Carolina Noémia Abranches de Sousa Soares, known as Noémia de Sousa (20 September 1926 – 4 December 2002),[1] was a poet from Mozambique who wrote in the Portuguese language. She was also known as Vera Micaia.[2] She was of mixed Portuguese and Bantu descent. De Sousa's poetry and involvement in Moçambicanidade was a large part of the anti-colonial literary movement of Mozambique.[3]
Life
editNoémia de Sousa was born of mixed-race heritage in Catembe, on the south side of the bay across from the Mozambican capital Lourenço Marques. Her father was a descended from a Luso-Afro-Indian family from the island of Mozambique; her maternal grandfather was German.[1] Her father taught her to read at the age of four, four years before he died.[1][4][5][6]
De Sousa wrote often in her early years but did not publish her work until the age of 22 in 1948. From that year on, she published her work frequently for the next three years.[7]
Moving to Portugal by the age of 25, de Sousa lived in Lisbon, working as a translator from 1951 to 1964. She then left for Paris, where she worked for the local consulate of Morocco. She went back to Lisbon in 1975 and became a member of the ANOP.
She worked with several newspapers and magazines throughout her life. Some of her most notable collaborations were with Mensagem (CEI); Mensagem (Luanda); Itinerário; Notícias do Bloqueio (Porto, 1959); O Brado Africano; Moçambique 58; Vértice (Coimbra), Sul (Brazil).
Writing career
editIn the early 1950s de Sousa became involved in the Moçambicanidade movement.[3] During this period anti-colonial literature in Mozambique was at its peak and de Sousa was one of many Mozambican women writers active in the resistance. One of de Sousa's initial contributions to the movement was sharing her literary works with news outlets that supported the resistance.[3] De Sousa wrote an impactful poem, "Poema para uma Infância Distante," that was published in a resistance news publication.[3] This prominent literary work was one that played an immense role in the spread of cultural identity and awareness in the Moçambicanidade movement.[3]
Moçambicanidade
editMoçambicanidade was the name for a new and revolutionary literature that spread throughout Mozambique during the 1940s and 1950s.[3] The literate culture of Mozambique shifted its focus from European styles to Mozambican cultural awareness, anti-colonialism, and political activism. This literary movement was an open platform for the citizens of Mozambique to open dialogue on issues concerning race, class, and politics.[3] Both men and women were involved in this revolutionary literary movement.[3]
The three major journals in support of and associated with Moçambicanidade were, O Brado Africano, Itinerário, and Msabo.[3]
Noémia de Sousa was regularly published in O Brado Africano, and from 1949 she organized, directed, and edited the women's columns until she left for Portugal in 1951.[3] During de Sousa's time at O Brado Africano, she focused the conversation on African identity, black pride, and indigenous feminism.[3] She often published her work under the name, Vera Micaia.[8]
Works
edit- Sangue Negro, Maputo: Associação dos Escritores Moçambicanos, 2001.
- "If You Want to Know Me" - this poem appears in many anthologies, including in Margaret Dickinson (ed.), When Bullets Begin to Flower, and Margaret Busby (ed.), Daughters of Africa (1992).[2]
References
edit- ^ a b c Anita De Melo, "Noémia de Sousa", in Dictionary of Literary Biography: African Lusophone Writers.
- ^ a b Margaret Busby (ed.), "Noémia de Sousa", Daughters of Africa, London: Jonathan Cape, 1992, p. 328.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Owen, Hilary (2007). Mother Africa, Father Marx: Women's Writing of Mozambique 1948–2002. United States of America: Rosemont Publishing & Printing Corp. pp. 22–23. ISBN 978-0-8387-5657-7.
- ^ The Northeastern Dictionary of Women's Biography. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1999, p. 181. ISBN 9781555534219.
- ^ Henry Louis Gates and Anthony Appiah (eds), Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. New York: Basic Civitas Books, 1999. p. 26. ISBN 9780465000715.
- ^ "Noémia de Sousa: poesia de combate em Moçambique", Noticias, 2 October 2013.
- ^ Mitras, Louie. "Noémia de Sousa: Six Poems".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Noémia de Sousa". Poetry Foundation. 9 December 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
External links
edit- Noémia de Sousa. Plural Editores, Mosambik (in English)
- Poesia Africana (in Portuguese)