Norman Earl Steenrod (April 22, 1910 – October 14, 1971) was an American mathematician most widely known for his contributions to the field of algebraic topology.[1]
Norman Steenrod | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | April 22, 1910 Dayton, Ohio, U.S. |
| Died | 14 October 1971 (aged 61) Princeton, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | University of Michigan (BA) Harvard University (MA) Princeton University (PhD) |
| Known for | Eilenberg–Steenrod axioms Steenrod squares |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Mathematics |
| Institutions | University of Chicago University of Michigan Princeton University |
| Thesis | Universal Homology Groups (1936) |
| Doctoral advisor | Solomon Lefschetz |
| Doctoral students | José Adem Peter J. Freyd Samuel Gitler Wu-Chung Hsiang Jerome Levine William S. Massey Paul A. Schweitzer Edwin Spanier George W. Whitehead |
Life
editHe was born in Dayton, Ohio, and educated at Miami University and University of Michigan (A.B. 1932). After receiving a master's degree from Harvard University in 1934, he enrolled at Princeton University. He completed his Ph.D. under the direction of Solomon Lefschetz, with a thesis titled Universal homology groups.
Steenrod held positions at the University of Chicago from 1939 to 1942, and the University of Michigan from 1942 to 1947. He moved to Princeton University in 1947, and remained on the Faculty there for the rest of his career. He was editor of the Annals of Mathematics and a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He died in Princeton, survived by his wife, the former Carolyn Witter, and two children.[2]
Work
editThanks to Lefschetz and others, the cup product structure of cohomology was understood by the early 1940s. Steenrod was able to define operations from one cohomology group to another (the so-called Steenrod squares) that generalized the cup product. The additional structure made cohomology a finer invariant. The Steenrod cohomology operations form a (non-commutative) algebra under composition, known as the Steenrod algebra.
His book The Topology of Fibre Bundles[3] is a standard reference. In collaboration with Samuel Eilenberg, he was a founder of the axiomatic approach to homology theory. See Eilenberg–Steenrod axioms.
See also
editPublications
edit- Steenrod, Norman E. (1943). "Homology with local coefficients". Annals of Mathematics. 44 (4): 610–627. doi:10.2307/1969099. JSTOR 1969099. MR 0009114.
- Eilenberg, Samuel; Steenrod, Norman E. (1945). "Axiomatic approach to homology theory". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 31 (4): 117–120. Bibcode:1945PNAS...31..117E. doi:10.1073/pnas.31.4.117. MR 0012228. PMC 1078770. PMID 16578143.
- Steenrod, Norman E. (1947). "Products of cocycles and extensions of mappings". Annals of Mathematics. 48 (2): 290–320. doi:10.2307/1969172. JSTOR 1969172. MR 0022071.
- Steenrod, Norman E. (1962), Epstein, David B. A. (ed.), Cohomology operations, Annals of Mathematics Studies, vol. 50, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-07924-0, MR 0145525[4]
References
edit- ^ Steenrod, Norman, et al. First Concepts of Topology. The Mathematical Association of America New Mathematical Library. Miami: 1966.
- ^ "Norman Steenrod, Expert in Topology". The New York Times. October 16, 1971. p. 34. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
- ^ Milnor, John (1958). "Review: Norman Steenrod, The topology of fibre bundles". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 64 (4): 202–203. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1958-10211-6.
- ^ Szczarba, Robert H. (1964). "Review: Cohomology operations. Lectures by N. E. Steenrod. Written and revised by D. B. A. Epstein". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 70 (4): 482–483. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1964-11157-5.
External links
edit- O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Norman Steenrod", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- Norman Steenrod at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
- Michael Hoffman (2013) Norman Steenrod Archived 2008-12-31 at the Wayback Machine from US Naval Academy