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Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson

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Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson (né Strain, January 7, 1890 – September 21, 1965) was an American pulp magazine writer, entrepreneur and military officer who pioneered the American comic book, publishing the first such periodical consisting solely of original material rather than reprints of newspaper comic strips. Historian and author David Hajdu credits Wheeler-Nicholson as "the link between the pulps and what we know of as comics today."[1] He launched the magazine comics company National Allied Publications in 1935, which would evolve to become DC Comics, one of the United States' two largest comic book publishers along with rival Marvel Comics. He was a 2008 Judges' Choice inductee into the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame.[2]

Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson
BornMalcolm Strain
(1890-01-07)January 7, 1890
Greeneville, Tennessee, U.S.
DiedSeptember 21, 1965(1965-09-21) (aged 75)
New York City, U.S.
Area(s)Publisher
Notable works
DC Comics
National Allied Publications
Spouse(s)Elsa Sachsenhausen Björkbom
Children5
RelativesDana Wheeler-Nicholson (granddaughter)

Biography

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Early life and military career

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Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson was born as Malcolm Strain on January 7, 1890,[3][a] in Greeneville, Tennessee.[6][5] His biological father, was Lewis "Lola" Orlando Strain, and his mother was Antoinette Wheeler. In May 1890, Strain was named as a stockholder and secretary treasurer of the newly opened Watagua Lumber Company in nearby Johnson City. It wasn’t long before the company ran into money problems from their inability to collect on debts owed. In August 1891, it was forced to close. The impact of its closing apparently affected Strain’s personal finances, as over the next couple of years, he was suing Watauga Lumber and was being sued by others himself. Complicating the matter for the Strains was that they had recently separated. It had been a hard year for them. They had begun the year with the birth of their youngest son, Christopher, on January 3, and then suffered the trauma of the death of their oldest child, their daughter Caroline on November 26. Along with their own financial difficulties, it was all too much and they separated soon after. Strain moved to Oregon, while his wife took the children and went north to New York City. Strain supposedly died alone in 1894; Antoinette became a journalist, and later joined a start-up women's magazine[7] in Portland, Oregon.[5] By this time she had changed her last name to "Straham", a variant of "Strain", and upon marrying teacher Thomas J. B. Nicholson, who would become the boys' stepfather, reverted to her maiden name and appended her new married name.[7] The brothers were raised in "an iconoclastic, intellectual household" where their family entertained such guests as Theodore Roosevelt and Rudyard Kipling.[8]

Wheeler-Nicholson spent his boyhood both in Portland and on a horse ranch in Washington state.[9] Raised riding horses, he went on to attend the military academy The Manlius School in DeWitt, New York, and in 1917 joined the U.S. Cavalry[10] as a second lieutenant.[11] According to differing sources, he rose to become either "the youngest major in the Army",[8] the youngest in the Cavalry,[12] or, as per the family, one of the youngest in the Cavalry, at age 27,[9] By his own account, he "chased bandits on the Mexican border, fought fevers and played polo in the Philippines, led a battalion of infantry against the Bolsheviki in Siberia, helped straighten out the affairs of the army in France [and] commanded the headquarters cavalry of the American force in the Rhine".[13] His outposts included Japan; London, England; and Germany.[14] After World War I, Wheeler-Nicholson was sent to study at Saint-Cyr in Paris, France.[9]

The Major's public criticism of Army command in an open letter to President Warren G. Harding, and his accusations against senior officers, led to countercharges, hearings, and a lawsuit against West Point Superintendent General Fred W. Sladen.[15] Wheeler-Nicholson also was a victim of a shooting that his family called an Army-sanctioned assassination attempt[9] and the Army called the mistake of a guard who mistook Wheeler-Nicholson for an intruder at another officer's home.[15] It left him hospitalized with a bullet wound.[9][15][16] Following this, Wheeler-Nicholson in June 1922 was convicted in a court-martial trial of violating the 96th Article of War in publishing the open letter.[17][18] Although he was not demoted, his career was dead-ended.[19] He resigned his commission in 1923.[17] His $100,000 lawsuit against Sladen was dismissed by the New York State Supreme Court the following year.[20]

Writing career

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Wheeler-Nicholson wrote nonfiction about military topics, including the 1922 book Modern Cavalry.[9] He also wrote fiction, including the Western hardcover novel Death at the Corral.[9] By 1922 Wheeler-Nicholson had begun writing short stories for the pulps.[8] The Major soon became a cover name, penning military and historical adventure fiction for such magazines as Adventure and Argosy.[13] He additionally ghost wrote six adventure novels about air hero Bill Barnes for Street & Smith Publications.[11]

Concurrently, in 1925, he founded Wheeler-Nicholson, Inc.[9][12] to syndicate his work, which included a daily comic-strip adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson's novel Treasure Island, with art by N. Brewster Morse.[21]

New Fun

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New Fun: The Big Comic Magazine #1 (Feb. 1935). Cover art by Lyman Anderson

In 1935, having seen the emergence of Famous Funnies (1933) and other oversize magazines reprinting comic strips, Wheeler-Nicholson formed the comics publishing company National Allied Publications.[8][22] While contemporary comics "consisted ... of reprints of old syndicate material", Wheeler-Nicholson found that the "rights to all the popular strips ... had been sewn up".[8] While some existing publications had included small amounts of original material,[23] generally as filler, and while Dell Publishing had put out a proto-comic book of all original strips, The Funnies, in 1929, Wheeler-Nicholson's premiere comic – New Fun #1 (Feb. 1935) – became the first comic book containing all-original material.[24] As author Nicky Wright wrote,

It was at this point Wheeler-Nicholson made history. He produced a comic appropriately titled New Fun: The Big Comic Magazine, so-called because it was larger than the other comics, measuring 10 by 15 inches. ... Not only was the size different, so were the strips. They were all original, featuring all new characters specially drawn for New Fun ... Besides original strips, New Fun was the first comic to carry advertising.[25]

A tabloid-sized, 10-inch by 15-inch, 36-page magazine with a cardstock, non-glossy cover, New Fun #1 was an anthology of "humor and adventure strips, many of which [Wheeler-Nicholson] wrote himself".[8] The features included the talking animal comic "Pelion and Ossa" and the college-set "Jigger and Ginger", mixed with such dramatic fare as the Western strip "Jack Woods" and the "yellow peril" adventure "Barry O'Neill", featuring a Fu Manchu-styled villain, Fang Gow.[26] While all-original material was a risky venture, the book sold well enough that National Allied Publishing continued to fill books "with new strips every month".[8] Golden Age comics creator Sheldon Mayer quipped years later of Wheeler-Nicholson: "Not only the first man to publish comic books but also the first to stiff an artist for his check".[27]

The first four issues were edited by future Funnies, Inc. founder Lloyd Jacquet, the fifth by Wheeler-Nicholson himself. Issue #6 (Oct. 1935) brought the comic-book debuts of Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, the future creators of Superman, who began their careers with the musketeer swashbuckler "Henri Duval" (doing the first two installments before turning it over to others) and, under the pseudonyms "Leger and Reuths", the supernatural-crimefighter adventure Doctor Occult.[28] They would remain on the latter title through issue #32 (June 1938), following the magazine's retitling as More Fun (issues #7–8, Jan.–Feb. 1936),[29] and More Fun Comics (#9–on).[30]

Wheeler-Nicholson added a second magazine, New Comics, which premiered with a Dec. 1935 cover date and at close to what would become the standard size of Golden Age comic books, with slightly larger dimensions than today's. The title became New Adventure Comics with issue #12, and finally Adventure Comics with #32. Continuing for many decades, until issue #503 in 1983, it would become one of the longest-running comic books. In 2009, it was briefly revived with its original numbering, ultimately ending again in 2011 with issue #529, prior to DC Comics' New 52 reboot.[31]

Despite Wheeler-Nicholson's optimism, finding a place in the market was difficult. Newsstands were reluctant to stock a magazine of untested new material from an unknown publisher, particularly as other companies' comics titles were perceived as being "successful because they featured characters everyone knew and loved".[8] Returns were high,[32] and cash-flow difficulties made the interval between issues unpredictable. Artist Creig Flessel recalled that at the company's office on Fourth Avenue, "The major flashed in and out of the place, doing battles with the printers, the banks, and other enemies of the struggling comics".[33]

Later career

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Detective Comics #1 (March 1937). Cover art by Vin Sullivan.

Wheeler-Nicholson suffered from continual financial crises, both in his personal and professional lives. "Dick Woods" artist Lyman Anderson [fr], whose Manhattan apartment Wheeler-Nicholson used as a rent-free pied-à-terre, said, "His wife would call [from home on Long Island] and be in tears ... and say she didn't have money and the milkman was going to cut off the milk for the kids. I'd send out 10 bucks, just because she needed it".[34]

The third and final title published under his aegis would be Detective Comics, advertised with a cover illustration dated Dec. 1936, but eventually premiering three months late, with a March 1937 cover date.[35]

Detective Comics would become a sensation with the introduction of Batman in issue #27 (May 1939). By then, however, Wheeler-Nicholson was gone. In 1937, in debt to printing-plant owner and magazine distributor Harry Donenfeld – who was as well a pulp-magazine publisher and a principal in the magazine distributorship Independent News – Wheeler-Nicholson was compelled to take Donenfeld on as a partner in order to publish Detective Comics #1. Detective Comics, Inc. was formed, with Wheeler-Nicholson and Jack S. Liebowitz, Donenfeld's accountant, listed as owners.[36]

The major remained for a year, but cash-flow problems continued. DC's 50th-anniversary publication Fifty Who Made DC Great cites the Great Depression as "forc[ing] Wheeler-Nicholson to sell his publishing business to Harry Donenfeld and Jack Liebowitz in 1937".[8] However, wrote comics historian Gerard Jones:

In early 1938, Harry Donenfeld sent him and his wife on a cruise to Cuba to 'work up new ideas'. When they came home, the major found the lock to his office door changed. In his absence, Harry had sued him for nonpayment and pushed Detective Comics, Inc. into bankruptcy court. There a judge named Abe Mennen [error, Menin was the actual name], one of Harry's old Tammany buddies, had been appointed interim president of the firm and arranged a quick sale of its assets to Independent News. Harry gave the major a percentage of More Fun Comics as a shut-up token and wished him well.[37]

Wheeler-Nicholson "gave up on the world of commerce thereafter and went back to writing war stories and critiques of the American military"[37] in addition to straight "articles on politics and military history".[8]

Personal life

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While studying at the École Supérieure de Guerre in Paris, France, after World War I, Wheeler-Nicholson met Elsa Sachsenhausen Björkbom.[9] They were married in Koblenz, Germany in 1920.[9] Their first child, Antoinette, was born in Stockholm, Sweden, his wife's home, in February 1921.[38] Antoinette married on April 11, 1945, when Wheeler-Nicholson and his wife lived in Great Neck, New York, on Long Island.[39]

In 1923, their second child, daughter Marianne, was born.[17] Son Malcolm was born in November 1926, in Rye, New York,[40] son Douglas in 1928,[citation needed] and daughter Diane in 1932.[citation needed] Douglas married on September 2, 1955, by which time Wheeler-Nicholson and his wife were living in Bayside, Queens, New York City.[41] The major died on September 21, 1965, due to lung cancer in New York City[42][43] and was buried at Nassau Knolls Cemetery in Port Washington, New York.[42]

Actress Dana Wheeler-Nicholson (b. 1960) is the daughter of Wheeler-Nicholson's son Douglas.[44]

Other works

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  • Modern Cavalry: Studies on Its Role in the Warfare of To-day with Notes on Training for War Service (Macmillan, 1922)
  • Battle Shield of the Republic (Macmillan, 1940)[45]
  • America Can Win (Macmillan, 1941)[46]
  • Are We Winning the Hard Way? (Crowell Publishing, 1943)
  • The Texas-Siberia Trail: Adventure stories of Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson (Off-Trail Publications, 2014) edited by John Locke, introduction by Nicky Wheeler-Nicholson
  • DC Comics Before Superman: Major Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson's Pulp Comics (2018, ISBN 978-1613451649), Hermes Press, by Nicky Wheeler-Nicholson

References

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Notes

  1. ^ The date of birth of January 7 is supported by Wheeler-Nicholson's draft records.[4] Wheeler-Nicholson's son Douglas recalled the birthdate as January 4, 1890.[5]

Citations

  1. ^ Hajdu in Lovece, Frank (September 27, 2019). "Ahead of New York Comic Con, a look back at the colorful LIer who founded what became DC Comics". Newsday. New York City / Long Island. Archived from the original on October 1, 2019.
  2. ^ "The 2008 Eisner Awards: Eisner Hall of Fame Nominees Announced". Comic-con.com. Archived from the original on April 1, 2008.
  3. ^ Wheeler-Nicholson, Nicky (2014). "Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson". In Booker, M. Keith (ed.). Comics Through Time: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas. Vol. 4. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood Press. p. 417. ISBN 9780313397509.
  4. ^ "Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson; citing NARA microfilm publication M1936, M1937, M1939, M1951, M1962, M1964, M1986, M2090, and M2097 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.). United States World War II Draft Registration Cards, 1942". FamilySearch. May 2, 2023. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
  5. ^ a b c Interview with son Douglas Wheeler-Nicholson (August 2009). "His Goal Was the Graphic Novel". Alter Ego. 3 (88): 10.
  6. ^ Daniels, Les (1995). DC Comics: Sixty Years of the World's Favorite Comic Book Heroes. Bullfinch Press/Little, Brown and Company. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-8212-2076-4.
  7. ^ a b Douglas Wheeler-Nicholson interview, p. 9
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Marx, Barry, Cavalieri, Joey and Hill, Thomas (w), Petruccio, Steven (a), Marx, Barry (ed). "Major Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson DC Founded" Fifty Who Made DC Great, p. 5 (1985). DC Comics.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Brown, Nicky Wheeler-Nicholson (ed.). "About the Major". Major Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson (Official family site). Archived from the original on July 14, 2011.
  10. ^ Douglas Wheeler-Nicholson interview, p. 11
  11. ^ a b Wright, Nicky. The Classic Era of American Comics (Contemporary Books, Chicago, 2000) ISBN 0-8092-9966-6, p. 16
  12. ^ a b Jones, Gerard (2004). Men of Tomorrow: Geeks, Gangsters and the Birth of the Comic Book. New York: Basic Books. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-465-03656-1. OCLC 55019518.
  13. ^ a b Goulart, Ron (1986). Ron Goulart's Great History of Comic Books. Chicago: Contemporary Books. p. 55. ISBN 0-8092-5045-4.
  14. ^ Douglas Wheeler-Nicholson interview, pp. 11–12
  15. ^ a b c "Insists He Acted for Good of Army". The New York Times. January 5, 1924. Retrieved June 10, 2015. The officer, being treated at Walter Reed Army General Hospital for an injury to his ear, caused by the mistake of a guard who shot him when he sought to enter for sleep the home of a fellow officer at Camp Dix who was absent. ... (subscription required)
  16. ^ Douglas Wheeler-Nicholson interview, pp. 12–13
  17. ^ a b c Douglas Wheeler-Nicholson interview, p. 13
  18. ^ "Major Nicholson, Guilty, Is Fined". The New York Times. February 6, 1922. p. 5. Retrieved June 10, 2015. (subscription required)
  19. ^ In an interview with Wheeler-Nicholson's son, Douglas, in Alter Ego #88 (August 2009): "What they did was to set him back to what they called the '51 files', which is time and grade, the things that would let him get advancement: and it, in effect, ends his career. So he's still in the Army, and he has his rank, but he would not ever be promoted, and he knew that."
  20. ^ "Army Officer's Suit for $100,000 Is Lost". The New York Times. January 5, 1924. Retrieved June 10, 2015. (subscription required)
  21. ^ Goulart, p. 56
  22. ^ Coville, James. "The History of Comic Books: Newsstand Period Part 1. 1922–1955". TheComicbooks.com. p. 2. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011.
  23. ^ Young, William H; Young, Nancy K. (2007). The Great Depression in America: A Cultural Encyclopedia, A-M. Greenwood. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-313-33521-1.
  24. ^ Berk, Jon (January 1996). "New Fun Magazine – The Birth of an Industry". Comic Book Collecting Association. Archived from the original on February 23, 2016. New Fun represented the next step in the evolution of this entertainment medium in that the book contained original – not reprint – material. Actually, the idea of all original material had been tried in 1929 with the introduction of The Funnies by [Dell publisher] George Delacorte. Oversized like the Sunday funnies, the series never caught on. The U.S. Library of Congress exhibition "American Treasures of the Library of Congress" (Archived March 6, 2010, at the Wayback Machine) described The Funnies as "a short-lived newspaper tabloid insert", while comics historian Ron Goulart describes the 16-page, four-color, newsprint periodical as "more a Sunday comic section without the rest of the newspaper than a true comic book," in Comic Book Encyclopedia. New York City: Harper Entertainment. 2004. p. 163. ISBN 0-06-053816-3.
  25. ^ Wright, p. 17
  26. ^ New Fun #1 (Feb. 1935) at the Grand Comics Database. The entry notes that while the logo appears to be simply Fun, the indicia reads, "New FUN is published monthly at 49 West 45th Street, New York, N.Y., by National Allied Publications, Inc.; Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson, President ... Inquiries concerning advertising should be addressed to the Advertising Manager, New FUN,. ... "
  27. ^ Evanier, Mark (April 21, 2002). "WonderCon, The Second Day". P.O.V. Online (column). Archived from the original on June 8, 2011.
  28. ^ Cowsill, Alan; Irvine, Alex; Manning, Matthew K.; McAvennie, Michael; Wallace, Daniel (2010). DC Comics Year By Year: A Visual Chronicle. DK Publishing. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9.
  29. ^ More Fun at the Grand Comics Database.
  30. ^ More Fun Comics at the Grand Comics Database.
  31. ^ Adventure Comics (DC, 2009 series) at the Grand Comics Database
  32. ^ Wright, p. 18
  33. ^ Goulart, p. 60
  34. ^ Goulart, p. 61
  35. ^ Cowsill et al. 2010, p. 15.
  36. ^ Duncan, Randy; Smith, Matthew J. (2009). The Power of Comics: History, Form and Culture. New York and London: Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 31. ISBN 9780826429360.
  37. ^ a b Jones, p. 125
  38. ^ "Antoinetta Caroline Malcolm". Sweden Indexed Birth Records, 1859-1947. Retrieved September 24, 2019 – via Ancestry.com. Birth Date: 18 feb 1921. Birth Place: Adolf Fredrik, Stockholm, Sverige (Sweden)(subscription required)
  39. ^ "Moran — Wheeler-Nicholson". The New York Times. April 13, 1945. Retrieved June 10, 2015. (subscription required)
  40. ^ "Malcolm I C Wheeler-Nichelson [sic]". New York State Birth Index, 1881-1942. Retrieved September 24, 2019 – via Ancestry.com. Birth Date: 24 Nov 1926. Birth Place: Rye, New York, USA(subscription required)
  41. ^ "Joan Weitemeyer Wed". The New York Times. September 3, 1955. Retrieved June 10, 2015. (subscription required)
  42. ^ a b Lovece, Frank (September 27, 2019). "Ahead of New York Comic Con, a look back at the colorful LIer who founded what became DC Comics". Newsday. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
  43. ^ "Malcolm W. Nicholson [sic]". New York State, Death Index, 1957-1968. Retrieved September 24, 2013 – via Ancestry.com.(subscription required)
  44. ^ Interview with granddaughter Nicky Wheeler-Nicholson Brown, "He Was Going to Go for the Big Idea", Alter Ego #88 (August 2009), p. 49
  45. ^ Baldwin, Hanson W. (December 15, 1940). "Concerning the Army" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 111. Retrieved June 10, 2015. (subscription required)
  46. ^ Williamson, S.T. (May 18, 1941). "'Action Now' or 'Hold Everything'?". The New York Times. p. BR12. Retrieved June 10, 2015. (subscription required)
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