Nowhere dense set

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In mathematics, a subset of a topological space is called nowhere dense[1][2] or rare[3] if its closure has empty interior. In a very loose sense, it is a set whose elements are not tightly clustered (as defined by the topology on the space) anywhere. For example, the integers are nowhere dense among the reals, whereas the interval (0, 1) is not nowhere dense.

A countable union of nowhere dense sets is called a meagre set. Meagre sets play an important role in the formulation of the Baire category theorem, which is used in the proof of several fundamental results of functional analysis.

Definition

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Density nowhere can be characterized in different (but equivalent) ways. The simplest definition is the one from density:

A subset   of a topological space   is said to be dense in another set   if the intersection   is a dense subset of     is nowhere dense or rare in   if   is not dense in any nonempty open subset   of  

Expanding out the negation of density, it is equivalent that each nonempty open set   contains a nonempty open subset disjoint from  [4] It suffices to check either condition on a base for the topology on   In particular, density nowhere in   is often described as being dense in no open interval.[5][6]

Definition by closure

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The second definition above is equivalent to requiring that the closure,   cannot contain any nonempty open set.[7] This is the same as saying that the interior of the closure of   is empty; that is,

 [8][9]

Alternatively, the complement of the closure   must be a dense subset of  [4][8] in other words, the exterior of   is dense in  

Properties

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The notion of nowhere dense set is always relative to a given surrounding space. Suppose   where   has the subspace topology induced from   The set   may be nowhere dense in   but not nowhere dense in   Notably, a set is always dense in its own subspace topology. So if   is nonempty, it will not be nowhere dense as a subset of itself. However the following results hold:[10][11]

  • If   is nowhere dense in   then   is nowhere dense in  
  • If   is open in  , then   is nowhere dense in   if and only if   is nowhere dense in  
  • If   is dense in  , then   is nowhere dense in   if and only if   is nowhere dense in  

A set is nowhere dense if and only if its closure is.[1]

Every subset of a nowhere dense set is nowhere dense, and a finite union of nowhere dense sets is nowhere dense.[12][13] Thus the nowhere dense sets form an ideal of sets, a suitable notion of negligible set. In general they do not form a 𝜎-ideal, as meager sets, which are the countable unions of nowhere dense sets, need not be nowhere dense. For example, the set   is not nowhere dense in  

The boundary of every open set and of every closed set is closed and nowhere dense.[14][2] A closed set is nowhere dense if and only if it is equal to its boundary,[14] if and only if it is equal to the boundary of some open set[2] (for example the open set can be taken as the complement of the set). An arbitrary set   is nowhere dense if and only if it is a subset of the boundary of some open set (for example the open set can be taken as the exterior of  ).

Examples

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  • The set   and its closure   are nowhere dense in   since the closure has empty interior.
  • The Cantor set is an uncountable nowhere dense set in  
  •   viewed as the horizontal axis in the Euclidean plane is nowhere dense in  
  •   is nowhere dense in   but the rationals   are not (they are dense everywhere).
  •   is not nowhere dense in  : it is dense in the open interval   and in particular the interior of its closure is  
  • The empty set is nowhere dense. In a discrete space, the empty set is the only nowhere dense set.[15]
  • In a T1 space, any singleton set that is not an isolated point is nowhere dense.
  • A vector subspace of a topological vector space is either dense or nowhere dense.[16]

Nowhere dense sets with positive measure

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A nowhere dense set is not necessarily negligible in every sense. For example, if   is the unit interval   not only is it possible to have a dense set of Lebesgue measure zero (such as the set of rationals), but it is also possible to have a nowhere dense set with positive measure. One such example is the Smith–Volterra–Cantor set.

For another example (a variant of the Cantor set), remove from   all dyadic fractions, i.e. fractions of the form   in lowest terms for positive integers   and the intervals around them:   Since for each   this removes intervals adding up to at most   the nowhere dense set remaining after all such intervals have been removed has measure of at least   (in fact just over   because of overlaps[17]) and so in a sense represents the majority of the ambient space   This set is nowhere dense, as it is closed and has an empty interior: any interval   is not contained in the set since the dyadic fractions in   have been removed.

Generalizing this method, one can construct in the unit interval nowhere dense sets of any measure less than   although the measure cannot be exactly 1 (because otherwise the complement of its closure would be a nonempty open set with measure zero, which is impossible).[18]

For another simpler example, if   is any dense open subset of   having finite Lebesgue measure then   is necessarily a closed subset of   having infinite Lebesgue measure that is also nowhere dense in   (because its topological interior is empty). Such a dense open subset   of finite Lebesgue measure is commonly constructed when proving that the Lebesgue measure of the rational numbers   is   This may be done by choosing any bijection   (it actually suffices for   to merely be a surjection) and for every   letting   (here, the Minkowski sum notation   was used to simplify the description of the intervals). The open subset   is dense in   because this is true of its subset   and its Lebesgue measure is no greater than   Taking the union of closed, rather than open, intervals produces the F𝜎-subset   that satisfies   Because   is a subset of the nowhere dense set   it is also nowhere dense in   Because   is a Baire space, the set   is a dense subset of   (which means that like its subset     cannot possibly be nowhere dense in  ) with   Lebesgue measure that is also a nonmeager subset of   (that is,   is of the second category in  ), which makes   a comeager subset of   whose interior in   is also empty; however,   is nowhere dense in   if and only if its closure in   has empty interior. The subset   in this example can be replaced by any countable dense subset of   and furthermore, even the set   can be replaced by   for any integer  

See also

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  • Baire space – Concept in topology
  • Smith–Volterra–Cantor set – set that is nowhere dense (in particular it contains no intervals), yet has positive measure
  • Meagre set – "Small" subset of a topological space

References

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  1. ^ a b Bourbaki 1989, ch. IX, section 5.1.
  2. ^ a b c Willard 2004, Problem 4G.
  3. ^ Narici & Beckenstein 2011, section 11.5, pp. 387-389.
  4. ^ a b Fremlin 2002, 3A3F(a).
  5. ^ Oxtoby, John C. (1980). Measure and Category (2nd ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 1–2. ISBN 0-387-90508-1. A set is nowhere dense if it is dense in no interval; although note that Oxtoby later gives the interior-of-closure definition on page 40.
  6. ^ Natanson, Israel P. (1955). Teoria functsiy veshchestvennoy peremennoy [Theory of functions of a real variable]. Vol. I (Chapters 1-9). Translated by Boron, Leo F. New York: Frederick Ungar. p. 88. hdl:2027/mdp.49015000681685. LCCN 54-7420.
  7. ^ Steen, Lynn Arthur; Seebach Jr., J. Arthur (1995). Counterexamples in Topology (Dover republication of Springer-Verlag 1978 ed.). New York: Dover. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-486-68735-3. A subset   of   is said to be nowhere dense in   if no nonempty open set of   is contained in  
  8. ^ a b Gamelin, Theodore W. (1999). Introduction to Topology (2nd ed.). Mineola: Dover. pp. 36–37. ISBN 0-486-40680-6 – via ProQuest ebook Central.
  9. ^ Rudin 1991, p. 41.
  10. ^ Narici & Beckenstein 2011, Theorem 11.5.4.
  11. ^ Haworth & McCoy 1977, Proposition 1.3.
  12. ^ Fremlin 2002, 3A3F(c).
  13. ^ Willard 2004, Problem 25A.
  14. ^ a b Narici & Beckenstein 2011, Example 11.5.3(e).
  15. ^ Narici & Beckenstein 2011, Example 11.5.3(a).
  16. ^ Narici & Beckenstein 2011, Example 11.5.3(f).
  17. ^ "Some nowhere dense sets with positive measure and a strictly monotonic continuous function with a dense set of points with zero derivative".
  18. ^ Folland, G. B. (1984). Real analysis: modern techniques and their applications. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 41. hdl:2027/mdp.49015000929258. ISBN 0-471-80958-6.

Bibliography

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