A nuptial pad (also known as thumb pad, or nuptial excrescence[1]) is a secondary sex characteristic present on some mature male frogs and salamanders.[2][3][4][5] Triggered by androgen hormones, this breeding gland (a type of mucous gland) appears as a spiked epithelial swelling on the forearm and prepollex that aids with grip, which is used primarily by males to grasp (or clasp) females during amplexus.[6] They can also be used in male–male combat in some species.[6]
Historical background
editAustrian biologist Paul Kammerer experimented on midwife toads' nuptial pads.[7] He used the offspring's apparent enlargening from generation-to-generation as evidence of Lamarckian evolution.[8]
Examples
editMany amphibian species manifest nuptial pads for use in amplexus, an example being the rough-skinned newt, Taricha granulosa.[9]
See also
edit- Amplexus – Type of mating behavior exhibited by some externally fertilizing species
- Humeral spine
References
edit- ^ William E. Duellman; et al. (1994). Biology of Amphibians. JHU Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-8018-4780-6.
- ^ "Science & Nature – Wildfacts – Common frog, grass frog". BBC. 2008-07-25. Retrieved 2011-07-14.
- ^ "Mertensiella caucasica". AmphibiaWeb. 1999-10-03. Retrieved 2011-07-14.
- ^ "Ommatotriton ophryticus". AmphibiaWeb. 2005-10-26. Retrieved 2011-07-14.
- ^ "Pleurodeles waltl". AmphibiaWeb. 2002-05-25. Retrieved 2011-07-14.
- ^ a b F. Harvey Pough; Andrews RM; Cadle JE; Crump ML; Savitsky AH; Wells KD (2004). Herpetology (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. pp. 67–68. ISBN 0-13-100849-8.
- ^ Koestler, Arthur (1971). The Case of the Midwife Toad. Random House.
- ^ [1] Archived September 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ C. Michael Hogan (2008). "Rough-skinned Newt (Taricha granulosa)". Globaltwitcher, ed. Nicklas Stromberg. Archived from the original on 2009-05-27.