The Daly languages are an areal group of four to five language families of Indigenous Australian languages.[1][2] They are spoken within the vicinity of the Daly River in the Northern Territory.
| Daly | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| (geographic) | |||
| Geographic distribution | Daly River region, northern Australia | ||
| Linguistic classification | Geographic group of Australian language families. | ||
| Subdivisions | |||
| Language codes | |||
| Glottolog | None | ||
 The Daly languages (color), among the other non-Pama-Nyungan languages (grey) | |||
.png) Closeup. Anson Bay is the northernmost section, Murrinh-patha the westernmost.
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Classification
editIn the lexicostatistic classification of O'Grady, Voegelin and Voegelin, the Daly languages were put in four distinct families.[3] Darrell Tryon combined these into a single family, with the exception of Murrinh-patha.[4][5] However, such methodologies are less effective with languages with a long history of word borrowing.
Linguist Ian Green found that the languages could not be shown to be related by the comparative method, and so should be considered five independent families and language isolates.[6] The features they do share also tend to be shared with neighboring languages outside the Daly group.
The established families (according to Nordlinger) are:
Malak-Malak and Wagaydyic were once considered grouped into a Northern Daly family. Contemporary classifications may use Northern Daly to refer to Malak-Malak to the exclusion of the Wagaydyic languages (as Nordlinger does).
Vocabulary
editCapell (1940) lists the following basic vocabulary items for three Daly languages:[7]
gloss Mulluk Mulluk
(Northern Daly)Marithiel
(Western Daly)Nanggumiri
(Southern Daly)man jinja mäɽi meːbur woman aluwaɽa mogo walmi head bundu biji däbi eye numuru miɽi damɔi nose jinin jɛn dedji mouth aɽe ŋaɭ dedir tongue njändilg ŋaɭ ḏiri-ḏiri daːŋ stomach mɛn maři dɛːgɛː bone muɽid amuwa ami blood dawud wogirin budjän kangaroo djɛjud awɛdjiwuruŋ djawugu possum wiju abujiri abundarmi emu amuɽdjiːr crow waŋgir awag awaŋgi fly ŋudjun awamir ami sun miɽi bandi miːri moon jɛl biŋgal diwin fire djiäŋ djändji jäŋgi smoke wɛn djämu jäŋgi dawan water waːg wodi guɽu
References
edit- ^ Nordlinger, Rachel (2017). "Chapter 37: The languages of the Daly region (Northern Australia)". In Fortescue, Michael; Mithun, Marianne; Evans, Nicholas (eds.). Oxford Handbook of Polysynthesis. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 782–807.
- ^ McConvell, Patrick; Evans, Nicholas, eds. (1997). Archaeology and Linguistics: Global Perspectives on Ancient Australia. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
- ^ O'Grady, G. N.; Voegelin, C. F.; Voegelin, F. M. (1966). "Languages of the world: Indo-Pacific Fascicle 6". Anthropological Linguistics. 8 (2).
- ^ Tryon, D. T. (1968). "The Daly River languages: a survey". Papers in Australian Linguistics. 3: 21–36.
- ^ Tryon, D. T. (1974). Daly family languages, Australia. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
- ^ a b Green, I. "The Genetic Status of Murrinh-patha" in Evans, N., ed. "The Non-Pama-Nyungan Languages of Northern Australia: comparative studies of the continent’s most linguistically complex region". Studies in Language Change, 552. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, 2003.
- ^ Capell, Arthur. 1940. The Classification of Languages in North and North-West Australia. Oceania 10(3): 241-272, 404-433. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1940.tb00292.x
External links
edit- The Daly Languages website (dalylanguages.org) brings together analysis, field note sketches and recordings of these languages.