Norway–Soviet Union relations refers to the historical bilateral foreign relations between the two countries, Norway and the Soviet Union, between 1917 and 1991.[1] The establishment of diplomatic relationships between Norway and the Soviet union dates back to Norway–Russia relations which started on 30 October 1905.[1] The Soviet Union maintained an embassy in Oslo and a consulate in Barentsburg, while Norway maintained an embassy in Moscow.
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Timeline
editA 2013 article in the Norwegian newspaper Dagbladet said that the autumn of 1951 removal of more than 8,000 Soviet corpses from graves in North Norway, Operation Asphalt, led to "the toughest diplomatic conflict ever between Norway and Soviet".[2]
Strains in bilateral relations
edit
Both the environmentally devastating emissions from the Norilsk Nickel plant outside Nikel in the Murmansk Oblast[3] and the territorial dispute over the Barents Sea have for decades been unresolved issues in Norway–Soviet, then Norway–Russia relations. On 27 April 2010 Norway and Russia officially resolved the territorial dispute in the Barents Sea.[4] A Soviet border provocation on 7 June 1968, which has been regarded as serious by historians, together with the invasion of Czechoslovakia that year and a general increase in Soviet military activity on the Norwegian border, contributed to a large increase in the funding for the Norwegian military presence on the Norwegian-Soviet border in Finnmark.[5]
Disagreements concerning the interpretation of the Svalbard Treaty, in conjunction with both countries' presence on Svalbard, was a heated political debate during the Cold War. From 1931, the Soviet Union maintained a presence on the archipelago in Barentsburg, Grumant and Pyramiden through the coal-mining company Arktikugol. In 1958, Norsk Polar Navigasjon proposed to build a civilian airport on Svalbard, but this was protested by the Soviet Union. Thus the establishment was stopped by Norwegian authorities. When a government-owned airport was proposed, continued Soviet protests were made, until a bilateral agreement was made permitting Svalbard Airport, Longyear.[6] The Soviet Union also protested Kongsfjord Telemetry Station and the production of the 1985 action film Orion's Belt.[7]
Border
editThe two countries retained a 195.7-kilometer-long (121.6 mi) land border between Sør-Varanger Municipality and Murmansk Oblast.[8] There was only one legal crossing point, at Storskog (Norway) and Boris Gleb (Russia), on the E105 road about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) east of the town of Kirkenes.
The border between Norway and the Soviet Union in the Varangerfjord was agreed upon in a treaty from 1957.[9] Negotiations on the outside marine border were initiated in 1970. Norway claimed, in accordance with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Article 15 and the Convention on the High Seas, that the border should follow the midline principle, the border being defined by midpoints between the nearest land area or islands, as is normal practice internationally. The Soviet Union claimed, based on a decision by Joseph Stalin from 1926, which was not recognized by any other country than the Soviet Union,[10] that the "sector principle" should apply, such that the border should follow meridian lines. Most of the disputed area was within what would normally be considered Norwegian according to the relevant international treaties.[citation needed] In 1975 the two countries agreed upon a moratorium prohibiting exploration for oil and gas in the disputed area.
In 1978 a temporary agreement regulating fishery in a 60,000 km2 (23,000 sq mi) zone, named the Grey Zone (Norwegian: Gråsonen) in some documents from the same time, was signed, which has since been renewed annually.[11] From the Norwegian side, the agreement was negotiated by Labour politician Jens Evensen and his protégé Arne Treholt, who was later exposed as a Soviet spy and convicted of treason. The agreement was highly controversial in Norway. Many Norwegians[who?] believed that Evensen and Treholt gave too many concessions to the Soviet Union, and that they were motivated by Soviet sympathies. The agreement caused consternation in parliament and government, and Evensen had difficulty getting it accepted by his own government, where many held the opinion that he had exceeded his authority.[12] The opposition parties criticized Evensen for using the term Grey Zone, because it implied that Norway did not maintain its claim on rightful Norwegian territory in their opinion.[13] In an interview with Danmarks Radio in 1990, Treholt, who was then serving a 20-year sentence, admitted that he had acted as an informer for the Soviet negotiators.[14] The arrest and conviction of Treholt in 1984–1985 had a devastating effect on Evensen, who withdrew completely from public life in Norway.[15]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Norwegian embassy
- ^ 60 års taushet og tristesse
- ^ Antonova, Maria (July 25, 2008). "Balancing Growth and Environment". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 2008-08-03. Retrieved April 27, 2010.
- ^ Norway, Russia agree on Barents Sea border[permanent dead link]
- ^ Kunne besette Finnmark på tolv timer, Jakob Arvola
- ^ Tamnes, Rolf (1992). Svalbard og den politiske avmakt. Oslo: Institutt for forsvarsstudier. pp. 84–87.
- ^ Skagen, Sølvi (2005). Fra idé til film: Orions belte (in Norwegian). Vett & Viten. p. 15. ISBN 82-412-0540-6.
- ^ Vassdal, Trond O. (14 October 2008). "sammendrag vedrørende riksgrensen Norge – Russland" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Mapping and Cadastre Authority. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
- ^ "Agreement between Norway and the Soviet Union concerning the sea frontier between Norway and the Soviet Union in the Varangerfjord". 29 November 1957. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
- ^ "Tror på gråsoneavklaring". April 2010.
- ^ "Gjennombrudd i Barentshavet". Dagens Næringsliv (in Norwegian). 28 April 2010. pp. 6–13.
- ^ "- Dette er mange fjær i hatten for Jens". 27 April 2010.
- ^ Kåre Willoch, Myter og virkelighet, Cappelen Damm, 2002, ISBN 9788202204600[page needed]
- ^ Stein Vale, Teppefall i Treholtsaken, Cappelen Damm, 2009, ISBN 9788202299880, pp. 35–36 and p. 135
- ^ Berit Ruud Retzer, Jens Evensen: Makten, myten og mennesket, 1999, ISBN 82-995068-0-8[page needed]