is DSNY's primary communications center, handling interagency and intra-agency communications. To ensure efficient communications, the radio room maintains and monitors citywide radio communications, equipment repair, upgrades, maintenance, and inventory.

The Bureau oversees all DSNY facilities, administers the expense budget, and controls fuel and lubricant inventories, as well as tools and supplies for citywide use. It also plans and directs citywide snow operations, including staffing plans, maintaining the fleet of snow removal equipment, and maintaining an inventory of salt and calcium chloride to cover the needs of the snow season.

The Bureau's Equipment and Facilities Unit works closely with Support Services to make sure that DSNY facilities receive constant monitoring, repairs, renovation, and emergency intervention. The Bureau works closely with the Real Estate Division to properly plan for new facilities from an operational standpoint.

Operations Management Division

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The Operations Management Division provides statistical review and analysis for evaluating DSNY's managerial and operational performance, including, most recently, a comprehensive review and sweeping redevelopment of the methodology used for citywide snow clearing operations. The division provides performance results to executive staff, field managers, and the public, to provide insight into organizational performance and help evaluate future initiatives. It also develops all departmental forms and provides reprographic services for the agency.

DSNY's Enterprise Geospatial Program Management Office, established in 2014, adds additional rigor to Operations Management functions by enabling and promoting purposeful geospatial data consumption and analysis throughout the agency, as well as the innovative technologies that make them possible. Its core objectives are to:

  • Develop and maintain centralized and authoritative geospatial data stores and guarantee their integrity, accuracy and security
  • Make geospatial data widely available and accessible across the agency via delivery through a combination of cutting-edge web applications and database technologies
  • Provide leadership to align geospatial strategic planning, data standards and policies, tactical implementation and operational capability in accordance with DSNY's performance goals

Personnel Management Division

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The Personnel Management Division coordinates with Human Resources on employee-related personal actions, such as the hiring process of new sanitation workers, promotions, demotions, employee evaluations, disciplinary matters, separation of service, and employee hardships. It also monitors the electronic disciplinary system for accuracy, and acts as the liaison between the Department Advocate and the field operations of the Bureau of Cleaning and Collection and the Solid Waste Management Unit. The division allocates general superintendents, supervisors, civilians, and sanitation workers assigned to medical-duty to support daily Cleaning and Collection field operations.

Division of Safety and Training

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The Division of Safety and Training is responsible for all administrative and operational training to ensure that DSNY employees have the knowledge and skills to perform their jobs safely and effectively in a hazard-free work place. It also has the jurisdiction to enforce federal, state, city, and departmental laws, rules, and regulations pertaining to safe motor vehicle operation and work procedures, building maintenance, and driver's license requirements.

Responsibilities include developing and maintaining programs and training, investigating serious line-of-duty injuries and vehicular accidents, conducting orientation programs for new and recently promoted uniformed employees, and facilitating department-wide walk-throughs for workplace violence surveys and facility E-waste, standpipe, and sprinkler inspections.

Bureau of Motor Equipment

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The Bureau of Motor Equipment provides a full range of fleet-related functions, such as design, research and development, procurement, maintenance, repair, and ultimately disposal of DSNY vehicles. All of these functions are performed through four main operating divisions — Field Operations, Material Management, Vehicle Acquisition and Warranty Division, and Central Repair Shop Operations.

Bureau of Building Maintenance

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The Bureau of Building Maintenance has responsibility for maintaining garages, transfer stations, repair shops, and office buildings throughout the five boroughs. The bureau employs carpenters, plumbers, electricians and other skilled trades who provide routine maintenance, facility rehabilitation, and emergency repairs. Together with Legal Affairs and Engineering, the Bureau of Building Maintenance ensures that DSNY facilities are in compliance with all federal, state, and local oversight regulations. The Bureau also works with the Department of Citywide Administrative Services to secure funding for energy reduction programs and to achieve carbon dioxide emission goals.

Law Enforcement Division

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The Enforcement Division monitors compliance with administrative, recycling, and health laws governing the maintenance of clean streets, illegal posting and dumping, theft of recyclables, and proper storage and disposal of recycling and garbage by residents and businesses. It reports through the First Deputy Commissioner.[34]

Sanitation law enforcement officers (Police Division) are licensed and armed New York City Special Patrolman[35] in connection with their special duties of employment. Such designation confers limited New York State Peace Officer powers upon the employee, pursuant to New York State Criminal Procedure Law § 2.10 sub(59).[36] and have limited powers of arrests in conjunction to their specialized functions. Sanitation enforcement agents are unarmed civilians who undergo a comprehensive classroom and field-training program.

The Enforcement Division's Canine Unit patrols throughout the city and issue notices of violation for quality-of-life violations, such as unleashed dogs, littering, and failure to remove canine waste and noxious liquids.

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    DSNY Police badge
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    New York City Sanitation Police car
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    DSNY Environmental Police patch

Environmental Enforcement and the Permit Inspection Unit

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The primary responsibility of the Permit Inspection Unit is the enforcement of Local Law 40, governing the permit and inspection processes of solid waste transfer stations and fill material operations within the city. Environmental police officers conduct regular inspections to ensure compliance with the rules and regulations relating to these activities.

The Permit Inspection Unit issues permits and conducts regular inspections of putrescible and non-putrescible transfer stations, fill material transfer stations, and fill material operations that involve the grading, leveling, or improvement of property. It also plays a main role in identifying and closing illegal transfer stations and dump sites, and works closely with DSNY Legal Affairs and various city, state, and federal agencies.

The Environmental Enforcement Unit enforces Local Laws 70 and 75, governing the storage, transportation, and disposal of asbestos and regulated medical waste. Environmental enforcement unit respond to incidents involving the improper disposal of chemicals, household hazardous waste, low-level radioactive waste, and medical waste. The unit also conducts inspections of hospitals and nursing homes to ensure proper disposal of regulated medical waste, and inspects medical practices operating in multi-dwelling buildings to ensure compliance with Local Law 41.

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The Bureau of Legal Affairs is DSNY's in-house legal department which has various divisions, including Contracts, Environmental Affairs, Intergovernmental, the Advocate's Office and the Agency Chief Contracting Office. These divisions provide legal counsel, advice, and assistance to the other bureaus in connection with procuring and managing contracts, drafting and enforcing statutes and regulations, regulating solid waste transfer stations, and working with other government departments and agencies.

The Bureau serves as DSNY's liaison with the City Council and State Legislature, manages DSNY's City Environmental Quality Review processes, coordinates DSNY's responses to Freedom of Information Law requests for documents, and provides litigation support to the City's Law Department in connection with lawsuits involving DSNY. The Bureau provides legal counsel on employment and personnel matters, is DSNY's advisor on the legal aspects of environmental compliance efforts, and works closely with DSNY engineers to resolve controversies, allow construction projects to continue, and avoid disputes and litigation.

District garages

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Source: [37]

Bronx

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Brooklyn

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Brooklyn North

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Brooklyn South

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Manhattan

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Queens

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Queens East

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Queens West

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Staten Island

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Commissioners

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Number Name Dates in Office Administration Notes and References
As Chairman of a Three-man Commission of the Department of Street Cleaning
1 James S. Coleman June 16, 1881 – December 30, 1889 William R. Grace
Franklin Edson
William R. Grace
Abram Hewitt
Hugh J. Grant		 [38][39][40]
vacant December 31, 1889 – January 17, 1890
2 Horace Loomis January 17, 1890 – April 3, 1890 Hugh J. Grant [41][42][43]
3 Hans S. Beattie April 3, 1890 – September 16, 1891 Hugh J. Grant [42][44][45]
William Dalton September 16, 1891 (acting) Hugh J. Grant [44]
4 Thomas Sebastian Brennan September 17, 1891 – July 21, 1893 Hugh J. Grant
Thomas F. Gilroy		 [45][46]
5 William S. Andrews July 21, 1893 – January 15, 1895 Thomas F. Gilroy
William L. Strong		 [46][47]
6 George E. Waring, Jr. January 15, 1895 – December 31, 1897 William L. Strong [47][48]
7 James McCartney January 1, 1898 – February 7, 1900 Robert A. Van Wyck [48][49]
vacant February 7, 1900 – February 12, 1900
8 Percival E. Nagle February 12, 1900 – December 31, 1901 Robert A. Van Wyck [50][51]
9 John McGaw Woodbury January 1, 1902 – October 13, 1906 Seth Low
George B. McClellan, Jr.		 [51][52]
10 MacDonough Craven October 22, 1906 – July 9, 1907 George B. McClellan, Jr. [53][54]
11 Walter Bensel July 9, 1907 – November 21, 1907 George B. McClellan, Jr. [54][55]
12 Foster Crowell November 22, 1907 – January 1, 1909 George B. McClellan, Jr. [56][57]
13 William H. Edwards January 1, 1909 – December 31, 1913 George B. McClellan, Jr.
William Jay Gaynor
Ardolph L. Kline		 [57][58]
14 John T. Fetherston January 1, 1914 – December 31, 1917 John Purroy Mitchel [59][60]
15 Arnold B. MacStay January 1, 1918 – January 30, 1918 (acting)
January 30, 1918 – January 2, 1921		 John F. Hylan [60][61][62]
16 John P. Leo January 5, 1921 – November 18, 1921 John F. Hylan [61][63]
17 Alfred A. Taylor November 18, 1921 – November 25, 1921 (acting)
November 25, 1921 – November 30, 1929		 John F. Hylan
Jimmy Walker		 [63][64][10]
As Chairman of a Three-man Commission of the Department of Sanitation
18 William J. Schroeder, Jr. (chairman)
Leonard C.L. Smith (engineering member)
Charles S. Hand (lay member)		 November 30, 1929 – April 18, 1933
December 30, 1929 – April 18, 1933
June 3, 1930 – April 18, 1933		 Jimmy Walker
Joseph V. McKee
John P. O'Brien		 [10][65][66][67][68]
As a Single Commissioner
19 George McAneny April 19, 1933 – September 19, 1933 John P. O'Brien [69][70]
vacant September 19, 1933 – September 29, 1933
20 Ernest P. Goodrich September 29, 1933 – March 7, 1934 John P. O'Brien
Fiorello H. La Guardia		 [71][72]
21 Thomas W. Hammond March 7, 1934 – June 2, 1934 (acting)
June 2, 1934 – May 26, 1936		 Fiorello H. La Guardia [73][74]
22 William F. Carey May 26, 1936 – December 31, 1945 Fiorello H. La Guardia [75][74][76]
23 William J. Powell January 1, 1946 – December 21, 1949 William O'Dwyer [77][78]
24 Andrew W. Mulrain December 21, 1949 – February 25, 1957 William O'Dwyer
Vincent R. Impellitteri
Robert F. Wagner		 [79][80]
25 Paul R. Screvane February 25, 1957 – March 3, 1961 Robert F. Wagner [81][82]
26 Frank J. Lucia March 3, 1961 – December 31, 1965 Robert F. Wagner [83][84]
27 Joseph F. Periconi January 1, 1966 – November 23, 1966 John V. Lindsay [85][86]
28 Samuel J. Kearing, Jr. November 23, 1966 – November 17, 1967 John V. Lindsay [87][88][89][90]
James Lewis Marcus November 17, 1967 – December 12, 1967 (acting) John V. Lindsay [91]
Fioravente Gerald Gabriel Perrotta December 12, 1967 – December 26, 1967 (acting) John V. Lindsay [91][92]
Maurice Milton Feldman December 26, 1967 – June 4, 1968 (acting) John V. Lindsay [93]
James P. Marron named on January 28, 1968, unable to take office because of illness, died June 18, 1968[94][95]
29 Griswold Lamour Moeller June 4, 1968 – July 14, 1970 John V. Lindsay [96][97]
Jerome Kretchmer August 17, 1970 – April 26, 1971 (acting) John V. Lindsay [98]
30 Herbert Elish April 26, 1971 – April 30, 1974 John V. Lindsay
Abraham D. Beame		 [99][100]
31 Robert T. Groh April 30, 1974 – October 3, 1975 Abraham D. Beame [100][101]
Martin Lang October 3, 1975 – January 5, 1976 (acting) Abraham D. Beame [101][102][103]
32 Anthony Thomas Vaccarello January 5, 1976 – November 5, 1978 Abraham D. Beame
Edward I. Koch		 [102][103]
33 Norman Steisel November 5, 1978 – January 23, 1986 Edward I. Koch [104][105]
34 Brendan John Sexton January 24, 1986 – April 18, 1990 Edward I. Koch
David N. Dinkins		 [106][107]
35 Steven M. Polan April 18, 1990 – February 1992 David N. Dinkins [107]
36 Emily S. Lloyd February 1992 – July 15, 1994 David N. Dinkins
Rudolph W. Giuliani		 [108][109]
37 John J. Doherty August 11, 1994 – September 20, 1998 Rudolph W. Giuliani [110][111]
38 Kevin Farrell March 15, 1999 – July 9, 2001 Rudolph W. Giuliani [112]
John J. Doherty January 1, 2002 – March 28, 2014 (second term) Michael Bloomberg [113][114]
39 Kathryn Garcia April 1, 2014 – February 15, 2019 Bill de Blasio [114][115]
Steven Costas February 15, 2019 – July 8, 2019
(acting commissioner while Garcia was interim chairwoman of the New York City Housing Authority)		 Bill de Blasio [116][117][118]
39 Kathryn Garcia July 8, 2019 – September 18, 2020 Bill de Blasio [118][119]
40 Edward Grayson September 18, 2020 – December 31, 2020 (acting)
December 31, 2020 – April 14, 2022		 Bill de Blasio
Eric Adams		 [120][121][122][123]
? April 14, 2022 – April 18, 2022 (acting) Eric Adams
41 Jessica Tisch April 18, 2022 – current Eric Adams [124]

Artist in Residence

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Since 1977, Mierle Laderman Ukeles has been the Artist in Residence (unsalaried) of the New York City Department of Sanitation.[125] She is the only artist to ever hold that position.[126]

In her work Touch Sanitation (1979-80), taking almost a year, Ukeles met over 8500 employees of the New York Sanitation Department, shaking hands with each of them and saying, “Thank you for keeping New York City alive”.[127] She documented her activities on a map, recording her conversations with the workers. Ukeles documented the workers' private stories in an attempt to change some of the negative words used about them.[128]

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    "White Wings" sanitation workers, 1914
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    125 Worth Street, the department's headquarters
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    Sanitation workers picking up garbage on 172nd Street in 1973
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    A typical New York City street waste basket
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    North Shore Marine Transfer Station - Queens 7

See also

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References

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  1. ^ New York City Charter Chapter 31, § 751; "There shall be a department of sanitation the head of which shall be the commissioner of sanitation."
  2. ^ "Garbage Gridlock". City Journal. December 23, 2015. Retrieved January 2, 2023.
  3. ^ Campbell, Colin (July 6, 1981). "Salute to Sanitationmen Aims to Counter Morale Problem". The New York Times.
  4. ^ "The Street-Cleaning Bureau Moved". The New York Times. May 30, 1881. p. 5. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
  5. ^ "The New Street-Cleaning Law – Lieut.-Commander Gorringe Declines to Serve as Commissioner". The New York Times. May 31, 1881. p. 1. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
  6. ^ "The New Commissioner – Mr. James S. Coleman Appointed to Clean the Streets". The New York Times. June 5, 1881. p. 12. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
  7. ^ "Mr. Coleman Assumes Charge – He Promises to Give the City Clean Streets If Possible". The New York Times. June 17, 1881. p. 8. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
  8. ^ "Coleman Gives Up Office – His Resignation Sent to the Mayor – But Before He Wrote His Letter Mayor Grant Had Asked The Board of Health to Remove Him". The New York Times. December 31, 1889. p. 1. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
  9. ^ Trying to Clean Up New York, Gotham Gazette, August 16, 2004
  10. ^ a b c "Schroeder Heads Sanitation Board – Quits as Hospital Commissioner as He Is Sworn In by Walker for New City Post – Two Aides To Be Named – Street Cleaning Department's Work Will Be Taken Over by Body Created at Last Election". The New York Times. December 1, 1929. p. 20. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
  11. ^ Alan Finder (February 2, 1993). "Seeking More Work From City Workers". New York Times.
  12. ^ Carmody, Deirdre (January 31, 1987). "2 female sanitation workers earning high marks". The New York Times.
  13. ^ Eric Lipton; Steven Greenhouse (August 19, 2003). "Bloomberg and City Unions Draw the Lines, Far Apart". The New York Times.
  14. ^ "Bring back the sanitation workers! Let's not return to the 1970s (photo of Lindsay era, sanitation blocking streets)". Uniformed Santitationmen's Association. May 21, 2003. p. 25 (NYpost).
  15. ^ Jennifer Lee (August 25, 2009). "Sanitation Dept. Unveils Hybrid Garbage Trucks". New York Times.
  16. ^ "Kathryn Garcia, Commissioner, New York City Sanitation; The world's largest cleaning department demands military precision". The Financial Times. September 9, 2015.
  17. ^ Durkin, Erin; Gronewold, Anna; Bocanegra, Michelle (August 19, 2020). "Kathryn Garcia's trash trouble". Politico.
  18. ^ Troutman, Matt (September 8, 2020). "NYC Sanitation Commissioner Resigns Ahead of Likely Mayoral Run". www.msn.com.
  19. ^ Rubinstein, Dana (September 8, 2020). "Kathryn Garcia, N.Y.C.'s sanitation commissioner, resigns to mull a run for mayor". The New York Times.
  20. ^ Gartland, Michael (September 8, 2020). "NYC sanitation chief steps down as she mulls mayoral bid". The New York Daily News.
  21. ^ Troutman, Matt (September 8, 2020). "NYC Sanitation Commissioner Resigns Ahead Of Likely Mayoral Run". New York City, NY Patch.
  22. ^ "Sanitation Commissioner Kathryn Garcia resigns as she mulls mayoral run". Fox 5 NY. September 8, 2020.
  23. ^ Pascus, Brian (September 8, 2020). "Sanitation chief resigns as she mulls mayoral run". Crain's New York Business.
  24. ^ a b Yudelovich, Edward (February 15, 2018). "Sanitation workers' strike 1968 — solidarity and resistance". Workers World. Retrieved December 5, 2022.
  25. ^ "New York City Garbage Strike of 1968: Trash piles up on sidewalks after sanitation workers walkout". New York Daily News. February 2, 2016. Retrieved December 5, 2022.
  26. ^ "New York Strike Ends! – State Takes Control of Sanitation Department". Memphis Public Libraries. Retrieved December 5, 2022.
  27. ^ "Sanitation Men's Strike". WNYC. Retrieved December 5, 2022.
  28. ^ Untapped Cities. "Today in NYC History: The Great Garbage Strike of 1968." Retrieved 2015-Jun-29.
  29. ^ "Beame's gimmick ends N.Y. garbage strike." Chicago Tribune. 1975 July 4. Retrieved 2015-Jun-29.
  30. ^ NYC, 1981. "The Christmas Trash Strike of 1981." Young, Greg. Retrieved 2015-Jun-29.
  31. ^ Redling, Adam (September 13, 2021). "DSNY remembers sanitation workers who lost their lives due to health complications from 9/11". www.wastetodaymagazine.com. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  32. ^ "DSNY 9/11 Exhibit". dsnyremembers.org. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  33. ^ About DSNY Archived May 23, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  34. ^ "DSNY – The City of New York Department of Sanitation". www1.nyc.gov. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  35. ^ "Chapter 13: Special Officer".
  36. ^ "2013 New York Consolidated Laws :: CPL – Criminal Procedure :: Part 1 – General Provisions :: Title A – Short Title, Applicability and Definitions :: Article 2 – (2.10 – 2.30) Peace Officers :: 2.10 – Persons designated as peace officers".
  37. ^ DSNY District Map. Retrieved 2015-Feb-15.
  38. ^ "The New Commissioner — Mr. James S. Coleman Appointed to Clean the Streets". The New York Times. June 5, 1881. p. 12. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  39. ^ "Mr. Coleman Assumes Charge — He Promises to Give the City Clean Streets If Possible". The New York Times. June 17, 1881. p. 8. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  40. ^ "Coleman Gives Up Office — His Resignation Sent to the Mayor — But Before He Wrote His Letter Mayor Grant Had Asked The Board of Health to Remove Him". The New York Times. December 31, 1889. p. 1. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  41. ^ "His Honor Heaves A Sigh — He Finds a Street Sweeper in Horace Loomis — A Democrat From Westchester County — His Record As An Engineer — His Plans for the Department". The New York Times. January 18, 1890. p. 8. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  42. ^ a b "Horace Loomis Resigns — Hans S. Beattie Will Look After the Streets — Worrying Over the Street Cleaning Problem Made Mr. Loomis Ill — Tammany and the Contracts". The New York Times. April 4, 1890. p. 5. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  43. ^ "Hans Beattie in Command — His First Move Toward Cleaning the City's Streets". The New York Times. April 4, 1890. p. 5. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  44. ^ a b "Mr. Beattie Wasn't There — A Wake in the Mayor's Office Without the Waked — Money Transferred by the Board of Estimate to the Carting Fund of the Street-Cleaning Department — Hans Will Fight". The New York Times. September 17, 1891. p. 9. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  45. ^ a b "The Mayor Wastes No Time — "Big Tom" Brennan Appointed to Succeed Mr. Beattie — For Years The New Street-Cleaning Commissioner Was in the Charities And Correction Department — Hans's Parting Shot". The New York Times. September 18, 1891. p. 8. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  46. ^ a b "Brennan Gives Up The Broom — W.S. Andrews Succeeds Him As Cleaner of Streets — Col. M.C. Murphy Appointed to the Place in the Excise Board from Which Mr. Andrews Resigned — Mr. Brennan Writes His Resignation After a Talk with Mayor Gilroy — Going to Take His Son, Who Is Ill, to Saratoga — Mr. Andrews Promises Clean Streets". The New York Times. July 22, 1893. p. 1. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  47. ^ a b "Col. Waring Begins Work — Charles K. Moore Made Deputy Street-Cleaning Commissioner — Proclamation by Mayor Strong — Provisions of the Law Concerning Refuse Called to the Attention of Citizens — Salaries Reduced". The New York Times. January 16, 1895. p. 9. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  48. ^ a b "The New City Officials — As Announced by Mayor Van Wyck, the Slate Contains Some Surprises — Politicians Are Puzzled — Friends of Hugh J. Grant Seem to be Intentionally Ignored — The List as Given Out Yesterday". The New York Times. January 2, 1898. p. 1. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  49. ^ "James McCartney Dead — The Commissioner of Street Cleaning Passes Away at His Home After a Long Illness". The New York Times. February 7, 1900. p. 1. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  50. ^ "Mr Nale on His Work — Col. Waring's Example, New Commissioner Intimates, Will Be His Model — Promises Devotion to Duty". The New York Times. February 12, 1900. p. 10. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  51. ^ a b "Mr. Low Names Department Heads — Twelve Appointees Added to the New Administration — Mr. Lederle Health Commissioner — Dr. Woodbury Street Cleaning Commissioner — Cornelius Vanderbilt in Office". The New York Times. December 17, 1901. p. 5. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  52. ^ "Woodbury Resigns, Saying He Had To — Declares the Mayor Injected Politics Into His Department — Fight on Murphy Continues — Tammany Men Say the Mayor and McCarren Are Forcing Out All the Murphy Supporters". The New York Times. October 14, 1906. p. 5. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  53. ^ "Macdonough Craven Succeeds Woodbury — New Street Cleaning Head Was One of Waring's Men — Hasn't Been in Politics — He Is Instructed "to Shake Up the Department" and Keep Politics Out of It". The New York Times. October 23, 1906. p. 1. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  54. ^ a b "Ellison Out; Others Follow — Mayor's Action Looked On as Move Against Murphy and the Sullivans — Martin Joins His Camp — Bolting Tammany Leader Made City Chamberlain — Pendleton, Bensel, and Polk Fill Other Offices". The New York Times. July 9, 1907. p. 1. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  55. ^ "Dr. Bensel". The New York Times. July 10, 1907. p. 6. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  56. ^ "Crowell in Charge of City's Streets — Mayor Names Engineer to Succeed Dr. Bensel, Whom He Praises Highly — Henry Smith for Parks — New Commissioner a Member of Tammany General Committee — Vacancies In School Board Filled". The New York Times. November 21, 1907. p. 4. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  57. ^ a b "Edwards to Clean Streets — He Will Succeed Crowell as Commissioner on Jan. 1". The New York Times. December 24, 1908. p. 8. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  58. ^ "Mayor Starts 1909 in War on Tammany — His New Street Commissioner, "Big Bill" Edwards, to Get Rid of Wigwam Men — Job for "Big Jim" Hogan — Ex-Football Captain to be Deputy Commissioner — J.J. Barry Corrections Head — No City Hall Reception". The New York Times. January 2, 1909. p. 8. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  59. ^ "Mitchel Names His City Helpers — Henry Bruere City Chamberlain, Adamson Fire Commissioner, as Predicted — Several Men Hold Over — John T. Featherston, Recognized National Expert, To Clean Streets — Miss Davis Commissioner — Republicans Get Many Places, Progressives Two, Independent Democrats the Rest". The New York Times. January 1, 1914. p. 1. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  60. ^ a b "Mayor Names MacStay — New Street Cleaning Commissioner Was Formerly a Deputy". The New York Times. January 31, 1916. p. 6. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  61. ^ a b "John P. Leo is Named to Clean the Streets — Headed Standards Board — Thomas F. Smith to Be Public Administrator". The New York Times. January 6, 1921. p. 2. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  62. ^ "Resigns as D.S.C. Head — MacStay Then Appointed Deputy Commissioner of Public Works". The New York Times. January 4, 1921. p. 27. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  63. ^ a b "Leo Quits Hylan; Attacks Inquiry — Street Commissioner Asks Prosecutor Either to Indict Him or His Accusers — Calls the Mayor Unfair — Says He Has Been Influenced by Dumping Contractors — Taylor Temporary Successor — Leo's Employes Celebrate — Politics Versus Efficiency Seen as Cause of Friction That Leads to Resignation". The New York Times. November 19, 1921. p. 21. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  64. ^ "Street Cleaning Job Goes to Taylor — Mayor Appoints Superintendent Commissioner to Succeed Leo — Has Big Program in Mind — New Incumbent Says He Does Not Contemplate Any Changes Among His Deputies". The New York Times. November 26, 1921. p. 9. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  65. ^ "Schroeder Begins Work in New Post — Removal of Snow Is His First Big Job as Head of Sanitation Board — Cadley Running Hospitals — Is Named Temporary Successor by Retiring Chief, Whose New Pay Is Not Yet Fixed". The New York Times. December 3, 1929. p. 33. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  66. ^ "M'Aneny is Slated for Sanitation Job — Mayor Is Expected to Appoint Him as One-Man Board When Schroeder Is Ousted — Political Gesture Seen — Naming of Ex-Transit Head Is Viewed as Bid for Support of Independent Democrats". The New York Times. April 19, 1933. p. 1. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  67. ^ Annual Report – Department of Sanitation – City of New York – 1930. New York, N.Y.: M.B. Brown Printing & Binding Co. pp. 9, 14.
  68. ^ "Tammany Protege,, M'Andrews, Is Named Secretary to Mayor –Tighter Organization Grip on City Seen in Appointment of Curry's Friend – Lack of Guiding Hand Felt – Former Magistrate Expected to Shape City Hall Policies in Walker's Absence – Adds to Curry's Prestige – Charles S. Hand Is Placed on Sanitation Board as Mayor Praises Both Appointees". The New York Times. June 4, 1930. p. 1. Retrieved April 28, 2019.
  69. ^ "M'Aneny Accepts Sanitation Post — Independent Democrat and a Fusion Leader Does Not Plan to Sever Old 'Connections' — O'Brien Gives 'Free Hand' — Appointee Stresses Desire for Civic Service — Price and La Guardia Are Critical". The New York Times. April 19, 1933. p. 19. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  70. ^ "M'Aneny is Named to Controllership — Gets Leave as Sanitation Head to Direct City's Finances Until January 1 — Will Not Change Force — Promises to Open Records to Public — Joins in Parley With Gov. Lehman". The New York Times. September 30, 1933. p. 1. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  71. ^ "O'Brien Defends Naming of Boyle — 'Will Stand Before the World' on Choice for Bench, Mayor Declares — Calls It Finest Possible — Avoids Query on Bar's Stand on Selection for the Children's-Domestic Relations Court". The New York Times. p. 13. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  72. ^ "Goodrich Resigns Sanitation Post; Denounces Mayor — Calls LaGuardia 'Worse Than Unfair' — Refuses to Bow to 'Intimidation and Politics' — Won't Be Replaced Now — City Executive Is Silent on Attack — Renews Charge of Laxity in Bureau". The New York Times. March 8, 1934. p. 1. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  73. ^ "Col. Hammond Sworn as Sanitation Head — Acting Commissioner Succeeds Goodrich, Resigned — His Salary $10,000". The New York Times. June 3, 1934. p. 2. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  74. ^ a b "Carey in New Post — Becomes Sanitation Chief and Hammond Gets Another Job". The New York Times. May 27, 1936. p. 25. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  75. ^ "W.F. Carey Named to Hammond Post — Builder and Ex-Head of Garden Picked by Mayor to Take Over the Sanitation Department". The New York Times. May 17, 1936. p. 1. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  76. ^ "Carey Quits City Post — Sanitation Head's Resignation to Be Effective Jan. 1". The New York Times. November 18, 1945. p. 30. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  77. ^ "O'Dwyer Names 18 As Aides, Warning: 'Make Good Or Go' — Gives His Commissioners and Bureau Heads 3 Months to Meet 'Team' Requirements — Sees Grave Tasks Ahead — Financial, Housing, School and Transit Problems Among the Most Urgent, He Declares". The New York Times. December 31, 1945. pp. 1 and 28. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  78. ^ "Boss 'White Wing' Will Quit Life Job — W.J. Powell, Once Truck Driver, Became Chief in '45 — Recalls Big Christmas Snowfall". The New York Times. November 30, 1949. p. 28. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  79. ^ "Mulrain Takes Over as Sanitation Chief". The New York Times. December 22, 1949. p. 5. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  80. ^ "Screvane to Be Sanitation Chief; Will Succeed Mulrain March 1; New Commissioner Joined the Department as Driver — Will Earn $25,000". The New York Times. February 1, 1957. p. 22. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  81. ^ "Screvane is Sworn In — Crowd of 500 Appears to Honor New Sanitation Chief". The New York Times. February 26, 1957. p. 31. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  82. ^ Bennett, Charles G. (March 2, 1961). "Screvane Named as Deputy Mayor — Sanitation Chief Succeeding O'Keefe, Who Resigns to Return to Business". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  83. ^ Bennett, Charles G. (March 3, 1961). "Top Aide is Named Sanitation Chief — Selection of Lucia and New Post for Screvane Seen Bid for Italian Support". The New York Times. p. 29. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  84. ^ Knowles, Clayton (December 14, 1965). "Officials, Present and Past, Give Mayor Warm Send-off — 30 Top Executives of City Will Retire at End of Year". The New York Times. p. 47. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  85. ^ Johnston, Richard J.H. (December 28, 1965). "Periconi to Be Appointed Sanitation Commissioner". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  86. ^ Lissner, Will (November 20, 1966). "Periconi to Resign As Sanitation Head". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  87. ^ "Kearing is Named Sanitation Chief — Markets Commissioner Will Take Periconi's Post". The New York Times. November 16, 1966. p. 1. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  88. ^ Raymont, Henry (November 24, 1966). "Kearing to Name an Investigator — Inspector General Will Scan Sanitation Irregularities". The New York Times. p. 50. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  89. ^ Schumach, Murray (November 15, 1967). "Kearing Resigns Sanitation Post — Ex-Lindsay Campaign Aide Sends Short Note Mayor Accepts With 'Regret'". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  90. ^ "Kearing Quits Sanitation Job As Aides Try to Fight Tears". The New York Times. November 18, 1966. p. 25. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  91. ^ a b Sibley, John (December 13, 1967). "Marcus Resigns City Water Post During Inquiry — Hogan Studying Former Role of the Commissioner in a Business Activity — 13th Appointee to Quit — Mayor Accepts With Regret and Sends Warm Letter to Friend and Confidant". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  92. ^ "City Hall Dynamo — Fioravante Gerald Gabriel Perrotta". The New York Times. December 26, 1967. p. 29. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  93. ^ King, Seth S. (December 27, 1967). "Sanitation Chief Named by Mayor — Maurice Feldman Appointed a Acting Commissioner Temporary Post Stressed". The New York Times. p. 25. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  94. ^ Bird, David (January 29, 1968). "Scientist to Head City Superagency on Environment — Former Atomic Specialist Is Appointed by Lindsay to New $35,000 Position — Sanitation Post Filled — Ex-Navy Engineer to Direct Refuse Removal — 2 Men Take Office in March". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  95. ^ "James P. Marron, Civil Engineer, 41 — Consultant Dies — Had Been Named Sanitation Official". The New York Times. June 19, 1968. p. 47. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  96. ^ King, Seth S. (June 5, 1968). "Lindsay Appoints Sanitation Department Head". The New York Times. p. 31. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  97. ^ Carroll, Maurice (July 15, 1970). "Moeller, Sanitation Chief, Quits; 17th Aide of Lindsay to Resign". The New York Times. p. 22. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  98. ^ Ranzal, Edward (August 11, 1970). "'Team' Headed by Kretchmer To Run Sanitation Department". The New York Times. p. 22. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  99. ^ Tolchin, Martin (April 27, 1971). "Mayor Swears in Sanitation Chief" (PDF). The New York Times. pp. 1 and 34. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  100. ^ a b Bird, David (April 4, 1975). "Groh Named Sanitation Commissioner — Deputy Queens Borough President to Replace Herbert Elish". The New York Times. p. 45. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  101. ^ a b McFadden, Robert D. (September 21, 1975). "Groh Resigns Job, Citing Pressures On City Cleanup — Commissioner of Sanitation Acts Day Before Deadline Given Him by Mayor — Lang Will Take Charge — Environmental Aide Named as Interim Chief by Beame in Productivity Drive". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  102. ^ a b Pearlmutter, Emanuel (December 28, 1975). "Beame Appointes 2 Commissioners in New Shake-up — Names Lang to Head Parks and Vaccarello as Chief of Sanitation Department — More Changes Planned — Lazar Is Expected to Leave and Successor to Dumpson Is to Be Announced". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  103. ^ a b Ranzal, Edward (January 6, 1976). "2 Commissioners Sworn by Beame — Vaccarello in Sanitation Job Lang Takes Over Parks". The New York Times. p. 24. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  104. ^ "Manager Koch Shifts the Lineup at City Hall". The New York Times. November 6, 1978. p. 52. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  105. ^ Carmody, Deirdre (January 24, 1986). "Steisel, Sanitation Chief, Resigning After 7 Years". The New York Times. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  106. ^ Kolbert, Elizabeth (January 25, 1986). "New Sanitation Chief: Brendan John Sexton". The New York Times. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  107. ^ a b Purdum, Todd S. (April 19, 1990). "Dinkins Names Sanitation Head". The New York Times. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  108. ^ Specter, Michael (January 18, 1992). "Dinkins's Role In Sanitation Is Faulted". The New York Times. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  109. ^ McKinley, James C. (May 21, 1994). "Sanitation Commissioner Is Resigning". The New York Times. p. 25. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  110. ^ Myers, Steven Lee (August 12, 1994). "Sanitation Dept. Gets Up-From-Ranks Chief". The New York Times. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  111. ^ Barron, James (October 1, 1998). "Public Lives — Biker Dreams". The New York Times. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  112. ^ Goodnough, Abby (March 16, 1999). "Giuliani Names Career Police Administrator as Sanitation Chief". The New York Times. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  113. ^ Nagourny, Adam (December 20, 2001). "Bloomberg Fills Nine Posts With Government Veterans". The New York Times. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  114. ^ a b Stewart, Nikita (March 16, 2014). "De Blasio Picks Sanitation Commissioner". The New York Times. p. A25. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  115. ^ Ferré-Sadurní, Luis (February 7, 2019). "De Blasio's Unexpected Pick to Run Nycha: His Sanitation Chief". The New York Times. p. A23. Retrieved April 28, 2019.
  116. ^ Vutrapongvatana, May (February 11, 2019). "Sanitation Commissioner Appointed as Interim Chair of NYCHA". citylandnyc.org. Cityland. Retrieved April 28, 2019.
  117. ^ "Who's Running New York City? Good Question". The New York Times. April 21, 2019. p. A22. Retrieved April 28, 2019.
  118. ^ a b Hicks, Nolan (July 23, 2019). "$403K-a-year NYCHA chairman wouldn't pay for trip to NYC". New York Post. Retrieved August 28, 2019.
  119. ^ Rubinstein, Dana (September 8, 2010). "Problem Solver Ponders a New Challenge: Running for N.Y.C. Mayor". The New York Times. p. A19. Retrieved December 14, 2020.
  120. ^ "Mayor de Blasio Appoints Edward Grayson Acting Sanitation Commissione". nyc.gov. September 18, 2020. Retrieved December 15, 2020.
  121. ^ Khavkine, Richard (September 28, 2020). "Succeeds Garcia at Scaled-Down Department – Grayson's Lengthy Sanitation Pedigree Nets Him Acting Commissioner Gig". The Chief. Retrieved December 14, 2020.
  122. ^ "Mayor de Blasio Appoints Edward Grayson Sanitation Commissioner". nyc.gov. City of New York. December 31, 2020. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  123. ^ Healy, Mark C. (April 14, 2022). "DSNY To Hold Ceremonial Walkout To Honor Retiring Commissioner Edward Grayson". rockawave.com. The Wave. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
  124. ^ "Mayor Adams Appoints Jessica Tisch as Commissioner of Department of Sanitation". nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor. April 18, 2022. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
  125. ^ Trash Talk: The Department of Sanitation’s Artist in Residence Is a Real Survivor | Gallerist. Galleristny.com. Retrieved on 2014-02-02.
  126. ^ "Meet Mierle Laderman Ukeles, Jewish Mother to the NYC Sanitation Department". Tablet Magazine. July 22, 2013. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
  127. ^ Ukeles, Mierle Laderman. "Interview." Coordinated by Erin Salazer, Bronx Museum TCG (Spring/Summer 2006).
  128. ^ Krug, Dan (2006). "Ecological Restoration Mierle Ukeles, Flow City". Green Museum. Retrieved March 8, 2015.
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