Ditidaht [dee-tee-dot] (also Nitinaht, Nitinat, Southern Nootkan) or diitiidʔaaʔtx̣ is a South Wakashan (Nootkan) language spoken on the southern part of Vancouver Island. Nitinaht is related to the other South Wakashan languages, Makah and the neighboring Nuu-chah-nulth.
| Ditidaht | |
|---|---|
| Nitinaht | |
| diitiid7aa7tx,[1] diitiidʔaaʔtx̣ | |
| Native to | Canada |
| Region | Southern part of Vancouver Island, British Columbia |
| Ethnicity | 940 Ditidaht (2014, FPCC);[2] formerly also the Pacheedaht |
Native speakers | 7 (2014, FPCC)[2] |
Wakashan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | dtd |
| Glottolog | diti1235 |
| ELP | Diitiidʔaatx̣ (Nitinat) |
Status and history
editThe number of native Ditidaht speakers dwindled from about thirty in the 1990s[3] to just eight by 2006.[4] In 2003 the Ditidaht council approved construction of a $4.2 million community school to teach students on the Ditidaht (Malachan) reserve their language and culture from kindergarten to Grade 12. The program was successful in its first years and produced its first high-school graduate in 2005.[4] In 2014, the number of fluent Ditidaht speakers was 7, the number of individuals who have a good grasp on the language 6, and there were 55 people learning the language.[5]
Ditidaht has been the subject of considerable linguistic research including the publication of texts and, in 1981, an introductory university-level textbook.[6]
Characteristics
editThe reason for the unusual discrepancy in the names Nitinaht and Ditidaht is that when the Ditidaht people were first contacted by Europeans, they had nasal consonants (/m/, /n/) in their language. Their autonym of Nitinaht was what the Europeans recorded for them and their language. Soon afterward the consonants shifted to voiced plosives (/b/, /d/) as part of an areal trend, so the people came to call themselves Ditidaht. Ditidaht is thus one of only a handful of languages in the world that do not have nasal consonants.
Phonology
editConsonants
edit| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | sibilant | lateral | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | ||||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | ts | tɬ | tʃ | k | kʷ | q | qʷ | ʔ | |
| ejective | pʼ | tʼ | tsʼ | tɬʼ | tʃʼ | kʼ | kʼʷ | qʼ | qʼʷ | |||
| voiced | b | d | ||||||||||
| glottalized | ˀb | ˀd | ||||||||||
| Fricative | s | ɬ | ʃ | x | xʷ | χ | χʷ | ʕ | h | |||
| Sonorant | voiced | m | n | l | j | w | ||||||
| glottalized | ˀm | ˀn | ˀl | ˀj | ˀw | |||||||
Vowels
editVowels are phonemically transcribed as /i e a o u/ and /iː eː aː oː uː/.[7] They are noted phonetically as:
| Phoneme | Sound | Phoneme | Sound |
|---|---|---|---|
| /i/ | [ɪ] ~ [i] | /iː/ | [iː] |
| /e/ | [ɛ] ~ [æ] | /eː/ | [æː] |
| /a/ | [ʌ] ~ [ɑ] | /aː/ | [ɑː] |
| /o/ | [o] | /oː/ | [oː] ~ [ɔː] |
| /u/ | [ʊ] ~ [u] | /uː/ | [u] |
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ http://www.ditidaht.ca/history.htm#THE Archived 2014-02-28 at the Wayback Machine DITIDAHT PEOPLE
- ^ a b Ditidaht at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ a b Kwong, Matthew. (2006-07-22). "Standing by their words". The Globe and Mail.
- ^ "Ditidaht First Nation". Archived from the original on 2014-03-24. Retrieved 2014-03-24.
- ^ "Ditidat Bibliography".
- ^ Werle, Adam (2007). Ditidaht Vowel Alternations and Prosody. University of Massachusetts, Amherst: The Canadian Journal of Linguistics.