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Tetragonia tetragonioides

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Tetragonia tetragonioides, commonly called New Zealand spinach,[3][4] Warrigal greens and other local names, is a flowering plant in the fig-marigold family (Aizoaceae). It is often cultivated as a leafy vegetable.

Tetragonia tetragonioides
Tetragonia tetragonioides, growing in sand in its native habitat in Japan
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Aizoaceae
Genus: Tetragonia
Species:
T. tetragonioides
Binomial name
Tetragonia tetragonioides
(Pall.) Kuntze
Synonyms

Tetragonia expansa

New Zealand spinach, cooked, boiled, drained, without salt
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy51 kJ (12 kcal)
2.13 g
Sugars0.25 g
Dietary fiber1.4 g
0.17 g
1.3 g
Vitamins and minerals
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Vitamin A3622 IU
Thiamine (B1)
3%
0.03 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
8%
0.107 mg
Niacin (B3)
2%
0.39 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
5%
0.256 mg
Vitamin B6
14%
0.237 mg
Vitamin C
18%
16 mg
Vitamin E
8%
1.23 mg
Vitamin K
243%
292 μg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Calcium
4%
48 mg
Iron
4%
0.66 mg
Magnesium
8%
32 mg
Manganese
23%
0.526 mg
Phosphorus
2%
22 mg
Potassium
3%
102 mg
Sodium
5%
107 mg
Zinc
3%
0.31 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water94.8 g
Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[1] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[2]

It is a widespread species, native to eastern Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. It has been introduced and is an invasive species in many parts of Africa, Europe, North America, and South America.[5] Its natural habitat is sandy shorelines and bluffs, often in disturbed areas.[6] It is a halophyte and grows well in saline ground.

Description

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The plant has a trailing habit, and will form a thick carpet on the ground or climb through other vegetation and hang downwards. It can have erect growth when young.[7] The leaves of the plant are 3–15 cm long, triangular in shape, and bright green. The leaves are thick, and covered with tiny papillae that look like waterdrops on the top and bottom of the leaves. The flowers of the plant are yellow,[8] and the fruit are small, hard capsules each with 4-10 horned seeds.[9]

Taxonomy

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Prussian naturalist Peter Pallas described the species as Demidovia tetragonoides in 1781.[10] German botanist Otto Kuntze placed the species in the genus Tetragonia in his 1891 work Revisio Generum Plantarum, resulting in its current binomial name.[11]

This widely distributed plant has many common names, depending on its location. In addition to the name New Zealand spinach, it is also known as Botany Bay spinach, Cook's cabbage, kōkihi (in Māori), sea spinach, and tetragon. Its Australian names of Warrigal Greens and Warrigal Cabbage[8] come from the local use of warrigal to describe plants that are wild (not farmed originally).[12]

Cultivation

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It is grown for the edible leaves, and can be used as food or an ornamental plant for ground cover. It can be an annual or perennial.[5] As some of its names signify, it has similar flavour and texture properties to spinach, and is cooked like spinach. Like spinach, it contains oxalates; its medium to low levels of oxalates need to be removed by blanching the leaves in hot water[13] for one minute, then rinsing in cold water before cooking. It thrives in hot weather, and is considered an heirloom vegetable. Few insects consume it, and even slugs and snails do not seem to feed on it.[citation needed]

The thick, irregularly-shaped seeds should be planted just after the last spring frost. Before planting, the seeds should be soaked for 12 hours in cold water, or 3 hours in warm water. Seeds should be planted 5–10 mm (0.2–0.4 in) deep, and spaced 15–30 cm (5.9–11.8 in) apart. The seedlings will emerge in 10–20 days, and it will continue to produce greens through the summer. Mature plant will self-seed. Seeds will overwinter up to USDA zone 5.[citation needed]

As food

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The species, rarely used by indigenous people as a leaf vegetable, was first documented by Captain Cook. It was immediately picked, cooked, and pickled to help fight scurvy, and taken with the crew of the Endeavour.[8] It spread when the explorer and botanist Joseph Banks took seeds back to Kew Gardens during the latter half of the 18th century.[14] For two centuries, T. tetragonioides was the only cultivated vegetable to have originated from Australia and New Zealand.[citation needed]

There are some indications that Māori did eat kōkihi perhaps more regularly. According to Murdoch Riley, "to counteract the bitterness of the older leaves of this herb, the Māori boiled it with the roots of the convolvulus (pōhue)", in reference to species of Convolvulaceae now classified as Calystegia.[15][16][17][18] The tips of the spinach can be pinched off and eaten raw or cooked.[19]

Nutrition

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When consumed after boiling, New Zealand spinach is 95% water, 2% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and contains negligible fat, while supplying only 12 calories (table). In a reference amount of 100 g (3.5 oz), the spinach is particularly rich in vitamin K, providing 243% of the Daily Value (DV). It also contains appreciable amounts of vitamin B6, vitamin C, and manganese (14–23% DV) (table).

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  •  
    Flower
  •  
    T. tetragonioides showing erect growth

References

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  1. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  2. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Archived from the original on 2024-05-09. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
  3. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  4. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "​Tetragonia tetragonioides​". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  5. ^ a b "Tetragonia tetragonioides". Invasive Species Compendium.
  6. ^ Tetragonia tetragonioides Flora of North America
  7. ^ Tetragonia tetragonioides Flora of China
  8. ^ a b c "Tetragonia tetragonioides". The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  9. ^ Lehnebach, Carlos A.; Meudt, Heidi (2022-10-01). Native Plants of Aotearoa. Te Papa Te Taiao Nature Series. Te Papa Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-9911509-3-6.
  10. ^ Pallas, Peter Simon (1781). Enumeratio plantarum quae in hortoi viri illustris atque escell. Dni. Procopi a Demidof (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences. pp. 151–157.
  11. ^ Kuntze, Otto (1891). Revisio Generum Plantarum. Vol. v.2. Leipzig, Germany: A. Felix. p. 264.
  12. ^ The New Oxford American Dictionary (3rd ed.). 2012. adjective (of a plant) not cultivated: warrigal melons.
  13. ^ "Hungry? Try some bush tucker" (movie). The Sydney Morning Herald. 2011-06-28. Archived from the original on 2011-06-29. Retrieved 2011-06-28.
  14. ^ Low, T., Wild Food Plants of Australia, Angus & Robertson, 1991, ISBN 0-207-16930-6
  15. ^ Riley, Murdoch (1994). Maori Healing and Herbal. Paraparaumu, New Zealand: Viking Sevenseas N.Z. Ltd. pp. 7–10. ISBN 0854670955.
  16. ^ "Māori Healing and Herbal - New Zealand Ethnobotanical Sourcebook". Viking Sevenseas NZ Ltd. 1994. p. 221.
  17. ^ "pōhue - Māori Dictionary". maoridictionary.co.nz. Retrieved 2021-05-09.
  18. ^ "Māori Plant Use Database Plant Use Details of Calystegia sepium". maoriplantuse.landcareresearch.co.nz. Retrieved 2021-05-09.
  19. ^ Nyerges, Christopher (2016). Foraging Wild Edible Plants of North America: More than 150 Delicious Recipes Using Nature's Edibles. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 135. ISBN 978-1-4930-1499-6.
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