Non Expedit

Non Expedit (Latin for "It is not expedient") were the words with which the Holy See enjoined upon Italian Catholics the policy of boycott from the polls in parliamentary elections.

History

The phrase, "it is not expedient," has long been used by the Roman curia to indicate a negative reply for reasons of opportunity.

The papal policy was adopted after the promulgation of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Italy (1861), and the introduction of laws relating to the Catholic Church and, especially, to the religious orders (1865–66). The Holy Penitentiary made a decree on 29 February 1868 sanctioning the Non expedit. Until then, there had been in the young Italian Parliament a few eminent representatives of Catholic interests, like Augusto Conti and Cesare Cantù.

In 1870 the Kingdom of Italy extinguished the Pope's temporal rule, leaving him a "prisoner in the Vatican". Pius IX declared in an audience of 11 October 1874 that the principal motive of the Non expedit decree was that the oath taken by deputies might be interpreted as an approval of the 'spoliation of the Holy See'.

In parts of Italy (Parma, Modena, Tuscany, the former Papal States, and the former Kingdom of the Two Sicilies), some Catholics were supporters of the dispossessed princes and they were liable to be denounced as enemies of Italy. Catholic officials in Italy would also have been at variance with the Catholics of Piedmont and of the provinces ruled by Habsburg Austria, and this division would have further weakened the Catholic Parliamentary group.

The decree did not meet with universal approval; moderates accused the Vatican of failing in its duty to society and to the newly unified country.

In 1882, the suffrage having been extended, Leo XIII considered abolishing the restrictions established by the Non Expedit, but nothing was done. On the contrary, to quell the growing opinion that the decree was not general or absolute, on 30 December 1886 the Holy Office declared declared it to be a grave precept, repeated on several subsequent occasions (Letter of Leo XIII to the Cardinal Secretary of State, 14 May 1895; Congregation of Extraordinary Affairs, 27 January 1902; Pius X, Motu proprio, 18 December 1903).

Later Pius X, by his encyclical "Il fermo proposito" (11 June 1905) modified the Non Expedit, declaring that, when there was question of preventing the election of a "subversive" candidate, the bishops could ask for a suspension of the rule, and invite Catholics to hold themselves in readiness to go to the polls. (See Giacomo Margotti.)

The Non Expedit policy was abrogated in 1918.