California coastal prairie, also known as northern coastal grassland, is a grassland plant community of California and Oregon in the temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome. This ecosystem is found along the Pacific Coast, from as far south as Los Angeles in Southern California to southern Oregon. It typically stretches as far inland as 100 km, and occurs at altitudes of 350 m or lower.
Description
editCalifornia's coastal prairies are the most species-rich grassland types in North America, with up to 26 species present per square meter.[1] They have been described in literature as "previously unrecognized biodiversity hotspots," and are also known to provide an array of essential services—for instance, carbon storage, water filtration, agriculture, and livestock farming.[2] In spite of the numerous benefits associated with maintaining this ecosystem, it is considered to be one of the most threatened ecosystems in the state of California,[3] with less than one percent of undisturbed coastal prairie remaining today (mainly in or around Point Reyes National Seashore). It is also the single most urbanized major vegetation type in the US; 24% of coastal prairie habitat in California has been lost to urban sprawl.[4]
Among the most defining attributes of the California coastal prairie is its Mediterranean climate. This climate type entails hot and dry summers, cold and wet winters, and mild year-round temperatures as a result of close proximity with the Pacific Ocean.The growing season for these prairies takes place during the winter, and is followed by a dormant, low-rainfall period during the summer.[5] These seasonal changes to water availability have thus spurred a variety of adaptations favoring drought resistance across the many species endemic to these areas. Some perennial grasses utilize humid air as a source of up to 66% of their total water intake, making fog another indispensable abiotic factor in this ecosystem.[6] Other drought-resistant strategies include deep root systems, summer dormancy, and enhanced water storage (e.g. bulbs, tubers, taproots, etc.).
The California coastal prairie is commonly defined by its predominant grass species, of which there are two: Deschampsia coastal prairie (located in Point Reyes peninsula) and Danthonia coastal prairie (located in Bolinas Ridge).[7] This ecosystem can also be characterized by topographic features including sea bluffs, uplifted grassy bald hills, hillside slopes, lowland grasslands, and coastal marine terraces.[8] The centuries-long accumulation of organic matter within these coastal regions has culminated in the production of a rich and dark prairie soil that is commonly referred to as mollisol. As a result, the aforementioned coastal terraces are often used for agricultural purposes,[9] and can be seen in areas such as Santa Cruz and San Luis Obispo.
As a disturbance-dependent ecosystem, these coastal prairies are not only adapted to change, but cannot properly thrive without it.[10] Disruptive factors such as wind, fire, salt spray, digging, and grazing help to maintain more open (as well as healthy) grasslands; for example, they are crucial to facilitating the release of nutrients, stimulating microbial activity, and regulating competition between woody and herbaceous plants.[11] The profile of grazing species inhabiting these prairies has evolved over time in the following manner:
- Pleistocene epoch (>11,700 years ago)—large herbivores (e.g. mammoths, bison, llamas) dominated California's coastal prairies.
- Holocene epoch (10,000 years ago)—small herbivores (e.g. elk, rabbits, gophers, deer) filled the role of the Pleistocene mammals post-extinction event and became the predominant grazing species of the ecosystem.
- Recent (~300 years ago)—domestic cattle, sheep, and horses were brought over to coastal prairies by settlers. By the late 1800s, endemic grazers (such as California's Tule Elk)[12] neared extinction due to a combination of extensive habitat loss and unsustainable hunting practices.
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Conservation projects within the past couple of decades have involved the conversion of private pastures on coastal prairies into protected land. While these efforts are well-intended, the removal of grazers from this ecosystem rids it of the disturbance it requires, and is therefore thought to be responsible for such metrics as worsening soil quality and declining annual wildflower blooms in these areas.[13] In the absence of frequent fires—especially controlled burns—and many once-prominent grazing and burrowing species that evolved within this ecosystem, much of what is left of the California coastal prairie is being lost to shrub and tree encroachment.[14]
Indigenous history
editBefore the Spaniards' arrival in California, Native American groups relied on grasslands' ecosystem for resources such as chia seeds, acorns, grass seeds,[15] and game like deer, quail and hares.[16] In order to expand their resource base, they managed the land through fire techniques, which flowered geophytes and boosted the growth of perennial grasses. Burning the existing chaparral and shrublands into grasslands was advantageous for such groups in generating the germination of chaparral annuals and therefore food supply for both humans and the mammals in the area. In general, it created open spaces which were favored by animals and opening up land for gathering fruits and seeds.[17]
In addition, indigenous groups effectively harvested the annual grasses through digging sticks, which dug for underground bulbs and seeds, and the seed basket, which collected seeds, like camas bulbs, and scattered those who weren't ripe in the process.[17]
When the Spanish arrived in the 1800s, cattle was introduced for grazing, effectively replacing the native populations of deer and elk.[16] In the process were introduced non-native species which, along with agriculture and the end of indigenous fire management practices, greatly decreasing the biodiversity of these ecosystems.[18]
Characteristic species
editCharacteristic species of this community include:[19]
- Bromus carinatus
- Calamagrostis foliosa
- Danthonia californica
- Deschampsia cespitosa
- Festuca californica
- Festuca elmeri
- Festuca idahoensis
- Hordeum brachyantherum
- Nassella pulchra
- Other plants
Endangered species
editThe entire coastal prairie biome can be completely restored, even after the plants seem to have disappeared for decades after grazing end, by unearthing their dormant native seeds in the soil, that are still viable underneath the weeds. Between 1992 and 2000, at 300 Byers Lane, La Selva Beach in Santa Cruz County, 70 acres of habitat went from 99% weed-covered to 95% native covered in only eight years, without sowing any seeds.[21]
Rare and endangered species found in the coastal prairie include:
- Flora
- Santa Cruz tarweed - Holocarpha macradenia — found in limited locations
- San Francisco popcornflower - Plagiobothrys diffusus
- Robust spineflower - Chorizanthe robusta robusta
- Artist's popcornflower - Plagiobothrys chorisianus
- Pt. Reyes meadowfoam - Limnanthes sp.
- Santa Cruz clover - Trifolium buckwestiorum
- Indian clover - Trifolium amoenum
- Gray's clover - Trifolium grayi
- San Francisco owl's clover - Triphysaria floribunda.
- Fauna
Endangered habitat
editThe coastal prairies remains a unique ecosystem in that it is disturbance-dependent, meaning it relies on disturbances such as fires and grazing to survive. Years of overgrazing as well as the introduction of non-native species have had long-term impacts on Californian coastal prairies, with only 1% of native grassland remaining today.[18] These non-native species are either not suited as feed for the native mammals, or more woody plants have overrun the habitats of native herbs.[22]
Most recently, invasive perennial grasses are the greatest threat. These include velvet grass (Holcus lanatus), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), and Harding grass (Phalaris aquatica);[23] the impact of these species can be somewhat ameliorated by well-planned livestock grazing, which can reduce these species' cover and allow native species to persist.[24]
California's coastal prairies are protected by the California Coastal Act, which considers these habitat types to be Environmentally Sensitive Habitat Areas (ESHA). Akin to the endangered species act for habitat types on California's coast, ESHA protections disallow any harm to so designated habitats, except where such harm is necessary to otherwise restore the habitat as a whole (e.g., prescribed fire, grazing).[25]
Coastal Prairies of California are classified as critically endangered with the following stressors causing the most impacts: invasive species, low nutrient soils, urbanization, and unregulated recreational activities.[26] Debates remain on how to apply conservancy efforts to Californian coastal prairies, in balancing disturbances to allow for the flourishing of the native plants as well as quality pasture for grazers.[22] One such organisation focusing on this work is the California Native Grasslands Association, which has led diverse efforts to protect parks and areas with coastal prairies, such as in efforts to protect Point Molate and Tesla Park from construction projects.[27]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Stromberg, Mark R. (January 2001). "Composition, Invasibility, and Diversity in Coastal California Grasslands". Madroño. 48 (4): 236–252 – via ResearchGate.
- ^ "California's Coastal Prairies: History". prairie.guide. Retrieved 2023-10-23.
- ^ "Prairies and Grasslands". www.nps.gov. October 7, 2023. Retrieved 2023-10-23.
- ^ Drake, Tracy; Fiesler, Emile (April 2016). "Macro-invertebrate Biodiversity of a Coastal Prairie with Vernal Pool Habitat". Biodiversity Data Journal. 4 – via ResearchGate.
- ^ Conrad, V. (April 1943). "The Climate of the Mediterranean Region". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 24 (4): 127–145 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Corbin, Jeffrey D.; Thomsen, Meredith A.; Dawson, Todd E.; D'Antonio, Carla M. (October 2005). "Summer water use by California coastal prairie grasses: fog, drought, and community composition". Oecologia. 145 (4): 511–521 – via NIH.
- ^ Noss, Reed F.; Peters, Robert L. (December 1995). "Endangered Ecosystems—A Status Report on America's Vanishing Habitat and Wildlife" (PDF). Defenders of Wildlife – via IATP.
- ^ Barbour, Michael; Keeler-Wolf, Todd; Schoenherr, Allan A. (2007). Terrestrial Vegetation of California (3rd ed.). University of California Press. ISBN 9780520249554.
- ^ "Mollisols | Natural Resources Conservation Service". www.nrcs.usda.gov. Retrieved 2023-10-24.
- ^ Graeve, Matthew (September 14, 2018). "Restoring Fire to Native Grasslands". The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved 2023-10-23.
- ^ "California's Coastal Prairie—A project of the Sonoma Marin Coastal Grasslands Working Group". California Native Grasslands Association.
- ^ Howell, Judd A.; Brooks, George C.; Semenoff-Irving, Marcia; Greene, Correigh (April 2002). "Population Dynamics of Tule Elk at Point Reyes National Seashore, California". Journal of Wildlife Management. 66 (2): 478–490 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Hayes, Grey F.; Holl, Karen D. (June 23, 2006). "Cattle Grazing Impacts on California Coastal Prairie and Associated Wildflowers over a Broad Geographic Range" (PDF). Cal-Pac Society for Range Management Symposium.
- ^ Loveland, T. R.; Hutcheson, H. L. (1995). "Monitoring Changes in Landscapes from Satellite Imagery". U.S.G. Society: 468–473.
- ^ Keeley, Jon E. (March 2002). "Native American impacts on fire regimes of the California coastal ranges". Journal of Biogeography. 29 (3): 303–320. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00676.x. ISSN 0305-0270.
- ^ a b Schiffman, Paula M. (2007-08-31), "15 Ecology of Native Animals in California Grasslands", 15 Ecology of Native Animals in California Grasslands, University of California Press, pp. 180–190, doi:10.1525/9780520933972-021, ISBN 978-0-520-93397-2, retrieved 2023-10-25
- ^ a b Anderson, Kat (2005). Tending the wild: Native American knowledge and the management of California's natural resources. Berkeley, Calif. London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23856-5.
- ^ a b Huenneke, Laura Foster (1989), Huenneke, L. F.; Mooney, Harold A. (eds.), "Distribution and Regional Patterns of Californian Grasslands", Grassland structure and function: California annual grassland, Tasks for vegetation science, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 1–12, doi:10.1007/978-94-009-3113-8_1, ISBN 978-94-009-3113-8, retrieved 2023-10-25
- ^ (Ornduff 2003)
- ^ Marvier, Michelle A. (1998). "Parasite Impacts on Host Communities: Plant Parasitism in a California Coastal Prairie". Ecology. 79 (8): 2616–2623. doi:10.2307/176505. ISSN 0012-9658. JSTOR 176505.
- ^ (Dremann with Shaw 2002)
- ^ a b "California Native Grasslands Association - Coastal Prairie_Management". cnga.org. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
- ^ "Fire Ecology - Vegetation Types: Coastal Grassland - Point Reyes National Seashore (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
- ^ "What is Conservation Grazing and How Can it Benefit Coastal Prairies? – Santa Lucia Conservancy". Retrieved 2023-10-25.
- ^ "Coastal Act Policy Resource Information | Caltrans". dot.ca.gov. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
- ^ "California Native Grasslands Association - Grassland Facts". cnga.org. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
- ^ "California Native Grasslands Association - Conservation". cnga.org. Retrieved 2023-10-25.