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Martin Niemöller

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Friedrich Gustav Emil Martin Niemöller (German: [ˈmaʁtiːn ˈniːmœlɐ] ⓘ; 14 January 1892 – 6 March 1984) was a German theologian and Lutheran pastor.[1][3] He is best known for his opposition to the Nazi regime during the late 1930s and for his widely quoted 1946 poem "First they came ...". The poem exists in many versions; the one featured on the United States Holocaust Memorial reads: "First they came for the socialists, and I did not speak out – because I was not a socialist. Then they came for the trade unionists, and I did not speak out – because I was not a trade unionist. Then they came for the Jews, and I did not speak out – because I was not a Jew. Then they came for me – and there was no one left to speak for me."

The Reverend
Martin Niemöller
Black and white photograph of Martin Niemöller. He is a white middle-aged man wearing clerical clothing and glasses.
Niemöller at St. James' Church, The Hague in 1952
Born
Friedrich Gustav Emil Martin Niemöller

14 January 1892
Lippstadt, German Empire
Died6 March 1984(1984-03-06) (aged 92)
Wiesbaden, West Germany
Alma materWestphalian Wilhelm University
Known forCo-founding the Confessing Church
Notable work"First they came ..."
Spouse(s)
Else Bremer
​
​
(m. 1919; died 1961)​
;
Sibylle von Sell
​
(m. 1971)​
Ecclesiastical career
ReligionChristianity (Lutheran)
Church
Ordained1924
Congregations served
St. Anne's Church, Dahlem [de; ja]
Offices held
Military career
Service / branchImperial German Navy
Years of service1910–1919[1][2]
Battles / warsFirst World War
AwardsIron Cross

Niemöller was a national conservative and initially a supporter of Adolf Hitler[4] and a self-identified antisemite.[5] He became one of the founders of the Confessing Church, which opposed the Nazification of German Protestant churches. He opposed the Nazis' Aryan Paragraph.[6] For his opposition to the Nazis' state control of the churches, Niemöller was imprisoned in Sachsenhausen and Dachau concentration camps from 1938 to 1945.[7][8] He narrowly escaped execution. After his imprisonment, he expressed his deep regret about not having done enough to help victims of the Nazis.[6] He turned away from his earlier nationalistic beliefs and was one of the initiators of the Stuttgart Declaration of Guilt.[6] From the 1950s on, he was a vocal pacifist and anti-war activist, and vice-chair of War Resisters' International from 1966 to 1972.[9] He met with Ho Chi Minh during the Vietnam War and was a committed campaigner for nuclear disarmament.[10]

Youth and World War I participation

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Niemöller was born in Lippstadt, the Prussian Province of Westphalia (now in North Rhine-Westphalia), on 14 January 1892 to the Lutheran pastor Heinrich Niemöller and his wife Pauline (née Müller), and grew up in a very conservative home.[6] In 1900, the family moved to Elberfeld where he finished school, taking his Abitur exam in 1908.

He began a career as an officer of the Imperial Navy of the German Empire, and in 1915, was assigned to U-boats. His first boat was SMS Thüringen. In October of that year, he joined the submarine mother boat Vulkan, followed by training on the submarine U-3. In February 1916, he became second officer on U-73, which was assigned to the Mediterranean in April 1916.[11] There the submarine fought on the Saloniki front, patrolled in the Strait of Otranto and from December 1916 onward, planted many mines in front of Port Said and was involved in commerce raiding. Flying a French flag as a ruse of war, the SM U-73 sailed past British warships and torpedoed two Allied troopships and a British man-of-war.

 
Niemöller as an officer of the Imperial German Navy, 1917

In January 1917, Niemöller was navigator of U-39. Later he returned to Kiel, and in August 1917, he became first officer on U-151, which attacked numerous ships at Gibraltar, in the Bay of Biscay, and other places. During this time, the SM U-151 crew set a record by sinking 55,000 tons of Allied ships in 115 days at sea. In June 1918, he became commander of the UC-67. Under his command, UC-67 achieved a temporary closing of the French port of Marseille by sinking ships in the area, by torpedoes, and by the laying of mines.[11]

For his achievements, Niemöller was awarded the Iron Cross First Class. When the war drew to a close, he decided to become a preacher, a story he later recounted in his book Vom U-Boot zur Kanzel (From U-boat to Pulpit). At war's end, Niemöller resigned his commission, as he rejected the new democratic government of the German Empire that formed after the abdication of the German Emperor Wilhelm II.

Weimar Republic and education as pastor

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In 1919, he married Else Bremer[12] (20 July 1890 – 7 August 1961). That same year, he began working at a farm in Wersen near Osnabrück but gave up becoming a farmer as he could not afford to buy his own farm. He subsequently pursued his earlier idea of becoming a Lutheran pastor and studied Protestant theology at the Westphalian Wilhelm University in Münster from 1919 to 1923. His motivation was his ambition to give a disordered society meaning and order through the Gospel and church bodies.

During the Ruhr Uprising in 1920, he was battalion commander of the "III. Bataillon der Akademischen Wehr Münster" belonging to the paramilitary Freikorps.

Niemöller was ordained on 29 June 1924.[11] Subsequently, the united Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union appointed him curate of Münster's Church of the Redeemer. After serving as the superintendent of the Inner Mission in the old-Prussian ecclesiastical province of Westphalia, Niemöller in 1931 became pastor of the Jesus Christus Kirche (comprising a congregation together with St. Anne's Church) in Dahlem, an affluent suburb of Berlin.[13]

Role in Nazi Germany

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Like most Protestant pastors, Niemöller was a national conservative, and openly supported the conservative opponents of the Weimar Republic. He thus welcomed Hitler's accession to power in 1933, believing that it would bring a national revival.[14]: 235  In his autobiography, From U-Boat to Pulpit published in the spring of 1933, he called the time of "the System" (a pejorative name for the Weimar Republic) the "years of darkness" and hailed Adolf Hitler for beginning a "national revival".[14]: 235  Niemöller's autobiography received positive reviews in Nazi newspapers and was a bestseller.[14]: 235  However, he decidedly opposed the Nazis' "Aryan Paragraph" to Jewish converts to Lutheranism. In 1936, he signed the petition of a group of Protestant churchmen which sharply criticized Nazi policies and declared the Aryan Paragraph incompatible with the Christian virtue of charity.[6]

The Nazi regime reacted with mass arrests and charges against almost 800 pastors and ecclesiastical lawyers.[15] In 1933, Niemöller founded the Pfarrernotbund, an organization of pastors to "combat rising discrimination against Christians of Jewish background".[13] By the autumn of 1934, Niemöller joined other Lutheran and Protestant churchmen such as Karl Barth and Dietrich Bonhoeffer in founding the Confessional Church, a Protestant group that opposed the Nazification of the German Protestant churches.[13] Author and Nobel Prize laureate Thomas Mann published Niemöller's sermons in the United States and praised his bravery.[6]

However, Niemöller only gradually abandoned his national conservative views. Even as he opposed the Nazis, he made pejorative remarks about Jews of faith while protecting – in his own church – baptised Christians of Jewish descent whom the Nazis persecuted. In one sermon in 1935, he remarked: "What is the reason for [their] obvious punishment, which has lasted for thousands of years? Dear brethren, the reason is easily given: the Jews brought the Christ of God to the cross!"[16]

This has led to controversy about his attitude toward Jews and to accusations of anti-Judaism. The Holocaust historian Robert Michael argues that Niemöller's statements were a result of traditional anti-Semitism, and that Niemöller agreed with the Nazis' position on the "Jewish question" at that time.[5][17] American sociologist Werner Cohn lived as a Jew in Nazi Germany, and he also reports on antisemitic statements by Niemöller.[18]

Thus, Niemöller's behaviour during the Nazi period makes him a controversial figure. For example, Niemöller said, "The crucial issue was not whether the USA or the USSR would win the next war. The big question rather was whether there would still be a white race in thirty or forty years."[19] In her book Twisted Cross, Doris L. Bergen says, "Martin Niemöller explained how he, a self-professed antisemite, had come to oppose plans to exclude non-Aryans from the clergy. Even his personal antipathy toward Jews, Niemöller indicated, had not blinded him to the realization that acceptance of an Aryan clause in the church would effectively negate the teaching of baptism."[20]

In his book, And the Witnesses Were Silent, Wolfgang Gerlach explains that the Confessing Church was not interested in fighting antisemitism in the earliest days of its existence. The goal was to prevent state intervention in Church business.[21] Niemöller was sent to a concentration camp for his affiliation with the Confessing Church and his opposition to state involvement in Church. While in the concentration camp, he "wrote to a military commander whom he had known in World War I asking to be released from Sachsenhausen so he could serve in the German Wehrmacht."[22] He voted for Nazis in 1924, 1928, and 1933. He was very much an antisemite. After the war, however, he changed his position. He went on tour around the world to condemn the Nazi cause and educate people about why it's important to protect human rights.[23]

Nonetheless, Niemöller's behaviour contrasts sharply with the much more broad-minded attitudes of other Confessing Church activists such as Hermann Maas. Pastor and liberal politician Maas – unlike Niemöller – belonged to those who unequivocally opposed every form of antisemitism and was later accorded the title Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem.[24]

Imprisonment and liberation

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Niemöller was arrested on 1 July 1937. On 2 March 1938, he was tried by a "Special Court" for activities against the state. He was given Sonder- und Ehrenhaft status ('special or honourable detention'). He received a 2,000 Reichsmark fine and seven months' imprisonment. But as he had been detained pre-trial for longer than the seven-month jail term, he was released by the court after sentencing. However, he was immediately rearrested by Himmler's Gestapo – presumably because Rudolf Hess found the sentence too lenient and decided to take "merciless action" against him.[14] He was interned in Sachsenhausen and Dachau concentration camps for "protective custody" from 1938 to 1945.[25]

He volunteered in September 1939 to become a U-boat commander; his offer was rejected.[26]

His former cellmate, Leo Stein, was released from Sachsenhausen to go to America, and he wrote an article about Niemöller for The National Jewish Monthly in 1941.[4] Stein reports having asked Niemöller why he ever supported the Nazi Party, to which Niemöller replied:

I find myself wondering about that too. I wonder about it as much as I regret it. Still, it is true that Hitler betrayed me. I had an audience with him, as a representative of the Protestant Church, shortly before he became Chancellor, in 1932. Hitler promised me on his word of honor, to protect the Church, and not to issue any anti-Church laws. He also agreed not to allow pogroms against the Jews, assuring me as follows: "There will be restrictions against the Jews, but there will be no ghettos, no pogroms, in Germany."

I really believed, given the widespread anti-Semitism in Germany, at that time – that Jews should avoid aspiring to Government positions or seats in the Reichstag. There were many Jews, especially among the Zionists, who took a similar stand. Hitler's assurance satisfied me at the time. On the other hand, I hated the growing atheistic movement, which was fostered and promoted by the Social Democrats and the Communists. Their hostility toward the Church made me pin my hopes on Hitler for a while.

I am paying for that mistake now; and not me alone, but thousands of other persons like me.

In late April 1945, Niemöller – together with about 140 high-ranking prisoners – was transported to the Alpenfestung. The group possibly were to be used as hostages in surrender negotiations. The transport's SS guards had orders to kill everyone if liberation by the advancing Western Allies became imminent. However, in the south Tyrol region, regular German troops took the inmates into protective custody. The entire group was eventually liberated by advanced units of the U.S. Seventh Army.[27][28]

Later life and death

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In 1947, Niemöller was denied Nazi victim status.[29] Niemöller himself acknowledged his guilt.[30] In 1959, he was asked about his former attitude toward Jews by Alfred Wiener, a Jewish researcher into racism and war crimes committed by the Nazi regime. In a letter to Wiener, Niemöller stated that his eight-year imprisonment by the Nazis became the turning point in his life, after which he viewed things differently.[6]

Niemöller was president of the Protestant Church in Hesse and Nassau from 1947 to 1961. He was one of the initiators of the Stuttgart Declaration of Guilt, signed by leading figures in the German Protestant churches. The document acknowledged that the churches had not done enough to resist the Nazis.[31]

Under the impact of a meeting with Otto Hahn (referred to as the "father of nuclear chemistry") in July 1954, Niemöller became an ardent pacifist and campaigner for nuclear disarmament.[10] He was soon a leading figure in the post-war German peace movement and was even brought to court in 1959 because he had spoken about the military in a very unflattering way.[32][failed verification] His visit to North Vietnam's communist ruler Ho Chi Minh at the height of the Vietnam War caused an uproar. Niemöller also took active part in protests against the Vietnam War and the NATO Double-Track Decision.[33]

He was one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a world constitution.[34][35] As a result, for the first time in human history, a World Constituent Assembly convened to draft and adopt a Constitution for the Federation of Earth.[36]

In 1961, he became president of the World Council of Churches.[13] He was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize in December 1966.

He gave a sermon at the 30 April 1967 dedication of a Protestant "Church of Atonement" in the former Dachau concentration camp, which in 1965 had been partially restored as a memorial site.[37]

Niemöller died at Wiesbaden, West Germany, on 6 March 1984, at the age of 92.[1]

Selected writings

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  • Gedanken über den Weg der christlichen Kirche, Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlagshaus 2019 (edited by Alf Christophersen and Benjamin Ziemann). ISBN 9783579085449
  • From U-boat to Pulpit, including an Appendix From Pulpit to Prison by Henry Smith Leiper (Chicago, New York: Willett, Clark, 1937).
  • Here Stand I! with foreword by James Moffatt, translated by Jane Lymburn (Chicago, New York: Willett, Clark, 1937).
  • The Gestapo Defied, Being the Last Twenty-eight Sermons by Martin Niemöller (London [etc.]: W. Hodge and Company, Limited, 1941).
  • Of Guilt and Hope, translated by Renee Spodheim (New York: Philosophical Library, [1947]).
  • "What is the Church?" Princeton Seminary Bulletin, vol. 40, no. 4 (1947): 10–16.
  • "The Word of God is Not Bound", Princeton Seminary Bulletin, vol. 41, no. 1 (1947): 18–23.
  • Exile in the Fatherland: Martin Niemöller's Letters from Moabit Prison, translated by Ernst Kaemke, Kathy Elias, and Jacklyn Wilfred; edited by Hubert G. Locke (Grand Rapids, Mich.: W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co., c1986).
  • "Dachau Sermons", Martin Niemöller, translated by Robert H. Pfeiffer, Harvard Divinity School 1947 (published by Latimer House Limited, 33 Ludgate Hill, London EC4)

See also

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Notes

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References

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ a b c Pace, Eric (8 March 1984). "Martin Niemöller, Resolute Foe of Hitler". The New York Times. p. D22. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  2. ^ Willey 1964, p. 5.
  3. ^ "Niemöller, (Friedrich Gustav Emil) Martin". The New Encyclopædia Britannica (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1993), 8:698.
  4. ^ a b Stein, Leo (May 1941). "NIEMOELLER speaks! An Exclusive Report by One Who Lived 22 Months in Prison with the Famous German Pastor Who Defied Adolf Hitler". The National Jewish Monthly. pp. 284–5, 301–2.
  5. ^ a b Michael, Robert. Theological Myth, German Antisemitism, and the Holocaust: The Case of Martin Niemoeller, Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 1987; 2: 105–122.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Martin Stöhr, "'... habe ich geschwiegen'. Zur Frage eines Antisemitismus bei Martin Niemöller" tr. "'...I kept quiet'. On the question of anti-Semitism with Martin Niemöller".
  7. ^ "GERMANY: Dynamite". Time. 21 February 1938. Archived from the original on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  8. ^ Cross, F.L. and E.A. Livingstone, The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983), 975 sub loco
  9. ^ Prasad, Devi. War Is a Crime Against Humanity: The Story of War Resisters' International, London: War Resisters' International, 2005
  10. ^ a b Rupp, Hans Karl. "Niemöller, Martin", in The World Encyclopedia of Peace. Edited by Linus Pauling, Ervin László, and Jong Youl Yoo. Oxford: Pergamon, 1986. ISBN 0-08-032685-4 (vol. 2, pp. 45–46).
  11. ^ a b c Current Biography 1943, pg.555
  12. ^ "Martin Niemöller: Biography". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. He married Else Bruner on April 20, 1919. The couple had 6 children.
  13. ^ a b c d "Niemöller", 8:698.
  14. ^ a b c d Shirer, William L (1960). The rise and fall of the Third Reich: a history of Nazi Germany. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-72869-4. OCLC 22888118.
  15. ^ LeMO. "Die Bekennende Kirche" (in German). Dhm.de. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  16. ^ The text of this sermon, in English, is found in Martin Niemöller, First Commandment, London, 1937, pp. 243–250.
  17. ^ "H-Net Discussion Networks – Christian theological antisemitism". H-net.msu.edu. 6 May 1997. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  18. ^ "Correspondence about Niemöller's Antisemitism". History.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  19. ^ Bergen, Doris L. Twisted cross: the German Christian movement in the Third Reich. University of North Carolina Press. 1996. p.232
  20. ^ Bergen, Doris L. Twisted cross: the German Christian movement in the Third Reich. University of North Carolina Press. 1996. p.40
  21. ^ Gerlach, Wolfgang and Barnett, Victoria. And the Witnesses Were Silent. University of Nebraska Press. 2000. p.29
  22. ^ Barnett, Victoria. For The Soul of The People. Oxford University Press. 1992. p.150
  23. ^ Barnett, Victoria. “Confessing Christians and the Fatherland”, For The Soul of The People. Oxford University Press. 1992.
  24. ^ "Yad Vashem - Request Rejected". Yad Vashem. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  25. ^ S. Wistrich, Robert (4 July 2013). Who's Who in Nazi Germany (3rd ed.). Routledge. p. 180. ISBN 978-1-136-41388-9.
  26. ^ "Niemoeller Volunteers for U-Boat Service; Nazis Reject Imprisoned Pastor's Offer". The New York Times. 25 September 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
  27. ^ "Defeat And Deliverance 1945 (newsreel containing the liberation)". British Pathé News. Retrieved 9 May 2015. Note Niemöller smoking a pipe in mid-clip.
  28. ^ Richardi, Hans-Günter (2005). SS-Geiseln in der Alpenfestung. Bozen.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Cited in "Die Befreiung der Sonder- und Sippenhäftlinge in Südtirol" [Georg Elser's résumé The liberation of special prisoners and clan prisoners in South Tyrol] (in German). Archived from the original on 14 March 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  29. ^ "Nazi Victim Status Denied To Niemoller". New York Times. Reuters. 28 July 1947.
  30. ^ Mauch, Christof (Spring 1999). "The American Impact on Western Europe: Americanization and Westernization in Transatlantic Perspective". GHI Bulletin. German Historical Institute: 21–31. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  31. ^ "Stuttgart Declaration of Guilt, Oct. 1945". History.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  32. ^ "Stichtag – Zeitgeschichtliches Archiv" (in German). WDR.de. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  33. ^ "Martin-Niemöller-Stiftung – /azurperson" [biography From submarine to pulpit to protest demonstration: Stations from the life of Martin Niemoeller] (in German). Martin-niemoeller-stiftung.de. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  34. ^ "Letters from Thane Read asking Helen Keller to sign the World Constitution for world peace. 1961". Helen Keller Archive. American Foundation for the Blind. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
  35. ^ "Letter from World Constitution Coordinating Committee to Helen, enclosing current materials". Helen Keller Archive. American Foundation for the Blind. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
  36. ^ "Preparing earth constitution | Global Strategies & Solutions | The Encyclopedia of World Problems". The Encyclopedia of World Problems | Union of International Associations (UIA). Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  37. ^ Marcuse, Harold (2001). Legacies of Dachau: The Uses and Abuses of a Concentration Camp, 1933–2001. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 278, 517 note 12.

Bibliography

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