European Union–Northern Cyprus relations
Turkish Cypriots and the European Union have somewhat strained relations because the European Union (EU) does not recognise the self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.
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Legal situation
editDue to the Cyprus dispute, TRNC is recognized only by the EU candidate state Turkey. All other countries recognise the Republic of Cyprus, an EU member state, as the only legitimate government for the whole island. However the Republic of Cyprus de facto controls only the south of the island while the TRNC government controls the north.[1]
Due to this dispute, northern Cyprus is de jure part of the EU by virtue of de jure being part of the Republic of Cyprus. It was hoped that the accession of the south in 2004 would provide the catalyst for unification so that a unitary state of Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots could join the EU on 1 May 2004. In the end, Turkish Cypriots supported reunification, also because it would allow them to join the EU.[2] However, on 24 April 2004, the unification plan was voted down by the Greek Cypriots and Cyprus joined the EU in the face of the Republic of Cyprus.[1][3][4]
Cyprus' Treaty of Accession 2003 included Protocol No 10 on Cyprus (OJ L 236, 23.09.2003, p. 955), Art. 1.1 of which states: "The application of the acquis shall be suspended in those areas of the Republic of Cyprus in which the Government of the Republic of Cyprus does not exercise effective control."
Status in the EU
editAs of 2018[update], the EU recognises the north as being outside the control of the Greek Cypriot–led government of the Republic and hence is temporarily exempt from EU legislation. The euro also does not officially circulate in the north (although it does have widespread usage[5]) and the Schengen agreement is not in effect in Cyprus due to complications in security at the external border to the north. The free movement of goods, capital, services and people is also not in effect.[1] Turkish Cypriots are considered citizens of the European Union as the EU considers them Cypriot citizens, merely living in a part of Cyprus outside of the control of the Republic of Cyprus.[6]
However, seats in the European Parliament are allocated based on the population of both north and south Cyprus together. Turkish Cypriots that hold citizenship of the Republic of Cyprus are allowed to vote and be candidates.[7]
Naturalised citizens of TRNC or foreigners carrying a passport stamped by TRNC authorities may be refused entry by the Republic of Cyprus or Greece,[8] although after the accession of the Republic of Cyprus to the EU such restrictions have been eased following confidence-building measures between Athens and Ankara and the partial opening of the UN-controlled line by TRNC authorities. The Republic of Cyprus also allows passage across the Green Line from the part of Nicosia that it controls, as well as a few other selected crossing points, since TRNC does not leave entry stamps in the passport for such visits. Since May 2004 some tourists have taken to flying to the Republic of Cyprus directly then crossing the green line to holiday in northern Cyprus.[9]
Euro
editThe northern part of Cyprus is legally part of the EU, but law is suspended due to it being under the control of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which the EU does not recognise. The North uses the Turkish lira instead of the euro, although the euro circulates alongside the lira and other currencies. On the resolution of the Cyprus dispute and the reunification of the island, the euro would become the official currency of the north also. Adoption by the North would be the first time the euro has replaced use of another currency that hasn't ceased to exist after euro adoption. Euro adoption would help to address inflation in the North by bringing in price stability.[5] Cypriot euro coins already bear the name of Cyprus in both Greek and Turkish, displaying representations of natural and ancient Cypriot history.[10]
Trade
editIn wake of the April 2004 referendum on unification, and the support of the Turkish Cypriot community for the plan, the European Union made pledges towards ending the isolation of northern Cyprus. The proposal for trade between the EU and the Turkish Cypriots was never implemented due to opposition from the Greek Cypriots, who argue that trade would amount to indirect recognition of the TRNC.[11] Proposals to open up trade were discussed by Parliament again in 2010, but still opposed by the Republic of Cyprus.[12]
Aid programme
editThe EU has helped the Turkish Cypriot community prepare to implement EU law in the future, as a final reunification settlement would mean the application of EU law throughout Cyprus. Through the Financial Aid Regulation, the EU has funded infrastructure projects, civil society and has provided training on the EU body of laws.[13] To manage the interaction with the EU, the Turkish Cypriots have introduced a series of institutions, such as the EU Coordination office.[14]
Green Line Regulation
editThe Green Line Regulation has been implemented to regulate movement through the 'Green Line',[15] the border that separates Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot areas, and to help the economic development of the Turkish Cypriots. In order to avoid recognising the TRNC by implication, The European Commission has dealt with the Turkish Cypriot Chamber of Commerce rather than ministerial authorities, which would have been the norm. This offered the chamber an important role in the relations with the EU.[16]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c Turkey and the problem of the recognition of Cyprus, European Parliament 2005
- ^ "The European Union and Cyprus: The Awkward Partnership". EurActiv.com. 2 April 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
- ^ https://rm.coe.int/168071de0a [bare URL]
- ^ "Parliamentary question | Referendums in Cyprus | E-1444/2004 | European Parliament".
- ^ a b Euro adoption northern Cyprus Archived 13 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine, inCyprus 18 May 2016
- ^ Cyprus, European Commission
- ^ "MEPs consider Turkish Cypriot observers in EU parliament". Euobserver. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
- ^ "Visa requirements for Cyprus". Archived from the original on 21 August 2007. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
- ^ "Direct Traveller Flights Information". Direct Traveller - Tailor Made Holidays. Archived from the original on 28 September 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
- ^ Εuro coins in pictures, Central Bank of Cyprus
- ^ "Council regulation". eur-lex.europa.eu. 7 July 2004. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
- ^ "MEPs consider allowing EU trade with northern Cyprus". 19 May 2010.
- ^ "Aid Programme for the Turkish Cypriot community". ec.europa.eu. European Commission. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
- ^ Kyris, Dr George (28 May 2015). The Europeanisation of Contested Statehood. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 9781472421593.
- ^ "Corrigendum to Council Regulation (EC) No 866/2004 of 29 April 2004 on a regime under Article 2 of Protocol 10 to the Act of Accession". eur-lex.europa.eu. 9 June 2004. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
- ^ Kyris, George (March 2014). "Comparative European Politics - Abstract of article: A model of /'contested/' Europeanization: The European Union and the Turkish-Cypriot administration". Comparative European Politics. 12 (2): 160–183. doi:10.1057/cep.2012.39. S2CID 53140709. Retrieved 16 March 2016.