The Dani or Baliem Valley languages are a family of clearly related Trans–New Guinea languages spoken by the Dani and related peoples in the Baliem Valley in the Highland Papua, Indonesia. Foley (2003)[citation needed] considers their Trans–New Guinea language group status to be established. They may be most closely related to the languages of Paniai Lakes, but this is not yet clear. Capell (1962)[1] posited that their closest relatives were the Kwerba languages, which Ross (2005) rejects.
| Dani | |
|---|---|
| Baliem Valley | |
| Geographic distribution | Baliem Valley in Highland Papua |
| Ethnicity | Dani, Lani, Yali, etc |
| Linguistic classification | Trans–New Guinea
|
| Subdivisions |
|
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | dani1287 |
Languages
editLarson (1977)[2] divided the family into three branches based on lexicostatistics, and Nggem was later added as a fourth. The Ngalik languages are very poorly attested.
- Dani family
- Wano
- Nggem
- Central Dani:
- Grand Valley Dani (upper, lower, and mid dialects)
- Hupla
- Western Dani–Walak
- Ngalik:
Phonemes
editUsher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows.[3] This is identical to the reconstruction of Bromley (1966-1967)[4] apart from adding the rare consonants *pw, *mbw, and the possible additional vowel *ɐ.
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | *m | *n | |||||
| Stop | Voiceless | *p | *pʷ | *t | *k | *kʷ | |
| Pre-nasalized | *mb | *mbʷ | *nd | *ŋg | *ŋgʷ | ||
| Implosive | *ɓ | *ɗ | |||||
| Approximant | *w | *l | *j | ||||
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | *i | *u | |
| Near-close | *ɪ | *ʊ | |
| Mid | *e | [*ɐ] | *o |
| Open | *a |
And the diphthongs *ei, *ou, *ai, *au.
Pronouns
editRoss (1995)[citation needed] reconstructs the independent pronouns and possessive/object prefixes of Central Dani as:
singular plural 1 *an, *n[a] *ni-t, *nin[a]- 2 *ka-t, *k[a] *ki-t, *kin[a]- 3 *a-t, *∅/w- *i-t, *in[a]-
Vocabulary comparison
editThe following basic vocabulary words are from Bromley (1967)[4] and Voorhoeve (1975),[5] as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database.[6]
The words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. nakapak, ogobak, nokopak for “nose”) or not (e.g. natði, nemake, nabilikagen for “tongue”).
| gloss | Dani Lower Grand Valley (Hitigima dial.) |
Dani Lower Grand Valley (Tangma dial.) |
Dani Lower Grand Valley |
Dani Mid Grand Valley |
Dani Upper Grand Valley |
Dani Western[7] |
Walak | Silimo (South Ngalik dial.) | Silimo | Yali Angguruk |
Yali Pass Valley |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| head | mʊkkʊl-oak | mʊkkʊl-oak | nukul-oaq | nʊgʊl-oak | nanupah | aneb; anobak | nalupak | naŋgul | nagʊl | nʊgʊl | hou |
| hair | nesi | nesi | nesi | nesi | neeti | eeɾuwak; neti | niti | nenasu | nasu | notuk | hoŋ |
| ear | nesakko | nesakko | nasuk | natuk [nařuk] | aɾuk | natuk [nařuk] | nesago | nɪsago | |||
| eye | neil-ekken | neil-ekken | neil-eken | nel-egen | neneken | enegen; negen | nil | nələŋgen | nɪlegen | nɪl | həŋ |
| nose | nappisan | namisaŋ | nakouwak-oak | nakapak | ogobak | nokopak | nebijaŋ | nabijaŋ | |||
| tooth | naik | naik | naik | naik | nɪk | neik | naik | neniak | nɪak; neak | najek | si |
| tongue | nameli | namili | na∂i | namɪlɪ | amela | natði | nemake | nabilikagen | |||
| leg | nesoq | iyok; owak | yan saŋ | ||||||||
| louse | napɪ | napɪ | navi | napɪ | napɪ | abee | napɪ | nekepɪ; pɪ | pɪ | am | |
| dog | jekke | jekke | yake | jege | gewo | gewo; nggewo | gewo | yeŋge | mene | mene | kam |
| pig | wam | wam | wam | wam | wa:n | wam | wam | wam | wam | wam | meya |
| bird | sʊe | sʊe | sue | tʊe | tewe | tewe; towe | tewe | tuwe | sʊe | suwe | winaŋ |
| egg | sʊe-kken | sʊe-kken | sue-ken | tʊe-gen | tewe-gen | eko | tewe-gen | eŋgen | sʊe-egen | suwe-gen | winaŋ won |
| blood | mep | mep | mep | mep | mep | amiya; muya | mep | mep | gete; mep | iniŋ | |
| bone | noak | noak | noaq | noak | nowakano | owak | nowak | nʊak | noak | yok | |
| skin | noat | nakap | naxap | noatðo | nakatlo | agabelo | nakatðo | nakap | nakap | pok | |
| breast | neilak | neilak | niðak | nelak | elak | neðak | nakamʊ | nak | |||
| tree | o | e | e | o | ejo | eyo | o | bene | e | e | |
| man | ap | ap | ap | ap | ap | ap | ap | ap | nimnya | ||
| woman | he; hɪmɪ | he; hʊmɪ | he | kwe | kwe | kwamɪ | keap | ||||
| sky | mbogut | ||||||||||
| sun | mo | mo | mo | mʊlɪgɪ | mo | oonegen; yawo | mo; o-il | mo | mo | hin | |
| moon | tuki | tuki | tʊt | tʊt | tut | tʊt | duki | bikkalem | |||
| water | i | i | i | i | ji | mio; nio; niyo | i; ies | ik | ik | tin | |
| fire | hettouk | ettu | etu | hɪdʊ [hɪtʊ] | ɪdʊ [ɪndʊ] | endo; kani | idu | enduk | odʊk | idok | uk |
| stone | helep | helep | helep | helegit [helekit] | jʊkum | yugum; yukum | git [ŋgit] | kəlip | kelep | kelep | kirik |
| road, path | ke; kwe | kwe | holak-aðem | tuwan | tuwan | epela | pʊgalem | ||||
| name | ettake | ettake | eraxe | edaka [etaga] | edaka [endaga] | endage; etaxe | edaka | onuk | unuk | nimnya | |
| eat | namen | namen!; ne-; nengge | nənəm- | emen | namɪn (ɪs ?) | (kwaniŋ) etiŋ | |||||
| one | makke-at; pakke-at | oppakke-at | opake-at | bagɪ-at | abɪ | ambe; ambit | omagi-at | ambui | mesik | mɪsɪk | sendeik |
| two | pete; pɪte | p:ie | pere | bete [peře] | bete [mbeře] | bere; mbeɾe | bete | pere | biten | biten | phenep |
Evolution
editDani reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:[8]
- ap 'man' < *ambi
- meli 'tongue' < *me(l,n)e
- n-esi 'hair' < *iti[C] (n- is 1sg possessor)
- me(m) 'come' < *me-
- ket 'new' < *kVndak
- ap 'man' < *ambi
- (n)iti < *iti[C]
- meli 'tongue' < *me(l,n)e
- get 'new' < *kVndak
- okut 'leg' < *k(a,o)ndok[V]
- kat(lo) 'skin' < *(ŋg,k)a(nd,t)apu
- idu 'tree' < *inda
- idu(k)etu 'tree' < *inda
- (nak) amu 'breast' < *amu
- tokon 'full' < *tVkV[ti]
- kopu 'smoke' < *kambu
References
edit- ^ Capell, Arthur (1962). Linguistic Survey of the South-Western Pacific. South Pacific Commission Technical Paper. Vol. 136 (New and revised ed.). Noumea: South Pacific Commission.
- ^ Larson, Gordon F. (1977). "Reclassification of Some Irian Jaya Highlands Language Families: A Lexicostatical Cross-Family Subclassification with Historical Implications". Irian. VI (2): 3–40.
- ^ Usher, Timothy. "Balim Valley". New Guinea World.
- ^ a b Bromley, Myron H. (June 1967). "The Linguistic Relationships of Grand Valley Dani: A Lexico-statistical Classification". Oceania. 37 (4): 286–305. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1967.tb00912.x. JSTOR 40329608.
- ^ Voorhoeve, C.L. (2015). Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist. Preliminary classification, language maps, wordlists. Pacific Linguistics. doi:10.15144/PL-B31. ISBN 978-0-85883-128-5.
- ^ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.
- ^ Clouse, Duane A. (1997). "Towards a reconstruction and reclassification of the Lakes Plain languages of Irian Jaya". In Karl Franklin (ed.). Papers in Papuan linguistics no. 2 (PDF). Vol. A-85. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 133–236. ISBN 0858834421.
- ^ Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
- Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.