Wikipedia

Second Cold War

(Redirected from New cold war)
"Cold War 2" and "New Cold War" redirect here. For other uses, see Cold War II (disambiguation) and The New Cold War.

A Second Cold War,[1][2] Cold War II,[3][4] or the New Cold War[5][6][7] has been used to describe heightened geopolitical tensions in the 21st century between usually, on one side, the United States and, on the other, either China or Russia—the successor state of the Soviet Union, which led the Eastern Bloc during the original Cold War.

The terms are sometimes used to describe tensions in multilateral relations. Some commentators have used them as a comparison to the original Cold War, while others have discouraged their use to refer to any ongoing tensions.

Distinction to Cold War (1979–1985)

edit
Main article: Cold War (1979–1985)

Two of the earliest uses of the phrase “new Cold War” were in 1955 by Secretary of State John Foster Dulles and in 1956 when The New York Times warned that Soviet propaganda was promoting a return of the Cold War.[8] Other past sources,[9][10][11] such as academics Fred Halliday,[12][13] Alan M. Wald,[14] David S. Painter,[15] and Noam Chomsky,[16] used the interchangeable terms to refer to the 1979–1985 and/or 1985–1991 phases of the Cold War. Some other sources[17][18] used similar terms to refer to the Cold War of the mid-1970s. Columnist William Safire argued in a 1975 New York Times editorial that the Nixon administration's policy of détente with the Soviet Union had failed and that "Cold War II" was then underway.[19]

Academic Gordon H. Chang used the term "Cold War II" to refer to the Cold War period after the 1972 meeting in China between US President Richard Nixon and Chinese Communist Party chairman Mao Zedong.[20]

Usage in the context of foreshadowing

edit

In May 1998, George Kennan described the US Senate vote to expand NATO to include Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic as "the beginning of a new cold war", and predicted that "the Russians will gradually react quite adversely and it will affect their policies".[21]

In 2001, foreign policy and security experts James M. Lindsay and Ivo Daalder described counterterrorism as the "new Cold War".[22]

British journalist Edward Lucas wrote in February 2008 that a new cold war between Russia and the West had already begun.[23]

Usage in a multilateral context

edit

In a 2016 op-ed for The Straits Times, Kor Kian Beng wrote that the phrase "new Cold War" between US-led allies versus Beijing and Moscow did not gain traction in China at first. This changed in 2016 after the United States announced its plan to deploy Terminal High Altitude Area Defence (THAAD) in South Korea against North Korea, but China and Russia found the advanced anti-missile system too close for comfort. The US also supported a tribunal ruling against China in favor of the Philippines in the South China Sea. Afterwards, the term "new Cold War" appeared in Chinese media more often. Analysts believe this does not reflect China's desire to pursue such a strategy but precautions should still be in place to lower the chances of any escalation.[24][25]

In June 2019, University of Southern California (USC) professors Steven Lamy and Robert D. English agreed that the "new Cold War" would distract political parties from bigger issues such as globalization, global warming, global poverty, increasing inequality, and far-right populism. However, Lamy said that the new Cold War had not yet begun, while English said that it already had. English further said that China poses a far greater threat than Russia in cyberwarfare but not as much as far-right populism does from within liberal states like the US.[26]

In his September 2021 speech to the United Nations General Assembly, US President Joe Biden said that the US is "not seeking a new Cold War or a world divided into rigid blocs." Biden further said that the US would cooperate "with any nation that steps up and pursues peaceful resolution to shared challenges," despite "intense disagreement in other areas, because we'll all suffer the consequences of our failure."[27][28]

In early May 2022, Hoover Institution senior fellow Niall Ferguson said at the Milken Institute Global Conference that "Cold War II began some time ago".[29] Later in the same month, David Panuelo, President of the Federated States of Micronesia, used the term to state his opposition to a proposed cooperation agreement between China and ten island nations, by claiming it could create a "new 'cold war' between China and the west."[30]

In June 2022, journalist Michael Hirsh used the term "[global] Cold War" to refer to tensions between leaders of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and China and its ally Russia, both countries striving to challenge the US's role as a superpower. Hirsh further cited growing tensions between the US and China as one of the causes of the newer Cold War alongside NATO's speech about China's "systemic challenges to the rules-based international order and to areas relevant to alliance security". He further cited the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 as one of factors of the newer Cold War's rise.[31]

In July 2022, James Traub used the term while discussing how the ideas of the Non-Aligned Movement, a forum of neutral countries organized during the original Cold War, can be used to understand the reaction of democratic countries in the developing world to current tensions.[32] In the same month France, the United States and Russia scheduled high-level, multi-country diplomatic visits in Africa.[33] An article reporting on these trips used the term "new Cold War" in relation to what "some say is the most intense competition for influence [in Africa] since the [original] Cold War".[33]

An article published in the July 2022 issue of the journal Intereconomics linked the possible "beginning of a new cold war between the West and the East" with "the rebirth of a new era of conflict, the end of the late 20th century unipolar international security architecture under the hegemony of the United States, [and] the end of globalisation".[34]

In August 2022, an analysis article in the Israeli newspaper Haaretz used the term to refer to the US's "open confrontation with Russia and China". The article continues on to discuss the impact of the current situation on Israel, concluding that "in the new Cold War, [Israel] cannot allow itself to be neutral."[35] In the same month, Katrina vanden Heuvel used the term while cautioning against what she perceived as a "reflexive bipartisan embrace of a new Cold War" against Russia and China among US politicians.[36]

In September 2022, a Greek civil engineer and politician Anna Diamantopoulou further stated, despite unity of NATO members, "the West has lost much of its normative power," citing her "meetings with politicians from Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East." She further stated that the West will risk losing "a new cold war" unless it overcomes challenges that would give Russia and China a greater world advantage. She further gave suggestions to the Western powers, including the European Union.[37]

In September 2023, North Korean leader Kim Jong Un called for an accelerated increase in the production of domestic nuclear weapons in response to the world entering a "new Cold War" between the United States and a "coalition of nations" including China, Russia, and North Korea.[38]

In December 2023, Gita Gopinath, first deputy managing director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), warned that the deepening "fragmentation" between the two power blocs—one by the United States and European allies; another by China and Russia—would lead to "cold war two", impacting "gains from open trade" and risking potentially loss of up to US$7 trillion.[39][40][41][42]

In The Diplomat June 2024 article, University of Bonn (Germany) professor Maximilian Mayer and Jagiellonian University (Poland) professor Emilian Kavalski opined that the China–Russia relations have been stronger than before and that Xi's China will "fully back Putin’s effort to threaten and undermine [Western] liberal democratic states", threatening European security and dashing any hopes that the relations between the two countries would become further strained. Mayer and Kavalski further criticised Europe for lacking "historical templates" and its "tripartite approach to China—as [its] partner, competitor, and rival—"as "woefully outdated because it [the approach] lacks a security angle altogether." Both the professors further advised Europe to address China's strong ties with and strong support for Russia's further aggressive plans toward Europe.[43]

Usage in the context of China–United States tensions

edit
See also: Chinese espionage in the United States, American espionage in China, China–United States trade war, China–United States relations, and Group of Two

The US senior defence official Jed Babbin,[44] Yale University professor David Gelernter,[45] Firstpost editor R. Jagannathan,[46] Subhash Kapila of the South Asia Analysis Group,[47] former Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd,[48] and some other sources[49][50][51] have used the term (occasionally using the term "Pacific Cold War")[44] to refer to tensions between the United States and China in the 2000s and 2010s.

Trump presidency (2017–2021)

edit
Main article: Foreign policy of the Donald Trump administration § China, Taiwan, and the South China Sea

Donald Trump, who was inaugurated as US president on 20 January 2017, had repeatedly said during his presidential campaign that he considered China a threat, a stance that heightened speculations of the possibility of a "new cold war with China".[52][53][54] Claremont McKenna College professor Minxin Pei said that Trump's election win and "ascent to the presidency" may increase chances of the possibility.[55] In March 2017, a self-declared socialist magazine Monthly Review said, "With the rise of the Trump administration, the new Cold War with Russia has been put on hold", and also said that the Trump administration has planned to shift from Russia to China as its main competitor.[56]

External videos
  "Vice President Mike Pence's Remarks on the Administration's Policy Towards China"

In July 2018, Michael Collins, deputy assistant director of the CIA's East Asia mission center, told the Aspen Security Forum in Colorado that he believed China under paramount leader and general secretary Xi Jinping, while unwilling to go to war, was waging a "quiet kind of cold war" against the United States, seeking to replace the US as the leading global power. He further elaborated: "What they're waging against us is fundamentally a cold war — a cold war not like we saw during [the] Cold War (between the U.S. and the Soviet Union) but a cold war by definition".[57] In October 2018, Hong Kong's Lingnan University professor Zhang Baohui told The New York Times that a speech by United States Vice-president Mike Pence at the Hudson Institute "will look like the declaration of a new Cold War".[58]

In January 2019, Robert D. Kaplan of the Center for a New American Security wrote that "it is nothing less than a new cold war: The constant, interminable Chinese computer hacks of American warships’ maintenance records, Pentagon personnel records, and so forth constitute war by other means. This situation will last decades and will only get worse".[59]

In February 2019, Joshua Shifrinson, an associate professor from Boston University, said concerns over a new cold war was "overblown", saying US-China relations were different from that of US–Soviet Union relations during the original Cold War, and that ideology would play a less prominent role in their bilateral relationship.[60]

In June 2019, academic Stephen Wertheim called President Trump a "xenophobe" and criticised Trump's foreign policy toward China for heightening risks of a new Cold War, which Wertheim wrote "could plunge the United States back into gruesome proxy wars around the world and risk a still deadlier war among the great powers."[61][62]

In August 2019, Yuan Peng of the China Institute of International Studies said that the financial crisis of 2007–2008 "initiated a shift in the global order." Yuan predicted the possibility of the new cold war between both countries and their global power competition turning "from 'superpower vs. major power' to 'No. 1 vs. No. 2'." On the other hand, scholar Zhu Feng said that their "strategic competition" would not lead to the new Cold War. Zhu said that the US–China relations have progressed positively and remained "stable", despite disputes in the South China Sea and Taiwan Strait and US President Trump's aggressive approaches toward China.[63]

In January 2020, columnist and historian Niall Ferguson opined that China is one of the major players of this Cold War, whose powers are "economic rather than military", and that Russia's role is "quite small".[64] Ferguson wrote: "[C]ompared with the 1950s, the roles have been reversed. China is now the giant, Russia the mean little sidekick. China under Xi remains strikingly faithful to the doctrine of Marx and Lenin. Russia under Putin has reverted to Tsarism."[64] Ferguson wrote that this Cold War is different from the original Cold War because the US "is so intertwined with China" at the point where "decoupling" is as others argued "a delusion" and because "America's traditional allies are much less eager to align themselves with Washington and against Beijing." He further wrote that the new Cold War "shifted away from trade to technology" when both the US and China signed their Phase One trade deal.[64]

In a February 2020 interview with The Japan Times, Ferguson suggested that, to "contain China", the US "work intelligently with its Asian and European allies", as the US had done in the original Cold War, rather than on its own and perform something more effective than "tariffs, which are a very blunt instrument." He also said that the US under Trump has been "rather poor" at making foreign relations.[65]

On 24 May 2020, China Foreign Minister Wang Yi said that relations with the US were on the "brink of a new Cold War" after it was fueled by tensions over the COVID-19 pandemic.[66]

In June 2020, Boston College political scientist Robert S. Ross wrote that the US and China "are destined to compete [but] not destined for violent conflict or a cold war."[67] In July, Ross said that the Trump "administration would like to fully decouple from China. No trade, no cultural exchanges, no political exchanges, no cooperation on anything that resembles common interests."[68]

In August 2020, a La Trobe University professor Nick Bisley wrote that the US–China rivalry "will be no Cold War" but rather will "be more complex, harder to manage, and last much longer." He further wrote that comparing the old Cold War to the ongoing rivalry "is a risky endeavour."[69]

In September 2020, the UN Secretary General António Guterres warned that the increasing tensions between the US under Trump and China under Xi were leading to "a Great Fracture" which would become costly to the world. Xi Jinping replied by saying that "China has no intention to fight either a Cold War or a hot one with any country."[70]

Biden presidency (2021–2025)

edit
Main article: Foreign policy of the Joe Biden administration § China, Taiwan, and the South China Sea

In March 2021, Columbia University professor Thomas J. Christensen wrote that the cold war between the US and China "is unlikely" in comparison to the original Cold War, citing China's prominence in the "global production chain" and absence of the authoritarianism vs. liberal democracy dynamic. Christensen further advised those concerned about the tensions between the two nations to research China's role in the global economy and its "foreign policy toward international conflicts and civil wars" between liberal and authoritarian forces.[71]

In September 2021, former Portuguese defence and foreign minister Paulo Portas described the announcement of the AUKUS security pact and the ensuing unprecedented diplomatic crisis between the signatories (Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) and France (which has several territories in the Indo-Pacific) as a possible formal starting point of a new Cold War.[72]

On 7 November 2021, President Joe Biden's national security adviser Jake Sullivan stated that the US does not pursue system change in China anymore,[73] marking a clear break from the China policy pursued by previous US administrations. Sullivan said that the US is not seeking a new Cold War with China, but is looking for a system of peaceful coexistence.[74]

In November 2021, Hal Brands and Yale professor John Lewis Gaddis wrote in Foreign Affairs that while it was no longer debatable that the United States and China has been entering into their "own new cold war," it was not clear that the world has also been following suit and entering into a new cold war.[75]

According to a poll done by Morning Consult, only 15 percent of US respondents and 16 percent of Chinese respondents think the countries are in a cold war, with most rather categorizing it as a competition.[76]

In August 2022, the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs released a statement condemning US House speaker Nancy Pelosi's visit to Taiwan. This statement demanded, among other things, that the US "not seek a 'new Cold War'".[77]

 
Joe Biden and Xi Jinping at the G20 Summit in Bali, 2022

Following a November 2022 meeting between Biden and Xi Jinping at the G20 summit in Bali, Biden told reporters that "there need not be a new Cold War".[78][79]

In a December 2022 editorial published just before being elected US House speaker, Kevin McCarthy wrote that "China and the US are locked in a cold war." The op-ed also announced the creation of the House Select Committee on Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party.[80]

In early 2023, Jorge Heine, former Chilean ambassador to China and professor of international relations at Boston University, said the looming new Cold War between the US and China has become apparent to "a growing consensus", and described the new Cold War as "more alike than [it is] different" from the one fought between the US and Soviet Union, and saying the presence of "ideological-military overtones is now widely accepted."[81]

Usage in the context of Russia–United States tensions

edit
See also: Russia–United States relations, Russia–NATO relations, Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act, Cyberwarfare by Russia, and Cyberwarfare in the United States

Some have used the term to describe the worsening relations between Russia on one side and the West or NATO or, more specifically, the United States on the other since Russia's 2014 annexation of Crimea and intervention in Eastern Ukraine,[82][83][84][85][86] which started the Russo-Ukrainian conflict. Others argue that the term is not appropriate.

Debate over the term

edit

Sources disagree as to whether a period of global tension analogous to the Cold War is possible in the future,[87][88][89][90][91] while others have used the term to describe the ongoing renewed tensions, hostilities, and political rivalries that intensified dramatically in 2014 between Russia, the United States and their respective allies.[85]

Stephen F. Cohen,[92] Robert D. Crane,[93] and Alex Vatanka[94] have all referred to a "US–Russian Cold War".

Sources opposed to the term argue that while new tensions between Russia and the West have similarities with those during the Cold War, there are also major differences,[95] and provide Russia with new avenues for exerting influence, such as in Belarus and Central Asia, which have not seen the type of direct military action in which Russia engaged in less cooperative former Soviet states like Ukraine and the Caucasus region.[96]

In June 2014, the Ministry of Defense of North Macedonia published an article asserting that the term "Cold War II" was as a misnomer.[97]

In February 2016, at the Munich Security Conference, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said that NATO and Russia were "not in a cold-war situation but also not in the partnership that we established at the end of the Cold War",[98] while Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev, speaking of what he called NATO's "unfriendly and opaque" policy on Russia, said "One could go as far as to say that we have slid back to a new Cold War".[99] In October 2016 and March 2017, Stoltenberg said that NATO did not seek "a new Cold War" or "a new arms race" with Russia.[100][101]

In February 2016, a Higher School of Economics university academic and Harvard University visiting scholar Yuval Weber wrote on E-International Relations that "the world is not entering Cold War II", asserting that the current tensions and ideologies of both sides are not similar to those of the original Cold War, that situations in Europe and the Middle East do not destabilise other areas geographically, and that Russia "is far more integrated with the outside world than the Soviet Union ever was".[102]

In September 2016, when asked if he thought the world had entered a new cold war, Russian Foreign Minister, Sergey Lavrov, argued that current tensions were not comparable to the Cold War. He noted the lack of an ideological divide between the United States and Russia, saying that conflicts were no longer ideologically bipolar.[103]

In August 2016, Daniel Larison of The American Conservative magazine wrote that tensions between Russia and the United States would not "constitute a 'new Cold War'" especially between democracy and authoritarianism, which Larison found more limited than and not as significant in 2010s as that of the Soviet-Union era.[104] Andrew Kuchins, an American political scientist and Kremlinologist speaking in December 2016, believed the term was "unsuited to the present conflict" as it may be more dangerous than the Cold War.[105]

In August 2017, Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov denied claims that the US and Russia were having another cold war, despite ongoing tensions between the two countries and newer US sanctions against Russia.[106] A University of East Anglia graduate student Oliver Steward[107] and the Casimir Pulaski Foundation senior fellow Stanisław Koziej[108] in 2017 attributed Zapad 2017 exercise, a military exercise by Russia, as part of the new Cold War.

In March 2018, Russian President Vladimir Putin told journalist Megyn Kelly in an interview: "My point of view is that the individuals that have said that a new Cold War has started are not analysts. They do propaganda."[109] Michael Kofman, a senior Research Scientist at the CNA Corporation and a fellow at the Wilson Center's Kennan Institute said that the new cold war for Russia "is about its survival as a power in the international order, and also about holding on to the remnants of the Russian empire". Lyle Goldstein, a research professor at the US Naval War College claims that the situations in Georgia and Ukraine "seemed to offer the requisite storyline for new Cold War".[110] Also in March 2018, Harvard University professors Stephen Walt[111] and then Odd Arne Westad[112] criticized the application of the term to increasing tensions between Russia and the West as "misleading",[111] "distract[ing]",[111] and too simplistic to describe the more complicated contemporary international politics.

In October 2018, Russian military analyst Pavel Felgenhauer told Deutsche Welle that the new Cold War would make the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty and other Cold War-era treaties "irrelevant because they correspond to a totally different world situation."[113] In February 2019, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov stated that the withdrawal from the INF treaty would not lead to "a new Cold War".[114][115][116][117]

Russian news agency TASS reported the Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov saying "I don't think that we should talk about a new Cold War", adding that the US development of low-yield nuclear warheads (the first of which entered production in January 2019)[118] had increased the potential for the use of nuclear weapons.[114]

In July 2024, after the United States announced its intention to deploy long-range missiles in Germany from 2026,[119] Kremlin spokesperson Dmitry Peskov told a reporter of a Russian state-run television network, "We are taking steady steps towards the Cold War," and then said, "All the attributes of the Cold War with the direct confrontation are returning."[120]

Middle East conflicts

edit
See also: Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict and Iran–Israel proxy conflict

In 2013, Michael Klare compared in RealClearPolitics tensions between Russia and the West to the ongoing proxy conflict between Saudi Arabia and Iran.[121] Oxford Professor Philip N. Howard argued that a new cold war was being fought via the media, information warfare, and cyberwar.[6]

Some observers, including Syrian President Bashar al-Assad,[122] judged the Syrian civil war to be a proxy war between Russia and the United States,[123][124] and even a "proto-world war".[125] In January 2016, senior UK government officials were reported to have registered their growing fears that "a new cold war" was now unfolding in Europe: "It really is a new Cold War out there. Right across the EU we are seeing alarming evidence of Russian efforts to unpick the fabric of European unity on a whole range of vital strategic issues".[126]

In April 2018, relations deteriorated over a potential US-led military strike in Middle East after the Douma chemical attack in Syria, which was attributed to the Syrian Army by rebel forces in Douma, and poisoning of the Skripals in the UK. The Secretary-General of the United Nations, António Guterres, told a meeting of the UN Security Council that "the Cold War was back with a vengeance". He suggested the dangers were even greater, as the safeguards that existed to manage such a crisis "no longer seem to be present".[127] Dmitri Trenin supported Guterres' statement, but added that it began in 2014 and had been intensifying since, resulting in US-led strikes on the Syrian government on 13 April 2018.[128]

In February 2022, journalist Marwan Bishara held the US and Russia responsible for pursuing "their own narrow interests", including then-US President Trump's recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel as well as Putin's Russian invasion of Ukraine, and for "pav[ing] the way for, well, another Cold War".[129]

Russo-Ukrainian War

edit
See also: Russo-Ukrainian War

Some political analysts argue that Russia's 2014 annexation of Crimea, which started the Russo-Ukrainian conflict, marked the beginning of a new Cold War between Russia and the West or NATO.[83][84][85][86][130] By August 2014, both sides had implemented economic, financial, and diplomatic sanctions upon each other: virtually all Western countries, led by the US and European Union, imposed punitive measures on Russia, which introduced retaliatory measures.[131][132]

In 2014, notable figures such as Mikhail Gorbachev warned, against the backdrop of a confrontation between Russia and the West over the Russo-Ukrainian War,[133][134][135] that the world was on the brink of a new cold war, or that it was already occurring.[136][137] The American political scientist Robert Legvold also believes it started in 2013 during the Ukraine crisis.[138][139] Others argued that the term did not accurately describe the nature of relations between Russia and the West.[140][141]

In October 2016, John Sawers, a former MI6 chief, said he thought the world was entering an era that was possibly "more dangerous" than the Cold War, as "we do not have that focus on a strategic relationship between Moscow and Washington".[142] Similarly, Igor Zevelev, a fellow at the Wilson Center, said that "it's not a Cold War [but] a much more dangerous and unpredictable situation".[143] CNN opined: "It's not a new Cold War. It's not even a deep chill. It's an outright conflict".[143]

In January 2017, former US government adviser Molly K. McKew said at Politico that the US would win a new cold war.[144] The New Republic editor Jeet Heer dismissed the possibility as "equally troubling[,] reckless threat inflation, wildly overstating the extent of Russian ambitions and power in support of a costly policy", and too centred on Russia while "ignoring the rise of powers like China and India". Heer also criticised McKew for suggesting the possibility.[145] Jeremy Shapiro, a senior fellow in the Brookings Institution, wrote in his blog post at RealClearPolitics, referring to the US–Russia relations: "A drift into a new Cold War has seemed the inevitable result".[146]

Speaking to the press in Berlin on 8 November 2019, a day before the 30th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall, US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo warned of the dangers posed by Russia and China and specifically accused Russia, "led by a former KGB officer once stationed in Dresden", of invading its neighbours and crushing dissent. Jonathan Marcus of the BBC opined that Pompeo's words "appeared to be declaring the outbreak of a second [Cold War]".[147]

On 24 February 2022 Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine and have forcibly occupied many territories within the nation since.[148][149][150] Soon after, journalist H. D. S. Greenway cited the Russian invasion of Ukraine and 4 February joint statement between Russia and China (under Putin and Xi Jinping) as one of the signs that Cold War II had officially begun.[151]

In March 2022, Yale historian Arne Westad and Harvard historian Fredrik Logevall in a videotelephony conversation asserted "that the global showdown over Ukraine" would "not signal a second Cold War". Furthermore, Westad said that Putin's words about Ukraine resembled, which Harvard journalist James F. Smith summarized, "some of the colonial racial arguments of imperial powers of the past, ideas from the late 19th and early 20th century rather than the Cold War".[152]

In June 2022, journalist Gideon Rachman asserted the Russian invasion of Ukraine as the start of a second Cold War.[153]

Comparison to first Cold War

edit

An academic Barry Buzan wrote in the International Politics journal article that, similar to the first Cold War, the Second Cold War is deterred from turning into a "hot" war between superpowers due to mutual assured destruction and nuclear deterrence with nuclear weapons.[154] Buzan further determined that proxy wars and half-proxy wars are found in both first Cold War and Second Cold War.[154]

Historian Antony Beevor stated in October 2022 that "it is no longer [about] the old divide between left and right" but rather "a change in the direction of autocracy versus democracy", a change made apparent by the Russian invasion of Ukraine; in his opinion, this cold war is "much scarier" than the first, as "one of the most worrying aspects" of the new cold war is a total disregard for diplomatic agreements.[155] Niall Ferguson said "Cold War II is different, because in Cold War II, China's the senior partner, and Russia's the junior partner",[29] and "in Cold War II, the first hot war breaks out in Europe, rather than Asia."[29]

Another difference is the higher economic interdependence at begin of the Second Cold War, said a September 2023 journal article of Geopolitics.[156]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ Mackenzie, Ryan (3 October 2015). "Rubio: U.S. 'barreling toward a second Cold War'". The Des Moines Register. USA Today. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
  2. ^ Trenin, Dmitri (2 March 2014). "The crisis in Crimea could lead the world into a second cold war". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
  3. ^ Dmitri Trenin (4 March 2014). "Welcome to Cold War II". Foreign Policy. Graham Holdings. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  4. ^ Kozloff, Nikolas (15 October 2015). "As Cold War II Looms, Washington Courts Nationalist, Rightwing – Catholic, Xenophobic Poland". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
  5. ^ Simon Tisdall (19 November 2014). "The new cold war: are we going back to the bad old days?". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media Limited. Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  6. ^ a b Philip N. Howard (1 August 2012). "Social media and the new Cold War". Reuters. Reuters Commentary Wire. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  7. ^ Bovt, George (31 March 2015). "Who Will Win the New Cold War?". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
  8. ^ Straughn, Jeremy; Fein, Lisa; Ayers, Amelia (23 October 2019). "Divided Memory and the "New Cold War" Thesis: The Rise and Decline of a Double-Edged Analogy". Journal of Political & Military Sociology. 46 (1): 92–123. doi:10.5744/jpms.2019.1004.
  9. ^ Scott, David (2007). China Stands Up: The PRC and the International System. Routledge. pp. 79–81. ISBN 978-0415402705. LCCN 2006038771 – via Amazon.com.
  10. ^ Christie, Daniel J.; Beverly G. Toomey (1990). "The Stress of Violence: School, Community, and World". In L. Eugene Arnold; Joseph D. Noshpitz (eds.). Childhood Stress. New York City: John Wiley & Sons. p. 305. ISBN 978-0471508687. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2017 – via Google Books.
  11. ^ van Dijk, Ruud, ed. (2007). Encyclopedia of the Cold War. Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 978-0-415-97515-5. LCCN 2007039661. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  12. ^ Halliday, Fred (1989). "The Making of the Cold". The Making of the Second Cold War (2nd ed.). Verso Books. ISBN 978-0860911449. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2017 – via Google Books.
  13. ^ Edwards, Paul N. (1996). "Computers and Politics in Cold War II". The Closed World: Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War America. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. p. 276. ISBN 9780262550284. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2017 – via Google Books.
  14. ^ Wald, Alan M. (1987). The New York Intellectuals: The Rise and Decline of the Anti-Stalinist Left From the 1930s to the 1980s. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 344, 347. ISBN 978-0807841693. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2017 – via Google Books.
  15. ^ Painter, David S. (1999). "The Rise and Fall of the Second Cold War, 1981–91". The Cold War: An International History. Routledge. pp. 95–111. ISBN 978-0-415-19446-4. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  16. ^ Chomsky, Noam (2003). Towards a New Cold War: U.S. Foreign Policy from Vietnam to Reagan. New Press. ISBN 9781565848597.
  17. ^ Richard Devetak; Jim George; Sarah Percy, eds. (2017). "Chapter 10: The Cold War and After". An Introduction to International Relations (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 161. ISBN 9781108298865. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  18. ^ Smith, Joseph; Simon Davis (2017). "Introduction". Historical Dictionary of the Cold War (2nd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442281851. LCCN 2016049707. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  19. ^ Safire, William (29 December 1975). "Cold War II". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
  20. ^ Chang, Gordon H. (June 2008). "Review: Nixon in China and Cold War I and Cold War II". Diplomatic History. 32 (3): 493–496. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2008.00706.x. JSTOR 24915887.
  21. ^ Friedman, Thomas L. (2 May 1998). "Foreign Affairs; Now a Word From X". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
  22. ^ Lindsay, James M.; Daalder, Ivo (30 September 2001). "The New Cold War". Brookings Institution.
  23. ^ Review of The New Cold War by Edward Lucas Archived 25 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine. BBC. 12 February 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
  24. ^ Pilling, David (10 June 2015). "US v China: is this the new cold war?". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 31 December 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
  25. ^ Kor Kian Beng (22 August 2016). "China warming to new Cold War?". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 28 October 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
  26. ^ Bell, Susan (17 June 2019). "Back on Thin Ice?". USC Dornsife. Archived from the original on 22 June 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  27. ^ President Biden: 'We are not seeking a new Cold War or a world divided'. BBC News. 21 September 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  28. ^ Liptak, Kevin (21 September 2021). "UN General Assembly kicks off in New York City". CNN. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  29. ^ a b c "Historian Niall Ferguson details 'Cold War II' — which 'began some time ago'". Yahoo Finance. 8 May 2022. Archived from the original on 9 May 2022.
  30. ^ "China is pursuing a Pacific-wide pact with 10 island nations on security, policing and data – report". The Guardian. 25 May 2022. Archived from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  31. ^ Hirsh, Michael. "We Are Now in a Global Cold War". foreignpolicy.com. Foreign Policy Magazine. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
  32. ^ Traub, James (24 July 2024). "Cold War 2.0 is Ushering In Nonalignment 2.0". foreignpolicy.com. Foreign Policy Magazine.
  33. ^ a b Meldrum, Andrew; Magome, Mogomotsi; Muhumuza, Rodney (28 July 2022). "'New Cold War': Russia and West vie for influence in Africa". Associated Press.
  34. ^ Breuer, Christian (6 August 2022). "The New Cold War and the Return of History" (PDF). Intereconomics. 57 (July 2022): 202–203. doi:10.1007/s10272-022-1056-3. S2CID 251417322. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  35. ^ Pfeffer, Anshel (3 August 2022). "Israel Won't Be Able to Remain Neutral in the New Cold War Between U.S., Russia and China". Haaretz. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  36. ^ vanden Heuvel, Katrina (9 August 2022). "Washington is gung-ho for a new Cold War. But that's a bad old idea". The Washington Post. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
  37. ^ Diamantopoulou, Anna (20 September 2022). "The three challenges for the West in the new cold war". European Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
  38. ^ Kim, Tong-hyung (28 September 2023). "North Korean leader urges greater nuclear weapons production in response to a 'new Cold War'". AP News. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  39. ^ Cold War II? Preserving Economic Cooperation Amid Geoeconomic Fragmentation. International Monetary Fund.
  40. ^ Partington, Richard. World economy on brink of ‘cold war two’, IMF official warns. (December 23, 2023). The Guardian.
  41. ^ IMF's Gopinath says economic fragmentation could cut global GDP by 7%. (December 11, 2023). Reuters.
  42. ^ Hogg, Ryan. ‘Cold War II’ might be coming, IMF deputy says, and it could wipe trillions of dollars from the global economy. (December 12, 2023). Fortune.com.
  43. ^ Mayer, Maximilian; Kavalski, Emilian (4 June 2024). "In the New Cold War, Europe's Approach to China Is Already Outdated". The Diplomat. Tribune Content Agency. ISSN 1446-697X. ProQuest 3063889848. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
  44. ^ a b Jed Babbin; Edward Timperlake (2006). "Chapter One: The Next War". Showdown: Why China Wants War With the United States. Regency Publishing. ISBN 978-1596980051. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  45. ^ Gelernter, David (3 April 2009). "Welcome To Cold War II". Forbes. Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  46. ^ Jagannathan, Raghavan (24 August 2011). "Is the Cold War really over? Well, Cold War II is here". Firstpost. Archived from the original on 12 April 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  47. ^ Kapila, Subhash (25 February 2016). "United States Cannot Afford Two Concurrent Cold Wars – Analysis". Archived from the original on 26 February 2016. Retrieved 7 March 2016. (Click here for original publication[usurped])
  48. ^ Crabtree, Justina (30 April 2018). "There's an 'undeclared new Cold War' between the US and China – and it's in tech, Australia ex-leader says". CNBC. Archived from the original on 2 May 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  49. ^ Platt, Kevin (28 October 1996), "To Head off a 'Cold War II,' China and US Try to Warm Up Relations", The Christian Science Monitor, archived from the original on 21 February 2017, retrieved 20 February 2017
  50. ^ Ryan, Henry Butterfield (10 June 1999). "Another Cold War? China This Time?". Origins: Current Events in Historical Perspective. History departments at Ohio State University and Miami University. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
  51. ^ Kaplan, Robert D. (2005). "How We Would Fight China". The Atlantic.
  52. ^ Campbell, Charlie (24 January 2017). "Donald Trump Could Be Starting a New Cold War With China. But He Has Little Chance of Winning". Time. Archived from the original on 29 January 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  53. ^ Daly, Robert (20 January 2017). "While the West Fiddles, China Races to Define the Future". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2017. The alternative is a new Cold War—one that renders all talk of global norms obsolete.
  54. ^ Talton, Jon (17 January 2017). "Will Trump start a new Cold War — with China?". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  55. ^ Minxin Pei (9 February 2017). "China Needs a New Grand Strategy". Project Syndicate. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
  56. ^ "Notes from the Editors". Monthly Review. March 2017. Archived from the original on 16 March 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
  57. ^ Yi Whan-woo. "China is waging a 'quiet kind of cold war' against US, top CIA expert says". CNBC. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  58. ^ Perlez, Jane (5 October 2018). "Pence's China Speech Seen as Portent of 'New Cold War'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 January 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  59. ^ "A New Cold War Has Begun". Foreign Policy. 7 January 2019. Archived from the original on 16 January 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  60. ^ Shifrinson, Joshua (8 February 2019). "The 'new Cold War' with China is way overblown. Here's why". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
  61. ^ Wertheim, Stephen (8 June 2019). "Is It Too Late to Stop a New Cold War with China?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 June 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  62. ^ Farley, Robert (14 June 2019). "The Risks of a 'Total' US-China Competition". Archived from the original on 22 June 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  63. ^ Zhao, Minghao (2019). "Is a New Cold War Inevitable? Chinese Perspectives on US–China Strategic Competition". The Chinese Journal of International Politics. 12 (3): 371–394. doi:10.1093/cjip/poz010. ISSN 1750-8916.
  64. ^ a b c Ferguson, Niall (20 January 2020). "Cold War II has America at a disadvantage as China courts Russia". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 22 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  65. ^ Ferguson, Niall (14 February 2020). "Historian Niall Ferguson: 'We are in Cold War II'". The Japan Times (Interview). Interviewed by Sayuri Daimon. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  66. ^ "China says virus pushing US ties to brink of 'Cold War'". The Times of India. 24 May 2020. Archived from the original on 12 December 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  67. ^ Ross, Robert S. (19 June 2020). "It's not a cold war: competition and cooperation in US–China relations". China International Strategy Review. 2 (1): 63–72. doi:10.1007/s42533-020-00038-8. ISSN 2524-5635. PMC 7304502.
  68. ^ "China told to close Houston consulate". Northwest Arkansas Democrat Gazette. 23 July 2020. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  69. ^ Bisley, Nick (26 August 2020). "The China-US rivalry is not a new Cold War. It is way more complex and could last much longer". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  70. ^ "Is the world entering a new Cold War?". BBC News. 12 September 2020. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  71. ^ Christensen, Thomas J. (24 March 2021). "There Will Not Be a New Cold War". Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  72. ^ Rodrigues, João Guerreiro (19 September 2021). "Acordo entre EUA e Austrália marca "início formal de uma nova Guerra Fria"" [Deal between USA and Australia marks "formal start of a new Cold War"] (in Portuguese). TVI 24. Archived from the original on 19 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  73. ^ "CNN.com – Transcripts". transcripts.cnn.com. Archived from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
  74. ^ "US wants coexistence not cold war with China, Jake Sullivan says". South China Morning Post. 8 November 2021. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  75. ^ Brands, Hal; Gaddis, John Lewis (November/December 2021). Brands, Hal; Gaddis, John Lewis (19 October 2021). "The New Cold War: America, China, and the Echoes of History". Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022.
  76. ^ "U.S.-China Relations Barometer". Morning Consult. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  77. ^ "Statement by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China". fmprc.gov.cn. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China.
  78. ^ "Biden dismisses new 'Cold War' with China". The Hill. 14 November 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
  79. ^ Min Kim, Seung; Miller, Zeke (14 November 2022). "Biden tells Xi there doesn't have to be a 'new Cold War' but he objects to 'coercive and increasingly aggressive actions' toward Taiwan". Fortune. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
  80. ^ McCarthy, Kevin (8 December 2022). "China and the US are locked in a cold war. We must win it. Here's how we will". Fox News. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  81. ^ Rizzi, Andrea (19 February 2023). "A new Cold War between the US and China is spreading around the world". El País. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
  82. ^ Chivvis, Christopher (2015). "Deterrence in the new European security context". In Alcaro, Riccardo (ed.). West-Russia Relations in Light of the Ukraine Crisis. Edizioni Nuova Cultura. p. 33. The United States (US), the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and Russia are now clearly headed toward a new phase in their relationship ... Some would thus argue that we are either facing or at risk of a new Cold War (Levgold 2014, Kashin 2014, Arbatov 2014).
  83. ^ a b Levgold, Robert (16 June 2014). "Managing the New Cold War". Foreign Affairs. 93 (4): 74–84. Yet it is important to call things by their names, and the collapse in relations between Russia and the West does indeed deserve to be called a new Cold War.
  84. ^ a b D'Anieri, Paul (2023). Ukraine and Russia. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. Yet in 2014, Russia invaded, seizing Ukrainian territory and bringing Russia and the West to what many saw as a new Cold War.
  85. ^ a b c Trenin, Dmitri (4 March 2014). "Welcome to Cold War II". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 9 November 2014. Retrieved 10 November 2014.
  86. ^ a b Freedman, Lawrence (14 March 2018). "Putin's new Cold War". New Statesman.
  87. ^ Mamlyuk, Boris N. (6 July 2015). "The Ukraine Crisis, Cold War II, and International Law". The German Law Journal. 16 (3): 479–522. doi:10.1017/S2071832200020952. S2CID 153040942. SSRN 2627417.
  88. ^ Pavel Koshkin (25 April 2014). "What a new Cold War between Russia and the US means for the world". Archived from the original on 16 November 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
  89. ^ Rojansky & Salzman, Matthew & Rachel S (20 March 2015). "Debunked: Why There Won't Be Another Cold War". The National Interest. The National Interest. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  90. ^ Lawrence Solomon (9 October 2015). "Lawrence Solomon: Cold War II? Nyet". Financial Post. Archived from the original on 16 November 2015. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  91. ^ "Russia v the West: Is this a new Cold War?". BBC News. 1 April 2018. Archived from the original on 16 July 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
  92. ^ Cohen, Stephen F. (14 February 2018). "If America 'Won the Cold War,' Why Is There Now a 'Second Cold War with Russia'?". The Nation. Archived from the original on 1 April 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
  93. ^ Crane, Robert D. (12 February 2015). "Psychostrategic Warfare and a New U.S.-Russian Cold War". The American Muslim (Tam). Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
  94. ^ Vatanka, Alex (16 August 2016). "Russian Bombers in Iran and Tehran's Internal Power Struggle". The National Interest. Archived from the original on 1 April 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
  95. ^ Stewart, James (7 March 2014). "Why Russia Can't Afford Another Cold War". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 December 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  96. ^ "Putin's 'Last and Best Weapon' Against Europe: Gas". 24 September 2014. Archived from the original on 6 January 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  97. ^ "The Cold War II: Just Another Misnomer?". Archived 8 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Contemporary Macedonian Defence, vol. 14. no. 26, June 2014, pp. 49–60
  98. ^ "Russian PM Medvedev says new cold war is on". BBC News. BBC. 13 February 2016. Archived from the original on 14 February 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
  99. ^ "Russian PM Medvedev equates relations with West to a 'new Cold War'". CNN. 13 February 2016. Archived from the original on 14 February 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
  100. ^ "NATO chief says alliance 'does not want new Cold War'". BBC. 28 October 2016. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
  101. ^ Palmer, Elizabeth (14 March 2017). "What our allies, and Putin, make of Trump's NATO ultimatum". CBS News. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
  102. ^ Weber, Yuval (7 March 2016). "Are We in a Cold War or Not? 1989, 1991, and Great Power Dissatisfaction". E-International Relations. Archived from the original on 19 May 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
  103. ^ Lavrov, Sergey (1 September 2016). "Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov's remarks and answers to questions at a meeting with students and faculty at MGIMO University, Moscow, September 1, 2016". The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. Archived from the original on 9 September 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  104. ^ Larison, Daniel (29 August 2016). "No, There Isn't A 'New Cold War' Between Democracy And Authoritarianism". The American Conservative. Archived from the original on 3 December 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  105. ^ "Elevation and Calibration: A New Russia Policy for America". Archived 13 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine: II. The Current Impasse: Not a New Cold War but Potentially More Dangerous, Center on Global Interests, December 2016, p. 9–12.
  106. ^ Isachenkov, Vladimir (23 August 2017). "Russian official says US and Russia aren't in new Cold War". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  107. ^ Steward, Oliver (9 December 2017). "Zapad 2017: Flashpoint of a new Cold War between West and Russia?". UK Defence Journal. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
  108. ^ Koziej, Stanisław (21 September 2017). "ANALYSIS: Strategic findings from the 'Zapad 2017' military exercises: Russia is constructing strategic "circuit breaker" in its neo-Cold War game with the West". Fundacja im. Kazimierza Pułaskiego. Translated by Albert Świdziński. Archived from the original on 25 December 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
  109. ^ Lee Yen Nee (1 March 2018). "Putin: Our new weapons 'easily' beat anti-missile systems – but this is no Cold War". CNBC. Archived from the original on 4 March 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
  110. ^ Marcus, Jonathan (1 April 2018). "Russia v the West: Is this a new Cold War?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 April 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  111. ^ a b c Walt, Stephen M. (12 March 2018). "I Knew the Cold War. This Is No Cold War". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
  112. ^ Westad, Odd Arne (27 March 2018). "Has a New Cold War Really Begun?". Foreign Affair. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
  113. ^ Felgenhauer, Pavel (22 October 2018). "Prepare for a 'new Cold War' without INF, Russia analyst says". DW (Interview). Archived from the original on 25 July 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
  114. ^ a b "Lavrov predicts Cold War won't re-ignite following suspension of INF". Tass. 4 February 2019. Archived from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  115. ^ Ellyatt, Holly (7 February 2019). "Cold War has not been renewed despite breakdown of arms treaty, Russia foreign minister says". CNBC. Archived from the original on 8 February 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  116. ^ Ostroukh, Andrey; Balmforth, Tom (4 February 2019). Louise Heavens (ed.). "Russia: U.S. exit from nuclear pact would not mean new Cold War – RIA". Reuters. Archived from the original on 6 February 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  117. ^ "Лавров прокомментировал прекращение действия договора о РСМД" [Lavrov discusses the termination of the INF Treaty]. РИА Новости (in Russian). 4 February 2019. Archived from the original on 4 August 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2019.
  118. ^ "US nuclear weapons: first low-yield warheads roll off the production line". The Guardian. 28 January 2019. Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  119. ^ "Putin warns the US of Cold War-style missile crisis". Reuters. 28 July 2024.
  120. ^ "Russia says US missiles in Germany signal return of Cold War". Al Jazeera. 11 July 2024.
  121. ^ Klare, Michael (1 June 2013). "Welcome to Cold War II". Tom Dispatch. RealClearWorld. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  122. ^ "'The Cold War never ended...Syria is a Russian-American conflict' says Bashar al-Assad". The Telegraph. 14 October 2016. Archived from the original on 1 February 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
  123. ^ "U.S. Weaponry Is Turning Syria Into Proxy War With Russia". The New York Times. 12 October 2015. Archived from the original on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  124. ^ "U.S., Russia escalate involvement in Syria". CNN. 13 October 2015. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  125. ^ "Untangling the Overlapping Conflicts in the Syrian War". The New York Times. 18 October 2015. Archived from the original on 19 October 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  126. ^ "Russia accused of clandestine funding of European parties as US conducts major review of Vladimir Putin's strategy / Exclusive: UK warns of 'new Cold War' as Kremlin seeks to divide and rule in Europe". The Daily Telegraph. 16 January 2016. Archived from the original on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
  127. ^ "Syria crisis: UN chief says Cold War is back". BBC News. 13 April 2018. Archived from the original on 13 April 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  128. ^ Trenin, Dmitir (14 April 2018). "The New Cold War Is Boiling Over in Syria". BBC News. Archived from the original on 15 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  129. ^ Bishara, Marwan (24 February 2022). "And so, Cold War II begins". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  130. ^ Kalb, Marvin (2015). Imperial Gamble: Putin, Ukraine, and the New Cold War. Brookings Institution Press. p. xi.
  131. ^ Acosta, Jim (25 March 2014). "U.S. and other powers kick Russia out of G8". CNN. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014.
  132. ^ Johanna Granville, ""The Folly of Playing High-Stakes Poker with Putin: More to Lose than Gain over Ukraine". Archived 13 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine". 8 May 2014.
  133. ^ Conant, Eve (12 September 2014). "Is the Cold War Back?". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 20 December 2014.
  134. ^ Malyarenko, Tatyana; Wolff, Stefan (15 February 2018). "The logic of competitive influence-seeking: Russia, Ukraine, and the conflict in Donbas". Post-Soviet Affairs. 34 (4): 191–212. doi:10.1080/1060586X.2018.1425083.
  135. ^ Shuster, Simon (11 December 2014). "Exclusive: Gorbachev Blames the U.S. for Provoking 'New Cold War'". Time. Archived from the original on 28 February 2016.
  136. ^ Kendall, Bridget (12 November 2014). "Rhetoric hardens as fears mount of new Cold War". BBC News. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015.
  137. ^ Freedman, Lawrence (14 March 2018). "Putin's new Cold War". New Statesman. Archived from the original on 14 March 2018.
  138. ^ Ramani, Samuel (10 November 2015). "Robert Legvold on the New Cold War, Interview with Columbia University Professor and Leading Russia Scholar". The Huffington Post.
  139. ^ Robert Legvold, Return to Cold War. Cambridge: Polity, 2016
  140. ^ Bremmer, Ian (29 May 2014). "This Isn't A Cold War. And That's Not Necessarily Good". Time. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015.
  141. ^ Walt, Stephen (12 March 2018). "I Knew the Cold War. This Is No Cold War". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 19 March 2018.
  142. ^ Osborne, Samuel (12 October 2016). "World entering era 'more dangerous than Cold War′ as Russian power grows, former MI6 boss warns". The Independent. Archived from the original on 28 October 2016.
  143. ^ a b Labott, Elise; Gaouette, Nicole (18 October 2016). "Russia, US move past Cold War to unpredictable confrontation". CNN News. Archived from the original on 28 October 2016.
  144. ^ McKew, Molly K. (1 January 2017). "Putin's Real Long Game". Politico. Archived from the original on 14 January 2017.
  145. ^ Heer, Jeet (4 January 2017). "A 'New Cold War' Against Russia Is a Terrible Idea". The New Republic. Archived from the original on 14 January 2017.
  146. ^ Shapiro, Jeremy (11 January 2017). "Reordering Europe?". RealClearWorld. Archived from the original on 14 January 2017.
  147. ^ "Pompeo attacks Russia and China in Berlin speech". BBC News. 8 November 2019. Archived from the original on 8 November 2019.
  148. ^ Plokhy, Serhii (16 May 2023). The Russo-Ukrainian War: From the bestselling author of Chernobyl. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1-80206-179-6. ... If the collapse of the USSR was sudden and largely bloodless, growing strains between its two largest successors would develop into limited fighting in the Donbas in 2014 and then into all-out warfare in 2022, causing death, destruction, and a refugee crisis on a scale not seen in Europe since the Second World War.
  149. ^ Ramani, Samuel (13 April 2023). Putin's War on Ukraine: Russia's Campaign for Global Counter-Revolution. Hurst Publishers. ISBN 978-1-80526-003-5. ... However, the scale of Russia's invasion of Ukraine is unprecedented in modern history and, in terms of human costs, is Moscow's largest military intervention in the post-1945 period. ...
  150. ^ D'Anieri, Paul (23 March 2023). Ukraine and Russia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-009-31550-0. ... . Russia had done the unthinkable, deliberately starting the biggest war in Europe since World War II. ...
  151. ^ Greenway, H.D.S. (25 February 2022). "Welcome to Cold War II". The Boston Globe.
  152. ^ Smith, James F. (8 March 2022). "Are we entering another Cold War? Probably not—but it could be even worse". Harvard Kennedy School.
  153. ^ Gideon Rachman (6 June 2022). "Ukraine and the start of a second cold war". Financial Times.
  154. ^ a b Buzan, Barry (6 March 2024). "A new cold war?: The case for a general concept". International Politics. 61 (2). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 239–257. doi:10.1057/s41311-024-00559-8. ISSN 1384-5748.
  155. ^ Paust, Thomas (27 October 2022). "Historiker Antony Beevor om Vladimir Putin: – Historiens fremste eksempel på selvpåført katastrofe". Nettavisen (in Norwegian).
  156. ^ Schindler, Seth; Alami, Ilias; DiCarlo, Jessica; Jepson, Nicholas; Rolf, Steve; Bayırbağ, Mustafa Kemal; Cyuzuzo, Louis; DeBoom, Meredith; Farahani, Alireza F.; Liu, Imogen T.; McNicol, Hannah; Miao, Julie T.; Nock, Philip; Teri, Gilead; Vila Seoane, Maximiliano Facundo; Ward, Kevin; Zajontz, Tim; Zhao, Yawei (7 September 2023). "The Second Cold War: US-China Competition for Centrality in Infrastructure, Digital, Production, and Finance Networks". Geopolitics. 29 (4). Informa UK Limited: 1083–1120. doi:10.1080/14650045.2023.2253432. ISSN 1465-0045.

Further reading

edit
Library resources about
Second Cold War
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cold War II.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Cold_War&oldid=1257948385"