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Novorossiya

(Redirected from Novorossiia)
For other uses, see Novorossiya (disambiguation).

Novorossiya[nb 1] is a historical name, used during the era of the Russian Empire for an administrative area that would later become the southern mainland of Ukraine: the region immediately north of the Black Sea and Crimea. The province fell largely within a slightly wider area known in Ukrainian as the Stepovyna and in Russian as the Stepp "Steppe Land", or Nyz "Lower Land".[1] The name Novorossiya, which means New Russia, entered official usage in 1764, after the Russian Empire conquered the Crimean Khanate, and annexed its territories,[2] when Novorossiya Governorate (or Province) was founded. Official usage of the name ceased after 1917, when the entire area (minus Crimea) was annexed by the Ukrainian People's Republic, precursor of the Ukrainian SSR.

  Novorossiya Governorate in 1800 within the Russian Empire. Its central city was Ekaterinoslav (modern Dnipro), which was briefly renamed "Novorossiysk" during the reign of Paul I

Novorossiya Governorate was formed in 1764 from military frontier regions and parts of the southern Hetmanate, in anticipation of a war with the Ottoman Empire.[3] It was further expanded by the annexation of the Zaporozhian Sich in 1775. At various times, Novorossiya encompassed the Moldavian region of Bessarabia, the modern Ukraine's regions of the Black Sea littoral (Prychornomoria), Zaporizhzhia, Tavria, the Azov Sea littoral (Pryazovia), the Tatar region of Crimea, the area around the Kuban River, and the Circassian lands.

History

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Before 18th century

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Further information: Wild Fields
 
Ukraine 1648 (south on top) with a broad belt of "loca deserta", Latin for desolated areas
 
Map of the Wild Fields in the 17th century

The modern history of the region follows the fall of the Golden Horde. The eastern portion was claimed by the Crimean Khanate (one of its multiple successors), while its western regions were divided between Moldavia and Lithuania. With the expansion of the Ottoman Empire, the whole Black Sea northern littoral region came under the control of the Crimean Khanate that in turn became a vassal of the Ottomans.[citation needed] Sometime in the 16th century the Crimean Khanate allowed the Nogai Horde which were displaced from its native Volga region by Muscovites and Kalmyks to settle in the Black Sea steppes.[citation needed]

Vast regions to the North of the Black Sea were sparsely populated and were known as the Wild Fields (as translated from Polish or Ukrainian), Dykra (in Lithuanian) or Loca deserta ("desolated places") in Latin on medieval maps. There were, however, many settlements along the Dnieper River. The Wild Fields had covered roughly the southern territories of modern Ukraine; some[who?] say they extended into the modern Southern Russia (Rostov Oblast).[citation needed]

Russian empire (1764-1917)

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Further information: Novorossiya Governorate
 
Lands of Zaporizhian Host in 1760

The Russian Empire gradually gained control over the area, signing peace treaties with the Cossack Hetmanate and with the Ottoman Empire at the conclusion of the Russo-Turkish Wars of 1735–39, 1768–74, 1787–92 and 1806–12. In 1764 the Russian Empire established the Novorossiysk Governorate; it was originally to be named after the Empress Catherine, but she decreed that it should be called New Russia instead.[4] Imperial Russia’s view of New Russia was described in 2006 by the historian Willard Sunderland:

The old steppe was Asian and stateless; the current one was state-determined and claimed for European-Russian civilization. The world of comparison was now even more obviously that of the Western empires. Consequently it was all the more clear that the Russian empire merited its own New Russia to go along with everyone else's New Spain, New France, and New England. The adoption of the name of New Russia was in fact the most powerful statement imaginable of Russia's national coming of age.[5]

The administrative centre of the Novorossiysk Governorate was at the St. Elizabeth fortress (today in Kropyvnytskyi) in order to protect the southern borderlands from the Ottoman Empire, and in 1765 this passed to Kremenchuk.[4][6]

After the annexation of the Ottoman territories to Novorossiya in 1774, the Russian authorities commenced a broad program of colonization, encouraging large migrations from a broader spectrum of ethnic groups. Catherine the Great invited European settlers to these newly conquered lands: Romanians (from Moldavia, Wallachia and Transylvania), Bulgarians, Serbs, Greeks, Albanians, Germans, Poles, Italians, and others.[citation needed] Catherine the Great granted Prince Grigori Potemkin (1739–1791) the powers of an absolute ruler over the area from 1774, after which he directed the Russian colonization of the land. The rulers of Novorossiya gave out land generously to the Russian nobility (dvoryanstvo) and the enserfed peasantry—mostly from Ukraine and fewer from Russia—to encourage immigration for the cultivation of the then sparsely populated steppe.[citation needed] According to the Historical Dictionary of Ukraine:

The population consisted of military colonists from hussar and lancer regiments, Ukrainian and Russian peasants, Cossacks, Serbs, Montenegrins, Hungarians, and other foreigners who received land subsidies for settling in the area.[7]

In 1775, the Russian Empress Catherine the Great forcefully liquidated the Zaporizhian Sich and annexed its territory to Novorossiya, thus eliminating the independent rule of the Ukrainian Cossacks.[citation needed] The governorate was dissolved in 1783.[citation needed] In 1792, the Russian government declared that the region between the Dniester and the Bug was to become a new principality named "New Moldavia", under Russian suzerainty.[8] According to the first Russian census of the Yedisan region conducted in 1793 (after the expulsion of the Nogai Tatars) 49 villages out of 67 between the Dniester and the Southern Bug were Romanian.[9] From 1796 to 1802 Novorossiya was the name of the reestablished Governorate with the capital Novorossiysk (previously and subsequently Ekaterinoslav, the present-day Ukrainian city of Dnipropetrovsk not to be confused with present-day Novorossiysk, Russian Federation) In 1802 it was divided into three governorates, the Yekaterinoslav, Kherson, and the Taurida.[citation needed]

 
A historical German map of Novorossiya 1855

From 1822 to 1874 the Novorossiysk-Bessarabia General Government was centred in Odesa. The region remained part of the Russian Empire until its collapse following the Russian February Revolution in early March 1917.

Soviet era (1918-1990)

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The territory became part of the short-lived Russian Republic for one year then in 1918, it was largely included in the Ukrainian State and in the Ukrainian Soviet Republic at the same time. In 1918–1920, it was, to varying extents, under the control of the anti-Bolshevik White movement governments of South Russia whose defeat signified the Soviet control over the territory, which became part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, within the Soviet Union in 1922.

Legacy

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Further information: Novorossiya (confederation)

Following the Soviet Union's collapse on 26 December 1991 and concurrent with the lead-up to Ukrainian independence on 24 August 1991, a nascent movement began in Odesa for the restoration of Novorossiya region; it however failed within days and never defined its borders.[10][11][12] The initial conception had not developed exact borders, but focus centred on the Odesa, Mykolaiv, Kherson, and Crimean oblasts, with eventually other oblasts joining as well.[12][13]

The name received renewed emphasis when Russian President Vladimir Putin stated in an interview on 17 April 2014 that the territories of Kharkiv, Luhansk, Donetsk, Kherson, Mykolaiv and Odesa were part of what was called Novorossiya.[14][15][nb 2] In May 2014, the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic proclaimed the confederation of Novorossiya and its desire to extend its control towards all of southeastern Ukraine.[18][19][20] The confederation had little practical unity and within a year the project was abandoned: on 1 January 2015 the founding leadership announced the project had been put on hold, and on 20 May the constituent members announced the freezing of the political project.[21][22][23]

Anna Nemtsova forecast this disintegration in August 2014, and she predicted the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine then too.[24] Oksana Yanyshevskaya, a Ukrainian government official, in a July 2014 interview with her said that Novorossiya "is some sort of artificial idea that lives only in the minds of people in the Kremlin."[24]

In 2016 Marlène Laruelle wrote that Alexander Prokhanov formed the Izborsky Club around the Novorossiya meme.[25][26]

Gerard Toal opines that "In breaking apart a sovereign territorial state, it is helpful, if not always necessary, to have an alternative geopolitical imaginary at the ready and for this ersatz replacement to have some degree of local credibility and support." The Novorossiya idea is just this portmanteau.[27][28]

The idea of Novorossiya goes hand-in-hand with the erasure of Ukrainian statehood,[29] or as Vladislav Surkov said in his defenestration interview in February 2020, "There is Ukrainian-ness. That is, a specific disorder of the mind. An astonishing enthusiasm for ethnography, driven to the extreme." Surkov claims that Ukraine is "a muddle instead of a state. […] But there is no nation. There is only a brochure, ‘The Self-Styled Ukraine’, but there is no Ukraine."[30]

During the Wagner Group mutiny in June 2023, President Putin used the phrase in a speech responding to the mutiny, praising those "who fought and gave their lives to Novorossiya and for the unity of the Russky Mir".[31]

Demographics

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Ethnicity

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The ethnic composition of Novorossiya changed during the beginning of the 19th century due to the intensive movement of colonists who rapidly created towns, villages, and agricultural colonies. During the Russo-Turkish Wars, the major Turkish fortresses of Ozu-Cale, Akkerman, Khadzhibey, Kinburn and many others were conquered and destroyed. New cities and settlements were established in their places. Over time the ethnic composition varied.[clarification needed]

Multiple ethnicities[clarification needed] participated in the founding of the cities of Novorossiya (most of these cities were expansions of older settlements[32]). For example:

  • Zaporizhzhia as formerly the site of a Cossack fort
  • Odesa, founded in 1794 on the site of a Tatar village (the first recorded mention of a settlement located in current Odesa was in 1415[32]) by a Spanish general in Russian service, José de Ribas, had a French mayor, Richelieu (in office 1803–1814)
  • Donetsk, founded in 1869, was originally named Yuzovka (Yuzivka) in honor of John Hughes, the Welsh industrialist who developed the coal region of the Donbas

According to the report of governor Aleksandr Shmidt (ru), the ethnic composition of Kherson Governorate (which included the city of Odesa) in 1851 was as follows:[33]

Nationality Number %
Ukrainians (Malorussians) 703,699 69.14
Romanians (Moldavians and Vlachs) 75,000 7.37
Jews 55,000 5.40
Russian-Germans 40,000 3.93
Great Russians 30,000 2.95
Bulgarians 18,435 1.81
Belarusians 9,000 0.88
Greeks 3,500 0.34
Romani people 2,516 0.25
Poles 2,000 0.20
Armenians 1,990 0.20
Karaites 446 0.04
Serbs 436 0.04
Swedes 318 0.03
Tatars 76 0.01
Former Officials 48,378 4.75
Nobles 16,603 1.63
Foreigners 10,392 1.02
Total Population 1,017,789 100

Language

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With regard to language usage, Russian was commonly spoken in the cities and some outside areas, while Ukrainian generally predominated in rural areas, smaller towns, and villages.[clarification needed]

The 1897 All-Russian Empire Census statistics show that Ukrainian was the native language spoken by most of the population of Novorossiya, but with Russian and Yiddish languages dominating in most city areas.[34][35][36]

 
Soviet Russian poster from 1921 — "Donbas is the heart of Russia".
Language Kherson Guberniya Yekaterinoslav Guberniya Tavrida Guberniya
Ukrainian 53.4% 68.9% 42.2%
Russian 21.0% 17.3% 27.9%
Belarusian 0.8% 0.6% 6.7%
Polish 2.1% 0.6% 0.6%
Bulgarian 0.9% – 2.8%
Romanian 5.3% 0.4% 0.2%
German 4.5% 3.8% 5.4%
Jewish (sic) 11.8% 4.6% 3.8%
Greek 2.3% 2.3% 1.2%
Tatar 8.2% 8.2% 13.5%
Turkish 2.6% 2.6% 1.5%
Total Population 2,733,612 2,311,674 1,447,790

The 1897 All-Russian Empire Census statistics:[37]

Language Odesa Yekaterinoslav Mykolaiv Kherson Sevastopol Mariupol Donetsk district
Russian 198,233 47,140 61,023 27,902 34,014 19,670 273,302
Jewish (sic) 124,511 39,979 17,949 17,162 3,679 4,710 7
Ukrainian 37,925 17,787 7,780 11,591 7,322 3,125 177,376
Polish 17,395 3,418 2,612 1,021 2,753 218 82
German 10,248 1,438 813 426 907 248 2,336
Greek 5,086 161 214 51 1,553 1,590 88
Total Population 403,815 112,839 92,012 59,076 53,595 31,116 455,819

List of founded cities

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Many of the cities that were founded (most of these cities were expansions of older settlements[32]) during the imperial period are major cities today.

Imperial Russian regiments were used to build these cities, at the expense of hundreds of soldiers’ lives.[32]

First wave

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Second wave

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Third wave

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Russian: Новороссия, romanized: Novorossiya, IPA: [nəvɐˈrosːʲɪjə] ⓘ; Ukrainian: Новоросія, romanized: Novorosiia; Romanian: Noua Rusie, Polish: Noworosja
  2. ^ Kharkiv was the centre of the historical region of Sloboda Ukraine.[16] A portion of modern Kharkiv Oblast includes territory of the late-eighteenth century Novorossiya Governorate.[17]

References

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  1. ^ Mikhail Levchenko (1874). Opyt russko-ukrainskago slovari︠a︡. Kyiv: Tip. Gubernskago upravlenii︠a︡, p 188.
  2. ^ "Plan for the Colonization of New Russia Gubernia" issued by the Russian Senate - New Russia Gubernia at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
  3. ^ Magocsi, Paul R. "A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples," p. 284.
  4. ^ a b Nataliya Polonska-Vasylenko (1955). The Settlement of the Southern Ukraine (1750-1775). Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U.S. p. 190.
  5. ^ Willard Sunderland (2006). Taming the Wild Field: Colonization and Empire on the Russian Steppe. Cornell University Press. p. 70. ISBN 0-8014-7347-0.
  6. ^ "New Russian gubernia". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 15 August 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  7. ^ Ivan Katchanovski; Zenon E. Kohut; Bohdan Y. Nebesio; Myroslav Yurkevich (21 June 2013). Historical Dictionary of Ukraine. Scarecrow Press. p. 392. ISBN 978-0-8108-7847-1.
  8. ^ E. Lozovan, Romanii orientali, "Neamul Romanesc", 1/1991, p.14
  9. ^ E. Lozovan, Romanii orientali, "Neamul Romanesc", 1/1991, p.32.
  10. ^ "The CIS Handbook", edited by Patrick Heenan, Monique Lamontagne, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1999, p. 75.
  11. ^ "Federal State of Novorossiya". GlobalSecurity.org. Archived from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2015. A Russian ethnic republic in Ukraine was named Novorossiya and was proclaimed in 1992 but fell some days after.
  12. ^ a b Paul Kolstoe. "Russians in the Former Soviet Republics", Indiana University Press, June 1995, p. 176.
  13. ^ Zbigniew Brzezinski; Paige Sullivan (1997). Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States: Documents, Data, and Analysis. Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.); M.E. Sharpe Inc. p. 639. ISBN 978-1-56324-637-1.
  14. ^ Adam Taylor (18 April 2014). "'Novorossiya,' the latest historical concept to worry about in Ukraine". Washington Post.
  15. ^ "Transcript: Vladimir Putin's April 17 Q&A". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  16. ^ Unmaking Imperial Russia: Mykhailo Hrushevsky and the Writing of Ukrainian History by Serhii Plokhy, University of Toronto Press, 2005, ISBN 0802039375 (page 19)
  17. ^ Frontline Ukraine: Crisis in the Borderlands by Richard Sakwa, I.B. Tauris, 2015, ISBN 1784530646 (page 9)
  18. ^ "Death of Novorossia: Why Kremlin Abandoned Ukraine Separatist Project". 25 May 2015.
  19. ^ СМИ: Террористы из "ДНР" и "ЛНР" объединились [Mass media: Terrorists of the "LNR" and "DNR" have united] (in Russian). UNIAN. 24 May 2014. Archived from the original on 25 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  20. ^ Katarzyna Chawryło (29 December 2014). "Russian nationalists on the Kremlin's policy in Ukraine". OSW Commentary. Centre for Eastern Studies.
  21. ^ "Russian-backed 'Novorossiya' breakaway movement collapses". Ukraine Today. 20 May 2015. Archived from the original on 21 May 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
    Vladimir Dergachev; Dmitriy Kirillov (20 May 2015). Проект «Новороссия» закрыт [Project "New Russia" is closed]. Gazeta.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 19 December 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
  22. ^ "Why the Kremlin Is Shutting Down the Novorossiya Project". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  23. ^ Marsh, Christopher (2023). "Putin's Playbook: The Development of Russian Tactics, Operations, and Strategy from Chechnya to Ukraine". The Great Power Competition Volume 5. pp. 161–183. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-40451-1_8. ISBN 978-3-031-40450-4.
  24. ^ a b "Novorossiya is Coming Apart at the Seams". 16 May 2024.
  25. ^ LARUELLE, MARLENE. “The Izborsky Club, or the New Conservative Avant-Garde in Russia.” The Russian Review 75, no. 4 (2016): 626–44. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43919640.
  26. ^ Laruelle, Marlene (2016). "The three colors of Novorossiya, or the Russian nationalist mythmaking of the Ukrainian crisis". Post-Soviet Affairs. 32: 55–74. doi:10.1080/1060586X.2015.1023004.
  27. ^ Toal, Gerard (2017). "The Novorossiya Project". Near Abroad. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190253301.003.0013. ISBN 978-0-19-025330-1.
  28. ^ John O’Loughlina, Gerard Toal, and Vladimir Kolosov: "The rise and fall of "Novorossiya": examining support for a separatist geopolitical imaginary in southeast Ukraine", Post Soviet Affairs Vol 32, no. 2 (2017), 124-144.
  29. ^ Arutunyan, Anna (2022). Hybrid Warriors: Proxies, Freelancers and Moscow's Struggle for Ukraine. London: C. Hurst & Co. ISBN 978-1-78738-972-4.
  30. ^ ""There is no Ukraine": Fact-Checking the Kremlin's Version of Ukrainian History". July 2020.
  31. ^ "'Internal betrayal': Transcript of Vladimir Putin's address". Al Jazeera.
  32. ^ a b c d Odesa: Through Cossacks, Khans and Russian Emperors Archived 24 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine, The Ukrainian Week (18 November 2014)
  33. ^ Шмидт А. "Материалы для географии и статистики, собранные офицерами генерального штаба. Херсонская губерния. Часть 1". (tr. "Schmidt A.: Materials for geography and statistics collected by officers of the general staff. Kherson province. Part 1") St. Petersburg, 1863, p. 465-466
  34. ^ "First General Census of the Russian Empire of 1897. Breakdown of population by mother tongue: Kharkov governorate - total population". Demoskop Weekly. No. 623–624. 31 December 2014. ISSN 1726-2887. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  35. ^ "First General Census of the Russian Empire of 1897. Breakdown of population by mother tongue: Kherson district - the city of Kherson". Demoskop Weekly. No. 623–624. 31 December 2014. ISSN 1726-2887. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  36. ^ "First General Census of the Russian Empire of 1897. Breakdown of population by mother tongue: Kherson district - the city of Nikolayev (military governorate)". Demoskop Weekly. No. 623–624. 31 December 2014. ISSN 1726-2887. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  37. ^ "First General Census of the Russian Empire of 1897. Breakdown of population by mother tongue: Donetsk district - total population". Demoskop Weekly. No. 623–624. 31 December 2014. ISSN 1726-2887. Archived from the original on 11 September 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
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47°30′N 34°30′E / 47.5°N 34.5°E / 47.5; 34.5

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