The crested ibis (Nipponia nippon), also known as the Japanese crested ibis, Asian crested ibis or toki, is a large (up to 78.5 cm (30.9 in) long), white-plumaged ibis of pine forests, native to eastern Asia. Its head is partially bare, showing red skin, and it has a dense crest of white plumes on the nape. It is the only member of the genus Nipponia.
| Crested ibis | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Pelecaniformes |
| Family: | Threskiornithidae |
| Genus: | Nipponia Reichenbach, 1853 |
| Species: | N. nippon
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| Binomial name | |
| Nipponia nippon (Temminck, 1835)
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former natural range
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| Synonyms[3] | |
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Breeding
editThey build their nests at the tops of trees on hills usually overlooking their habitat.
Diet
editCrested ibises usually eat insects, frogs, small fish and small animals.
Distribution
editAt one time, the crested ibis nested in the Russian Far East, Japan, and Mainland China, and was a non-breeding visitor to the Korean Peninsula and Taiwan. It has now disappeared from most of its former range, and the only natural (non-reintroduced) population occurs in Shaanxi, China.[1]
Conservation
editThe last wild crested ibis in Japan died in October 2003, with the remaining wild population found only in Shaanxi Province of China, until the reintroduction of captive bred birds back into Japan in 2008. They were previously thought to be extinct in China as well, until their rediscovery in 1981. Extensive captive breeding programs have been developed by Japan and China to conserve the species. They are on China's State Protection List. In 2002, there were a total of 130 colonies in China. Northwest Shaanxi province's research center has a history of 26 crested ibis fledglings including artificial and natural incubation. On July 31, 2002, five out of seven crested ibis chicks hatched at an incubation center in northwest Shaanxi province. This was the highest ever recorded number of chicks that hatched.[4] The parents of the chicks were chosen from 60 ibis pairs raised at that research center.[5]
In the 1980s, the birds were decimated by overhunting, the use of pesticides, ongoing habitat loss, their already small population size, their limited range, winter starvation and persecution, which together brought the endangered species to the brink of extinction.[6] The crested ibis has been listed in Appendix I of the conservation treaty CITES.
The London Zoo had crested ibises from 1872 until 1873. Outside China, only Japan and South Korea currently keep the species.[citation needed]
Reintroductions
editJapan
editOn September 25, 2008, in Sado, Niigata, the Sado Japanese Crested Ibis Preservation Center released 10 of the birds as part of its crested ibis restoration program, which aimed to introduce 60 ibises into the wild by 2015. It was the first time the bird has returned to the Japanese wild since 1981.[7]
On April 23, 2012, it was confirmed that three crested ibis chicks had hatched on Sado Island in Niigata Prefecture, the first time chicks had hatched in the wild in Japan in 36 years.[8][9]
On June 23, 2022, nearly five hundred toki returned to Sado, where the bird's delicate pink plumage and distinctive curved beak now draw tourists. They represent a rare conservation success story when one in eight bird species globally are threatened with extinction, and one which involved international diplomacy and an agricultural revolution on a small island off Japan's west coast.[10]
South Korea
editOn the Korean Peninsula, the bird has not been present since it was last seen in 1979 near the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). South Korea made efforts to restore the species after former Chinese President Hu Jintao delivered a pair of the birds as a present during a South Korea–China summit in 2008, and President Xi Jinping presented another pair in 2013. The restoration center in Changnyeong has bred more than 360 crested ibises so far. The South Korean government has released dozens of crested ibises into the wild to promote its efforts to preserve biological diversity.[11]
See also
edit- List of Special Places of Scenic Beauty, Special Historic Sites and Special Natural Monuments – the crested ibis is listed
References
edit- ^ a b BirdLife International (2018). "Nipponia nippon". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22697548A132069229. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697548A132069229.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
- ^ R.W.R.J. Dekker; E.C. Dickinson; Hiroyuki Morioka (2001). "Systematic notes on Asian birds. 18. Some nomenclatural issues relating to Japanese taxa described in the Planches Coloriées (1820-1839) and Fauna Japonica, Aves (1844-1850)". Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden. 335 (10.xii.2001): 199–214.
- ^ "China Sets New Records for Breeding Japanese Crested Ibis". 31 July 2002.
- ^ Mie, Ayako (8 May 2012). "Efforts to save Japanese crested ibis take flight". Japan Times.
- ^ "Japan's toki bird returns from extinction". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2022-06-26.
- ^ "Wild ibises in Japan for first time since 1981". 25 September 2008. Archived from the original on 25 September 2008.
- ^ "Crested ibis chicks hatched in wild". The Japan Times Online. 23 April 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- ^ Jiji, Kyodo (26 May 2012). "Wild crested ibis chick leaves nest, becoming first to do so in 38 years". Japan Times. p. 1.
- ^ Hussein, Sara. "Modern phoenix: The bird brought back from extinction in Japan". phys.org. Retrieved 2022-06-26.
- ^ "韩国将人工繁殖的40只朱鹮放归大自然".
External links
edit
- BirdLife species factsheet for Nipponia nippon
- Japanese crested ibis at www.biodic.go.jp
- Sibagu: Threskiornithidae of China
- Sibagu: Threskiornithidae of Japan
- "Nipponia nippon". Avibase.
- "Japanese crested ibis media". Internet Bird Collection.
- Crested ibis photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
- Interactive range map of Nipponia nippon at IUCN Red List maps
- Audio recordings of Crested ibis on Xeno-canto.
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