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North American Sabreliner

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The North American Sabreliner, later sold as the Rockwell Sabreliner, is an American mid-sized business jet developed by North American Aviation. It was offered to the United States Air Force (USAF) in response to its Utility Trainer Experimental (UTX) program. It was named "Sabreliner" due to the similarity of the wing and tail to North American's F-86 Sabre jet fighter.[2] Military variants, designated T-39 Sabreliner, were used by the USAF, United States Navy (USN), and United States Marine Corps (USMC) after the USAF placed an initial order in 1959.[3] The Sabreliner was also developed into a commercial variant.

Sabreliner
United States Navy CT-39E of VR-30 in 1980
General information
TypeTrainer aircraft
Business jet
ManufacturerNorth American Aviation
Rockwell International
StatusIn active service
Primary usersUnited States Air Force
Number built800+[1]
History
Manufactured1959–1982
Introduction date1962
First flightSeptember 16, 1958[2]
BAE Systems Flight Systems T-39A flight test aircraft at the Mojave Airport
NA-265-60 Series 60 Sabreliner at NTPS, Mojave

Design and development

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North American Aviation began development of the Sabreliner as an in-house project, and in response to the UTX request for proposals, offered a military version to the USAF. UTX combined two different roles, personnel transport and combat readiness training, into the same aircraft.[1]

The civilian version prototype, which carried the model number NA-265, made its first flight on September 16, 1958. It was powered by two General Electric YJ85 turbojet engines. The type received its Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) type certificate in April 1963. The UTX candidate, designated the T-39A, was identical in configuration to the NA-265, but when the contract was awarded and the T-39A entered production, it was powered by two Pratt & Whitney JT12A-8 turbojet engines.[1]

The civilian production version, or Series 40, was slightly refined over the prototype, with more speed and a roomier cabin. North American then stretched the design by 3 feet 2 inches (0.97 m), providing greater cabin space, and marketed it as the Series 60, which was certificated in April 1967. The cabin was made taller for the Series 70 and General Electric CF700 turbofans were installed for the Series 75A (also branded as the Series 80).[4]

By 1973, North American had merged with Rockwell Standard under the name Rockwell International. In 1976 Rockwell contracted Raisbeck Engineering to redesign the wing of the Sabreliner series.[5] The resulting Raisbeck Mark V wing was the first supercritical wing in service in the United States.[6] The Mark V wing was combined with Garrett TFE731 turbofan engines, to create the Series 65.[7] Sabreliner models 60 and 80 were retrofitted with the Mark V wing as the Series 60A (STC SA687NW) and Series 80A (STC SA847NW).

Sabreliner production came to a close in 1981. The next year, Rockwell sold its Sabreliner division to a private equity firm which formed Sabreliner Corporation, the support organization for continuing operators.[2]

Operational history

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T-39D trainer of VT-86 Squadron US Navy at Pensacola NAS in 1975

Over 800 Sabreliners were produced, of which 200 were T-39s.[1] A number of retired military T-39s have also entered the civilian world since the military versions also carry FAA type certification. As of May 2007, 56 examples have been lost in accidents.[8] The Series 65 was the last series run and 76 of them were produced, mostly for the private market. Monsanto has the oldest continuously operating company corporate jet division starting with its purchase of a Sabreliner 40.[9]

T-39s were used in support of combat operations in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War. In late 1965 T-39s replaced Martin B-57 Canberras on flights to transport high-priority cargo, such as exposed film from photoreconnaissance missions, from outlying bases to Saigon.[10]

The original Navy version, the T3J-1, redesignated T-39D after the 1962 redesignation of USN/USMC/USCG aircraft, was initially fitted with the radar system from the McDonnell F3H-1 Demon all-weather fighter and used as a radar trainer for pilots of that aircraft. The T-39D aircraft was subsequently introduced into the Basic Naval Aviation Observer (NAO), later Student Naval Flight Officer (SNFO) program. Three versions of the T-39D were used throughout the 1960s, '70s, and '80s: one without radar for high altitude instrument navigation training and low altitude visual navigation training in the SNFO Intermediate syllabus; a second variant equipped with the APQ-126 radar from the LTV A-7 Corsair II for training primarily bombardier/navigators, reconnaissance attack navigators, and electronic countermeasures officers in attack aircraft; and a third variant with the APQ-94 radar for training pilots of the Vought F-8 Crusader.

The T-39N and T-39G are currently used in the NFO Strike and Strike Fighter syllabi in training USN and USMC student Naval Flight Officers, as well as various NATO/allied/coalition student navigators. Foreign students also train in the T-39 in place of the Beechcraft T-1 Jayhawk during the Intermediate Jet syllabus.

The Sabreliner requires a minimum crew of two and, depending on cabin configuration, can carry up to seven passengers (NA-265 through NA-265-40) or ten passengers (NA-265-60 and subsequent models). As a Navy flight training aircraft, it will typically fly with a pilot, one or two NFO instructors, and two to three student NFOs or student navigators/CSOs.[1]

Being derived from the F-86, the Sabreliner is the only business jet authorised for aerobatics and is used by two California companies: Flight Research Inc. and Patriots Jet Team, for inflight upset-recovery training to reduce loss-of-control, involving full stalls, fully inverted flight, and 20-40° descents in a 2.8g envelope, within its 3g rating.[11]

Al-Qaeda use

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Between 1993 and 1994, Osama bin Laden reportedly owned and used a former USAF T-39A, which had been converted to civilian use and refurbished at Van Nuys Airport. An Egyptian pilot and bin Laden proxy, Essam al-Ridi, lawfully purchased the aircraft from a U.S. broker in California in 1992, claiming to represent wealthy Egyptians. Al Ridi reported to have personally delivered the plane to bin Laden—who was then exiled in Khartoum, Sudan—in January 1993. There, the jet was reportedly used to ferry five Al-Qaeda operatives to Kenya to agitate tribal insurgency against US peacekeeping troops in nearby Somalia; one of the passengers was allegedly senior bin Laden deputy Mohammed Atef.[12]

More than a year later, around October 1994, the jet overran the runway in Khartoum Airport and crashed into a sand dune.[13] The aircraft was badly damaged and subsequently abandoned due to high anticipated repair costs; both al Ridi[12] and Al-Qaeda-trained pilot Ihab Mohammad Ali[14] separately claimed to have been at the controls (the aircraft is fitted with dual controls). In later years, Ali testified that, in 1995, bin Laden asked him to ram the plane against that of Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak,[14] despite the aircraft having never been repaired after the Khartoum accident.

Variants

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Civilian

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Sabreliner
(NA-265 or NA-246) Prototype powered by two General Electric J85-GE-X turbojet engines, one built sometimes unofficially called XT-39.
 
Sabreliner 75, displaying higher cabin roof than earlier variants
Sabreliner 40
(NA-265-40 or NA-282) Civil production variant for 11 passengers powered by two Pratt & Whitney JT12A-6A or -8 engines, two cabin windows each side; 65 built.
Sabreliner 40A
A Sabreliner marketing version of the Sabre 40 with lighter avionics similar to the Aero Commander, also produced by Rockwell International at the time. In addition to the lighter avionics package, the interior was redesigned for lighter construction.
Sabreliner 50
(NA-265-50 or NA-287) One built in 1964 as a Model 60 with Pratt & Whitney JT12A engines, experimental platform for radome nose cowling.
Sabreliner 60
(NA-265-60 or NA-306) Stretched Model 40 for 12 passengers with two Pratt & Whitney JT12A-8 engines, five cabin windows each side, 130 built.
Sabreliner 60A
Series 60 with Mark V super-critical wing.
Sabreliner 65
(NA-265-65 or NA-465) Based on the Series 60 with Garrett AiResearch TFE731-3R-1D engines and new Mark V super-critical wing, 76 built.
Sabreliner 75
(NA-265-70 or NA-370) Series 60A with a raised cabin roof for greater cabin headroom, two Pratt & Whitney JT12A-8 engines; nine built.
Sabreliner 75A (Sabreliner 80)
(NA-265-80 or NA-380) Sabreliner 75 powered by two General Electric CF700 turbofan engines, 66 built.
Sabreliner 80A
Series 80 with Mark V supercritical wing.

Military

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USAF T-39A
T-39A
Pilot proficiency trainer and utility transport for USAF, based on Sabreliner prototype but powered by two 3,000 lbf (13 kN) Pratt & Whitney J60-P3 engines, 143 built.[15]
CT-39A
T-39A modified as a cargo and personnel transport, Pratt & Whitney J60-P3/-3A engines.
NT-39A
One T-39A modified for electronic systems testing.
T-39B
Radar systems trainer for USAF, fitted with avionics of the Republic F-105D Thunderchief fighter bomber (including R-14 NASARR main radar and AN/APN-131 doppler radar) and with stations for three trainees, six built.[16]
T-39C
Proposed radar systems trainer for USAF fitted with avionics of McDonnell F-101B Voodoo all-weather interceptor. Unbuilt.[17]
T3J-1
Pre-production designation for T-39D.[18]
T-39D
Radar systems trainer for USN, 1962 redesignation of T3J-1, Pratt & Whitney J60-P3 engines, 42 delivered from 1963,[18] equipped with AN/APQ-94 radar for radar intercept officer training and the AN/APQ-126 radar for bombardier/navigator training.[citation needed]
CT-39E
USN cargo/transport version, with JT12A-8 engines, originally designated VT-39E, seven second-hand aircraft.
T-39F
Electronic warfare crew training conversion of the T-39A for USAF training of F-105G "Wild Weasel" crews.[19]
CT-39G
USN cargo/transport version based on the stretched fuselage Sabreliner 60, Pratt & Whitney JT12A engines equipped with thrust reversers, 13 bought.
T-39G
CT-39G modified for the Undergraduate Flight Officer Training program. Derivative of NA-265-60.[20]
 
U.S. Navy T-39N in Centennial of Naval Aviation commemorative paint scheme in 2011.
T-39N
Navy trainer for the Undergraduate Flight Officer Training program. Derivative of NA-265-40.[20]

Operators

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Argentina
Bolivia
Ecuador
Mexico
 
Swedish Air Force Sabreliner 40 at RAF Northolt in 2013
Sweden
United States

Accidents and incidents

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As of December 2019, there have been 62 recorded incidents and accidents involving the Sabreliner, resulting in 153 deaths.[21] Listed below are a select few of the most notable ones.

Aircraft on display

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T-39D display at the Patuxent River Naval Air Museum
 
Sabreliner on display at National Electronics Museum, used as test bed for development of radars

Specifications (T3J-1/T-39D)

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Three-view of the Navy's T-39N version

Data from T-39 Sabreliner on Boeing History site[2]

General characteristics

  • Crew: four–five
  • Capacity: five–seven passengers
  • Length: 44 ft 0 in (13.41 m)
  • Wingspan: 44 ft 6 in (13.56 m)
  • Height: 16 ft 0 in (4.88 m)
  • Wing area: 342.1 sq ft (31.79 m2)
  • Empty weight: 9,257 lb (4,199 kg)
  • Max takeoff weight: 17,760 lb (8,056 kg)
  • Powerplant: 2 × Pratt & Whitney J60-P-3 turbojet, 3,000 lbf (13 kN) thrust each

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 478 kn (550 mph, 885 km/h)
  • Cruise speed: 435 kn (500 mph, 800 km/h)
  • Range: 2,170 nmi (2,500 mi, 4,020 km)
  • Service ceiling: 40,000 ft (12,200 m)
  • Thrust/weight: 0.338

See also

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Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

References

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Notes
  1. ^ a b c d e "Airliners.net". Airliners.net. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d "Boeing: Historical Snapshot: T-39 Sabreliner Trainer/Transport". Boeing.com. Archived from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  3. ^ "North American T-39A Sabreliner Archived 2016-10-22 at the Wayback Machine". National Museum of the United States Air Force.
  4. ^ "Sabreliner Structural Repair Manual – All Models NA-265 Aircraft", Report No. NA-66-1032 Revision 10, March 16, 1990.
  5. ^ Company Bio Archived 2014-10-06 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved August 18, 2014.
  6. ^ Timmons, Lawrence M. "Improving Business Jet Performance – The Mark V Sabreliner", SAE 790582, presented at the Business Aircraft Meeting and Exposition Century II, Wichita Kansas, April 1976
  7. ^ Mathwing, George E., "The Rockwell International Sabreliner 65 Case Study in Aircraft Design"
  8. ^ "Rockwell Sabreliner Archived 2011-02-23 at Wikiwix. 56 hull-loss occurrences, last updated 5 May 2007." Aviation Safety Network.
  9. ^ Jeremy R. C. Cox, St Louis Air and Space Museum. St. Louis Aviation.
  10. ^ Harvey 1966, p. 69
  11. ^ William Garvey (Mar 29, 2019). "One Of The Historical Sabreliner's Still-Relevant Roles". Aviation Week & Space Technology.
  12. ^ a b Braun, Steven; Pasternak, Judy (18 November 2001). "Long Before Sept. 11, Bin Laden Aircraft Flew Under the Radar". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  13. ^ "ASN Aircraft accident North American T-39A Sabreliner N7143N Khartoum-Civil Airport (KRT)".
  14. ^ a b "Bin Laden wanted Mubarak killed in plane crash, U.S. man tells jurors". Al Arabiya. Associated Press. 15 February 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  15. ^ Air International July 1976, pp. 8–9.
  16. ^ Air International July 1976, pp. 9–10.
  17. ^ Air International July 1976, p. 10.
  18. ^ a b Swanborough, Gordon; Bowers, Peter M. (1976). United States Navy Aircraft since 1911 (2nd ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 457. ISBN 0-87021-968-5.
  19. ^ Air International July 1976, pp. 10, 12.
  20. ^ a b "T-39N/G Sabreliner Training Aircraft". United States Navy. 18 February 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  21. ^ "Accident Archives". Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  22. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident North American CT-39A Sabreliner 62-4448 Vogelsberg village, Thüringen". aviation-safety.net. Archived from the original on 3 October 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  23. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-02-20. Retrieved 2015-02-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  24. ^ Aviation Safety Network Accident Description
  25. ^ Aviation Safety Network Accident Description
  26. ^ Casey, Aloysius G.; Casey, Patrick A. (2007). Velocity : speed with direction : the professional career of Gen Jerome F. O'Malley. Maxwell Air Force Base, AL: Air University Press. pp. 247–253. ISBN 978-1585661695.
  27. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident North American CT-39A-1-NO Sabreliner 62-4496 Wilkes-Barre International Airport, PA (AVP)". aviation-safety.net. Archived from the original on 22 August 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  28. ^ "Brakes Faulted in Jet Crash". The New York Times. Associated Press. 22 June 1985. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  29. ^ "ASN Aircraft accident North American CT-39A Sabreliner XA-TFL Culiacán-Fedl de Bachigualato Airport (CUL)". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  30. ^ Perry, Tony (16 August 2015). "Two planes collide near San Diego's Brown Field; 3 dead". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  31. ^ "AUTHORITIES: 5 DEAD IN MIDAIR COLLISION OF SMALL PLANES IN SAN DIEGO COUNTY". Associated Press. 16 August 2015. Archived from the original on 18 August 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  32. ^ "Educating Controllers on Two Midair Collisions" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. 14 November 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  33. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-10-07. Retrieved 2014-08-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  34. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-21. Retrieved 2014-08-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  35. ^ "61-0650 | North American CT-39A Sabreliner | Private | Tomasz Kozakowski". JetPhotos. Retrieved 2020-04-27.
  36. ^ "SABRELINER". Pimaair.org. Archived from the original on 7 May 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  37. ^ "Museum Home". Archived from the original on 2015-01-20. Retrieved 2014-08-22.
  38. ^ "CT-39A ?Sabreliner?". Archived from the original on 2013-11-09. Retrieved 2014-08-21.
  39. ^ "CT-39A Sabreliner, North American - March Field Air Museum in Riverside, CA". Archived from the original on 2014-04-21. Retrieved 2014-08-22.
  40. ^ "North American T-39A Sabreliner." Archived 2016-10-22 at the Wayback Machine National Museum of the US Air Force. Retrieved: 13 September 2015.
  41. ^ "T-39A "Sabreliner" – Strategic Air Command & Aerospace Museum". sacmuseum.org. Retrieved 2023-12-27.
  42. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-08-21. Retrieved 2014-08-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  43. ^ T-39D Sabreliner - Birmingham, AL – Waymarking.com
  44. ^ "Photographic image of aeroplane". Airclassicsmuseum.org. Archived from the original (JPG) on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
  45. ^ "Item - National Naval Aviation Museum". navalaviationmuseum.org. Retrieved 30 April 2018.[permanent dead link‍]
  46. ^ [Attractions Archived 2008-03-22 at the Wayback Machine.. City Museum. Retrieved on 2010-11-03.]
  47. ^ "North American Sabreliner tail #N168W donated to National Electronics Museum". 5 September 2018.
  48. ^ "Rockwell Collins donates flight-test aircraft to Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum". Industrial-newsroom.com. Archived from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
Bibliography
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