The November 1918 Liechtenstein putsch, also known as the Beck putsch (German: Novemberputsch 1918)[1] was a de facto coup d'état by the leaders of the Christian-Social People's Party (Christlich-Soziale Volkspartei or VP) against the government of Governor of Liechtenstein, Leopold Freiherr von Imhof. The coup forced Imhof's government to resign and established a Provisional Executive Committee in his place until 7 December.
| November 1918 Liechtenstein putsch | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Belligerents | |||||||
| Christian-Social People's Party | Independent or no organized group | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Background
editFollowing the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, Liechtenstein remained neutral. The government and general population were supportive of the Central Powers, particularly Austria-Hungary, as the two countries had been in a customs union since 1852. The majority of the Liechtenstein government did not expect the war to last long, thus no food or economic preparations were made for it.[2] In addition, due to this belief, no official declaration of neutrality was made and France, Russia, and the United Kingdom interned Liechtensteiners and partially confiscated their assets.[3] As a result, the Liechtenstein government made various declarations that the country was neutral and a separate entity from Austria-Hungary.[2]
From September, food deliveries from Austria-Hungary, which Liechtenstein relied on, began to decrease. This quickly reduced the initial level of support for the war. In addition, Switzerland was pressured by Britain and France to end its food exports to Liechtenstein due to the latter's close ties to Austria-Hungary.[2] In response, the Liechtenstein government, led by Leopold Freiherr von Imhof, issued emergency commissions throughout the country on 14 December 1914. These commissions aimed to manage the procurement of food and raw materials, now in short supply, and to distribute them to the population.[4]
Despite this, food shortages increased as the war continued, and by 1916 all food deliveries from Austria-Hungary had ceased, which forced Liechtenstein to seek closer ties with Switzerland in order to ensure food deliveries continued.[2][5] As a result, smuggling of food and raw materials increased significantly.[6] From 1916, Liechtenstein was embargoed by the Entente countries.[3]
As the war continued, the population grew increasingly dissatisfied with Imhof's leadership.[2] This allowed for politicians such as Wilhelm Beck to gain prominence and growing support. Beck formed a social liberal-minded opposition group against Imhof in 1914. This movement was supported by the Oberrheinische Nachrichten newspaper. This primarily advocated for the expansion of welfare, broader voting rights, and a Liechtensteiner head of government (Imhof was Austrian).[7][8] Imhof soon faced accusations that the measures he took to address the economic crisis were inadequate and that he was incompetent.[9] Fierce debates between Beck and Imhof took place in the Landtag of Liechtenstein.[7] The Christian-Social People's Party was formed in February 1918 and in the 1918 Liechtenstein general election it won five out of twelve seats in the Landtag.[10][11]
Coup
edit
In November 1918, Beck, who wanted a Liechtensteiner head of government, joined with Landtag members Martin Ritter and Fritz Walser to plot to overthrow Imhof.[7][12] On 7 November 1918, they proposed a motion of no confidence in the Landtag against him.[1] Imhof asked for a vote of confidence and at the same time agreed to submit his resignation due to pressure from members of the Landtag.[9] While the Landtag unanimously expressed its confidence in him, it was decided by the elected members, against the constitution[a] and the prince-appointed Landtag members, to transfer the power of governor to a Provisional Executive Committee led by Martin Ritter.[1][9]
Other figures who opposed Beck's ideals, such as Albert Schädler, resigned in protest.[14] Prince Johann II accepted Imhof's resignation on 13 November.[9][15] Schädler met with Johann II for talks in Vienna, where it was agreed that the committee would only last one month and that Prince Karl Aloys of Liechtenstein would be appointed governor upon the committee's dissolution. This was a compromise due to the popular demand for a Liechtensteiner head of government.[16]
Aftermath and legacy
editWithin the general population of Liechtenstein the coup was popular, as Imhof was largely seen as the reason for the country's economic crisis. However, in the Landtag it was far more controversial.[17] Martin Ritter in particular was a controversial figure due to the unconstitutional means by which he came into power, despite only serving for one month, from 7 November to 7 December 1918.[12][18] In response to the coup, all three members of the Landtag appointed by Johann II resigned in protest.[17]
Johann II reportedly responded with reservation in response to the coup. He remained in Vienna throughout the committee's duration but did not make any efforts to act against it, primarily due to its popularity within the country. The committee did not intend to break with the monarchy; its proclamation ended with the phrase "May the prince and the country live long." An expression of his involvement in state affairs was a telegram sent by his office to Albert Schädler:[16]
His Majesty reacted with reservation to the fact that a committee had taken over power in the country. Official decisions on the committee will follow.
— Prince's office on behalf of Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein, [16]
The coup directly undermined the 1862 Constitution of Liechtenstein. With the economic devastation of World War I, it built a large base of support for constitutional revision in the country.[19] Soon afterwards, a constitutional committee was elected, which would begin a three-year period where both the Progressive Citizens' Party and Christian-Social People's Party, with assistance from Josef Peer, worked together to create a new constitution, based on a constitutional monarchy, as a continuation of Beck's ideals.[20][13] The constitution was signed into law by Prince Karl Aloys on behalf of Johann II, with Josef Ospelt representing the government, on 5 October 1921.[13]
Notes
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c Quaderer, Rupert (31 December 2011). "Novemberputsch 1918". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Retrieved 3 October 2023.
- ^ a b c d e Quaderer, Rupert (31 December 2011). "Erster Weltkrieg". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Retrieved 28 September 2023.
- ^ a b Marxer, Roland (31 December 2011). "Neutralität". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Retrieved 28 September 2023.
- ^ Quaderer, Rupert (31 December 2011). "Notstandskommissionen". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ^ "10,000 NEUTRALS STARVING.; Swiss Government Sends Food to Liechtenstein Population". The New York Times. 21 March 1915. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
- ^ Burgmeier, Markus (31 December 2011). "Schmuggel". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ^ a b c Leipold-Schneider, Gerda (31 December 2011). "Beck, Wilhelm". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Retrieved 30 September 2023.
- ^ Marxer, Wilfried (31 December 2011). "Oberrheinische Nachrichten". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Retrieved 22 November 2023.
- ^ a b c d Quaderer, Rupert (31 December 2011). "Imhof, Leopold Baron von". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Retrieved 3 October 2023.
- ^ Vincent E McHale (1983) Political parties of Europe, Greenwood Press, p609 ISBN 0-313-23804-9
- ^ Dieter Nohlen; Philip Stöver (2010). Elections in Europe: A data handbook (in German). Nomos. p. 1182. ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7.
- ^ a b Quaderer, Rupert (31 December 2011). "Ritter, Martin". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Retrieved 12 November 2011.
- ^ a b c Wille, Herbert (31 December 2011). "Verfassung". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Retrieved 24 December 2023.
- ^ Rheinberger, Rudolf (31 December 2011). "Schädler, Albert". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Retrieved 12 November 2011.
- ^ "Mitglieder der Regierung des Fürstentums Liechtenstein 1862-2021" (PDF). www.regierung.li. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
- ^ a b c Jureczko, Andrzej; Wac, Ewa (2007). Historia Liechtensteinu. W: Historia małych krajów Europy [History of Liechtenstein. In: History of small European countries] (in Polish). Ossolineum. pp. 106–107. ISBN 978-83-04-04937-6.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b Rupert, Quaderer (1995). "Der 7. November 1918. Staatsstreich – Putsch – Revolution oder politisches Spektakel im Kleinstaat Liechtenstein?". Jahrbuch des Historischen Vereins für das Fürstentum Liechtenstein. 93: 204–212.
- ^ "Mitglieder der Regierung des Fürstentums Liechtenstein 1862-2021" (PDF). www.regierung.li. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
- ^ Rupert, Quaderer (1995). "Der 7. November 1918. Staatsstreich – Putsch – Revolution oder politisches Spektakel im Kleinstaat Liechtenstein?". Jahrbuch des Historischen Vereins für das Fürstentum Liechtenstein. 93: 212–216.
- ^ Quaderer, Rupert (31 December 2011). "Schlossabmachungen (Septemberabmachungen, Schloss-Protokoll)". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Retrieved 18 September 2023.