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List of national parks of Nigeria

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The national parks of Nigeria are preserved, enhanced, protected and managed by the Nigeria National Park Service.[1] The Nigeria National Park Service is a parastatal under the Federal Ministry of the Environment, and is headed by a conservator general.[2] It works closely with the Nigerian Tourism Development Corporation.[3]

National Parks of Nigeria

The first national park was Kainji Lake, established by the military ruler General Olusegun Obasanjo in 1979. The National Parks Governing Board and five new National Parks were set up in 1991.

Yankari Game Reserve was upgraded to a national park in 1992, although it was later handed over to the Bauchi State government in June 2006.

The parks cover a total land area of approximately 20,156 km2 (7,782 sq mi), or about 3% of Nigeria's total land area.[4]

Parks

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style="width:8em;"| Park Area Established State(s) Notes
km2 sq mi
Chad Basin 2,258 872 1991 Borno, Yobe Includes part of the Hadejia-Nguru wetlands and the Sambisa Game Reserve
Cross River 4,000 1,500 1991 Cross River Okwangwo section and Oban section (1,906 km2; 736 sq mi)
Gashaka Gumti 6,731 2,599 1991 Taraba, Adamawa
Kainji 5,382 2,078 1979 Niger, Kwara Includes Kainji Lake, Borgu Game Reserve and Zugurma Game Reserve
Kamuku 1,121 433 1999 Kaduna
Okomu 181 70 1999 Edo Part of the Okomu Forest Reserve
Old Oyo 2,512 970 1991 Oyo, Kwara
Yankari 2,244 866 1962 Bauchi Operated by the Bauchi State government

Development

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The establishment and evolution of Nigeria's national park system is a testament to the nation's commitment to preserving its rich natural and cultural heritage.[5][6] The development of this system can be traced through several significant phases and events:[7]

Colonial Era and Early Conservation Efforts (Early 20th Century)

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The roots of Nigeria's national park system can be traced back to the colonial period when British colonial authorities acknowledged the ecological and cultural importance of certain regions within the country.[8] During this time, their primary focus was on limited conservation efforts with a strong emphasis on safeguarding wildlife and preserving habitats, particularly for the purpose of hunting and game preservation.[9] However, it's important to note that during this era, local populations were often excluded and displaced from these areas in the name of conservation.

One notable example of an early conservation initiative occurred in the Cross River region, which now constitutes a significant part of Cross River National Park. The establishment of Cross River National Park marks a pivotal moment in the evolution of Nigeria's national park system.[10] The area's unique biodiversity and pristine natural landscapes captured the attention of colonial authorities, leading to efforts to protect the region and its wildlife.

During this period, the primary objectives were aimed at maintaining populations of native species and preserving their natural habitats. These efforts were driven by the colonial administration's interests in promoting hunting and game preservation for recreational and economic purposes, rather than any deep-seated commitment to ecological conservation.[11][8]

One of the consequences of these early conservation initiatives was the displacement and exclusion of local communities from their traditional lands. The British colonial authorities often implemented policies that restricted access to these areas, which had been used by local populations for centuries.[citation needed] This created a complex dynamic between conservation and the rights of indigenous people, a challenge that would continue to be addressed in the development of Nigeria's national park system over time.

Independence and Formation of the National Parks Service (1960s)

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In the wake of Nigeria's attainment of independence in 1960, there emerged a heightened awareness of the critical importance of preserving the nation's unparalleled biodiversity and natural landscapes.[12] This recognition was driven by a growing understanding of the ecological, cultural, and economic value of the country's diverse ecosystems. In response to this awareness and in a bid to address the pressing need for effective conservation measures, the Nigerian Conservation Foundation was established in 1982. The foundation marked a pivotal moment in the evolution of Nigeria's approach to conservation.[10] As a non-governmental organization, the foundation swiftly assumed a central role in advancing the cause of environmental preservation and the development of Nigeria's national park system.

The Nigerian Conservation Foundation embarked on a mission, working in close collaboration with both the government and local communities. This collaborative approach was instrumental in promoting conservation efforts and laying the groundwork for the establishment of new national parks.[13] The foundation leveraged its resources, expertise, and outreach to not only advocate for the protection of natural areas but also to engage with local communities, whose support and involvement were deemed essential for the success of conservation initiatives. By fostering partnerships and cooperation between governmental bodies, indigenous populations, and environmental organizations, the foundation played a pivotal role in advocating for the preservation of Nigeria's unique natural heritage and promoting the sustainable management of these precious resources.[citation needed] This approach not only helped safeguard the nation's biodiversity but also contributed to the broader goals of ecological sustainability and the protection of Nigeria's cultural and ecological patrimony.

National Park Establishment (Late 20th Century - Early 21st Century)

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The Nigerian government has, over the years, demonstrated a strong commitment to recognizing and preserving the nation's natural and cultural heritage through the establishment of national parks. These protected areas serve as crucial repositories of the country's diverse ecosystems, as well as its rich cultural and historical significance.[14][15] The establishment of several national parks has been a pivotal step in this direction, with each park strategically located within various ecological zones of Nigeria to ensure comprehensive conservation coverage.[16]

One of the most notable national parks in Nigeria is Yankari National Park, which was officially established in 1991. Yankari National Park, located in the northeastern part of the country, is renowned for its unique combination of wildlife, geothermal features, and cultural heritage. It encompasses a wide range of ecosystems, including savannas, forests, and wetlands, making it a biodiversity hotspot.[17] Yankari National Park is home to diverse species of mammals, birds, and reptiles, making it a popular destination for wildlife enthusiasts and ecotourists.

Another significant addition to Nigeria's national park system is Gashaka-Gumti National Park, also established in 1991. This vast park, situated in the northeastern part of the country, is the largest national park in Nigeria and one of the largest in West Africa. Gashaka-Gumti National Park is characterized by its rugged and picturesque landscapes, with high mountains, dense forests, and pristine rivers. The park is home to a wide variety of wildlife, including chimpanzees, elephants, leopards, and numerous bird species. Its remote location and unspoiled nature make it an essential conservation area.

Kamuku National Park, established in 1991 as well, is another vital component of Nigeria's national park system. Located in the northwest of the country, this park is known for its extensive woodlands and dry savannas.[18] Kamuku National Park plays a crucial role in conserving the unique flora and fauna adapted to these arid environments. It is an important habitat for species such as antelopes, baboons, and diverse birdlife. The park's establishment has helped protect these ecosystems and the wildlife that call them home.

Biodiversity Conservation and Research

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Nigeria's national parks are not only important for conservation but also serve as sites for scientific research.[5][19] They have provided researchers, both local and international, with unique environments for studying and understanding the nation's exceptional flora and fauna, including numerous endangered species.[20][21] These research initiatives aim to inform and enhance conservation strategies and further the knowledge of Nigeria's natural heritage.[22]

Challenges and Conservation Efforts

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Despite their establishment, Nigeria's national parks have faced various challenges,[23] including habitat degradation, poaching, illegal logging, and conflicts with local communities.[5] To address these challenges, the Nigerian government, in collaboration with non-governmental organizations and international organizations, has implemented a range of conservation efforts. These initiatives encompass community engagement, capacity building, anti-poaching measures, and environmental education programs.[24]

International Recognition and Collaboration

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Several of Nigeria's national parks have gained international recognition for their ecological importance.[citation needed] Some have been designated as UNESCO Biosphere Reserves or recognized under international conservation agreements, fostering collaboration with global conservation organizations.[25] These partnerships contribute to enhanced conservation efforts and the protection of the parks' unique ecosystems.[26]

The Future of Nigeria's National Parks

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As Nigeria continues to expand its national park system, there is a growing emphasis on promoting sustainable ecotourism.[27] This approach aims to generate revenue for park management while simultaneously supporting the conservation of Nigeria's rich biodiversity. As the nation evolves, its national parks remain vital for preserving its natural treasures and fostering sustainable development.[citation needed]

Importance

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National parks in Nigeria serve a multifaceted role, contributing significantly to the nation's social, cultural, and economic well-being.[28] They are not only vital for the conservation of the country's natural heritage but also for the development and enrichment of Nigerian society.

Social Significance

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National parks have a profound social impact on Nigeria,[28] benefiting the local communities, visitors, and society as a whole:

  • Recreation and education: National parks provide opportunities for recreation and education. They offer a serene escape from the hustle and bustle of urban life, allowing visitors to connect with nature.[29] Educational programs in parks raise awareness about environmental conservation, ecosystem functions, and biodiversity.[citation needed] A prime example is Yankari National Park, a popular destination in Nigeria, offering ecotourism activities like wildlife safaris, birdwatching, and interpretive walks.[17]
  • Cultural and historical preservation: Some national parks in Nigeria encompass cultural and historical landmarks.[30] For instance, the Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove within Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove National Park is not only a biodiversity hotspot but also a UNESCO World Heritage Site known for its sacred groves, sculptures, and rituals of the Yoruba people, promoting cultural heritage preservation.[31]
  • Community involvement: National parks often engage local communities in conservation efforts.[citation needed] These collaborations can lead to improved livelihoods through sustainable eco-tourism and community-based conservation initiatives.[32] An example is the partnership between the Nigeria National Park Service and local communities around Gashaka-Gumti National Park, which has led to the protection of critical wildlife habitats and provided economic opportunities for nearby residents.

Cultural Significance

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National parks play a crucial role in preserving Nigeria's cultural identity, traditions, and indigenous knowledge:

  • Cultural festivals and practices: Some national parks host traditional cultural festivals, celebrating the rich heritage of the Nigerian people. For instance, the annual Osun-Osogbo Festival within Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove National Park is a vibrant cultural event that attracts visitors from across Nigeria and around the world. It promotes cultural understanding and appreciation.[33]
  • Art and craft: National parks also serve as sources of inspiration for Nigerian artists and craftspeople. Local communities often create handicrafts and artwork inspired by the natural and cultural features of the parks, providing an additional source of income for the region.[34]

Economic Significance

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National parks are not only centers for conservation but also contribute significantly to the Nigerian economy:

  • Tourism revenue: Nigeria's national parks are increasingly becoming popular tourist destinations.[35] The revenue generated from tourism, including entrance fees, accommodations, and other services, helps support park management and local economies.[36] Yankari National Park is a prime example of a park that generates substantial revenue from ecotourism.
  • Employment opportunities: The tourism industry linked to national parks provides direct and indirect employment opportunities for local communities, including tour guides, hospitality staff, and artisans. This economic activity helps reduce poverty and supports sustainable development in the vicinity of the parks.[28]
  • Research and education: National parks also attract researchers, environmental scientists, and educators.[citation needed] Their presence generates research funding and educational opportunities that contribute to the nation's knowledge base, fostering innovation and academic development.

References

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  1. ^ "Functions". Nigeria National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2017-12-11. Retrieved 2010-10-21.
  2. ^ Mustapha Suleiman (29 October 2009). "National Parks Governing Board Inaugurated". Daily Trust. Retrieved 2010-10-21.
  3. ^ Wale Olapade (8 September 2010). "NPC reaffirms partnership with NTDC". Nigerian Tribune. Archived from the original on 8 September 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-21.
  4. ^ "Evolution of Parks in Nigeria". Nigeria National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2017-12-11. Retrieved 2010-10-21.
  5. ^ a b c Oghenevwogaga, Egboduku (2019-01-01). "A review of the biodiversity conservation status of Nigeria". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ^ Schramm, G; Warford, JJ (1989). Environmental management and economic development. HeinOnline.
  7. ^ Nepal, S.K.; Weber, K.W (1995). "Managing resources and resolving conflicts: national parks and local people". International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology. 2 (1): 11–25. doi:10.1080/13504509.1995.10590662. ISSN 1350-4509.
  8. ^ a b Ado, A.S. (2022). "An Overview of British Colonial Forest Conservation in Northern Nigeria". Journal of Humanities - Ojs.ibbujournals.com.ng.
  9. ^ Anadu, P. A. (1987-09-01). "Wildlife conservation in Nigeria: Problems and strategies". Environmentalist. 7 (3): 211–220. doi:10.1007/BF02233594. ISSN 1573-2991. S2CID 84408830.
  10. ^ a b Schoneveld, George Christoffel (2014-05-01). "The politics of the forest frontier: Negotiating between conservation, development, and indigenous rights in Cross River State, Nigeria". Land Use Policy. 38: 147–162. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.11.003. ISSN 0264-8377. S2CID 56043633.
  11. ^ Usman, B. A.; Adefalu, L. L. (2010). "Nigerian forestry, wildlife and protected areas: Status report". Biodiversity. 11 (3–4): 54–62. doi:10.1080/14888386.2010.9712664. ISSN 1488-8386. S2CID 131475099.
  12. ^ Williams, Lizzie (2008). Nigeria: The Bradt Travel Guide. Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 978-1-84162-239-2.
  13. ^ Omoregie, Q. O.; Fasona, M. I.; Egonmwan, R. I. (2014). "Assessment of management effectiveness of Lekki conservation centre in Lagos, Nigeria". Zoologist (The). 12: 23–30. ISSN 1596-972X.
  14. ^ Edu, David O.; Ayang, Etelbert E.; Otonkue, Agba D. O.; Edu, Bernard Enya (2010). "Forest Resources Management for Sustainable Development in Cross River State of Nigeria: Challenges of the 21st Century". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1542376. ISSN 1556-5068. S2CID 129264316.
  15. ^ Scherl, L.; Wilson, A.; Wild, R.; Blockhus, J.; Franks, P.; Mcneely, J.; McShane, T. (2004). "Can protected areas contribute to poverty reduction? Opportunities and limitations". S2CID 130179091. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  16. ^ Ogunjinmi, A. A. (2009). "An appraisal of environmental interpretive policies and strategies of Nigeria national parks". National Science Foundation.
  17. ^ a b Olokesusi, Femi (1990). "Assessment of the Yankari game reserve, Nigeria". Tourism Management. 11 (2): 153–163. doi:10.1016/0261-5177(90)90030-D.
  18. ^ "SAVING THE NATIONAL PARKS (1) - THISDAYLIVE". www.thisdaylive.com. Retrieved 2023-10-21.
  19. ^ Council, National Research; Studies, Division on Earth and Life; Resources, Commission on Geosciences, Environment and; Service, Committee on Improving the Science and Technology Programs of the National Park (1992-02-01). Science and the National Parks. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-04781-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ Albright, Horace M. (1933). "Research in the National Parks". The Scientific Monthly. 36 (6): 483–501. Bibcode:1933SciMo..36..483A. ISSN 0096-3771. JSTOR 15421.
  21. ^ Federal University of Agriculture in Abeokuta; Osunsina, Israel O.O.; Osunsina, Olujide; Federal College of Forestry Mechanisation in Afaka; Ogunjinmi, Adekunle A.; Federal University of Technology in Akure; Oduntan, Oladapo O.; Federal University of Agriculture in Abeokuta; Yisau, Muideen A.; Federal University of Agriculture in Abeokuta; Umunna, Mathias O.; Federal College of Wildlife Management in New Bussa (2023). "Biodiversity conservation and rural development: inseparable options for Protected Area management. a case study of four Nigerian national parks". Nature Conservation Research. 8 (1). doi:10.24189/ncr.2023.006. S2CID 255721050.
  22. ^ Gbadegesin, Adeniyi; Ayileka, Olatubosun (2000-04-01). "Avoiding the mistakes of the past: towards a community oriented management strategy for the proposed National Park in Abuja-Nigeria". Land Use Policy. 17 (2): 89–100. doi:10.1016/S0264-8377(00)00005-3. ISSN 0264-8377.
  23. ^ Adediran, D. I.; Rashidi, A. O.; Adeshina, F. A. (2016). "Criminality: Illegal Logging of Woods in Nigeria's South-West Forest Belt". Digitalscholarship.tsu.edu.
  24. ^ Nuesiri, Emmanuel O. (2018), Larsen, Peter Bille; Brockington, Dan (eds.), "Strengths and Limitations of Conservation NGOs in Meeting Local Needs", The Anthropology of Conservation NGOs: Rethinking the Boundaries, Palgrave Studies in Anthropology of Sustainability, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 203–225, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-60579-1_8, ISBN 978-3-319-60579-1, retrieved 2023-10-21
  25. ^ Rössler, Mechtild (2006). "World Heritage cultural landscapes: A UNESCO flagship programme 1992 – 2006". Landscape Research. 31 (4): 333–353. doi:10.1080/01426390601004210. ISSN 0142-6397. S2CID 143083932.
  26. ^ Touré, MD; Mailafia, HM; Setshwaelo, ML (2008). "UN collaborative programme on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries". UNDP.org.
  27. ^ Ewak, James Oshuo (2023). "Expanding mandate and corporate social responsibility in the management of National Parks and protected areas in Nigeria". Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development. 104 (1/2). doi:10.12895/JAEID.20101/2.19. S2CID 82539306.
  28. ^ a b c Ezebilo, Eugene E.; Mattsson, Leif (2010-03-01). "Socio-economic benefits of protected areas as perceived by local people around Cross River National Park, Nigeria". Forest Policy and Economics. 12 (3): 189–193. doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2009.09.019. ISSN 1389-9341.
  29. ^ "Valuation of the recreational benefits of Old Oyo National Park, Nigeria: A travel cost method analysis". Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment. 2011-01-01.
  30. ^ Ebin, C.O. "Heritage Conservation: A Prerequisite for Sustainable Tourism Development in Nigeria". Natural Resources Journal.
  31. ^ "Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2023-10-21.
  32. ^ AA, Ogunjinmi; CO, Braimoh (2018). "Assessment of community awareness and participation in ecotourism in Old Oyo National Park, Nigeria". Environmental & Socio-economic Studies. 6 (3): 1. Bibcode:2018ESES....6c...1O. doi:10.2478/environ-2018-0017. S2CID 134662632.
  33. ^ Woosnam, Kyle M.; Aleshinloye, Kayode D.; Maruyama, Naho (2016-07-02). "Solidarity at the Osun Osogbo Sacred Grove—a UNESCO World Heritage Site". Tourism Planning & Development. 13 (3): 274–291. doi:10.1080/21568316.2015.1104380. ISSN 2156-8316. S2CID 146831950.
  34. ^ Mfon, EE. "Art and Tourism: Promising Yet, Unkempt Resources of Nigeria". Art and Tourism.
  35. ^ Durojaiye, Bamidele O.; Ikpi, Anthony E. (1988). "The Monetary Value of Recreational Facilities in a Developing Economy: A Case Study of Three Centers in Nigeria". Natural Resources Journal. 28 (2): 315–328. JSTOR 24883184.
  36. ^ Bogoro, Patrick; Maimako, S. S.; Kurfi, A. K. (2013). "Assessing the Role of Infrastructure on Customer Satisfaction With National Parks in North East Nigeria". S2CID 169935530. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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