Nursing theory is defined as "a creative and conscientious structuring of ideas that project a tentative, purposeful, and systematic view of phenomena".[1] Through systematic inquiry, whether in nursing research or practice, nurses are able to develop knowledge relevant to improving the care of patients. Theory refers to "a coherent group of general propositions used as principles of explanation".[2]
Nursing theory
editImportance
editIn the early part of nursing's history, there was little formal nursing knowledge. As nursing education developed, the need to categorize knowledge led to development of nursing theory to help nurses evaluate increasingly complex client care situations.[3]
Nursing theories give a plan for reflection in which to examine a certain direction in where the plan needs to head.[4] As new situations are encountered, this framework provides an arrangement for management, investigation and decision-making. Nursing theories also administer a structure for communicating with other nurses and with other representatives and members of the health care team. Nursing theories assist the development of nursing in formulating beliefs, values and goals. They help to define the different particular contribution of nursing with the care of clients.[5] Nursing theory guides research and practice.
Borrowed and shared theories
editNot all theories in nursing are unique nursing theories; many are borrowed or shared with other disciplines.[6] Theories developed by Neuman, Watson, Parse, Orlando and Peplau are considered unique nursing theories. Theories and concepts that originated in related sciences have been borrowed by nurses to explain and explore phenomena specific to nursing.[7]
Types
editGrand nursing theories
editGrand nursing theories have the broadest scope and present general concepts and propositions.[8] Theories at this level may both reflect and provide insights useful for practice but are not designed for empirical testing. This limits the use of grand nursing theories for directing, explaining, and predicting nursing in particular situations. However, these theories may contain concepts that can lend themselves to empirical testing.[9] Theories at this level are intended to be pertinent to all instances of nursing. Grand theories consist of conceptual frameworks defining broad perspectives for practice and ways of looking at nursing phenomena based on the perspectives.
Mid-range nursing theories
editMiddle-range nursing theories are narrower in scope than grand nursing theories and offer an effective bridge between grand nursing theories and nursing practice. They present concepts and a lower level of abstraction and guide theory-based research and nursing practice strategies. One of the hallmarks of mid-range theory compared to grand theories is that mid-range theories are more tangible and verifiable through testing.[10] The functions of middle-range theories includes to describe, explain, or predict phenomenon. Middle-range theories are simple, straightforward, general, and consider a limited number of variables and limited aspect of reality.[7]
Nursing practice theories
editNursing practice theories have the most limited scope and level of abstraction and are developed for use within a specific range of nursing situations. Nursing practice theories provide frameworks for nursing interventions, and predict outcomes and the impact of nursing practice. The capacity of these theories is limited, and analyzes a narrow aspect of a phenomenon. Nursing practice theories are usually defined to an exact community or discipline.[11]
Nursing models
editNursing models are usually described as a representation of reality or a more simple way of organising a complex phenomenon. The nursing model is a consolidation of both concepts and the assumption that combine them into a meaningful arrangement. A model is a way of presenting a situation in such a way that it shows the logical terms in order to showcase the structure of the original idea. The term nursing model cannot be used interchangeably with nursing theory.
Components of nursing modeling
editThere are three main key components to a nursing model:[4]
- Statement of goal that the nurse is trying to achieve
- Set of beliefs and values
- Awareness, skills and knowledge the nurse needs to practice.
The first important step in development of ideas about nursing is to establish the body approach essential to nursing, then to analyse the beliefs and values around those.
Common concepts of nursing modeling: a metaparadigm
editA metaparadigm contains philosophical worldviews and concepts that are unique to a discipline and defines boundaries that separate it from other disciplines. A metaparadigm is intended to help guide others to conduct research and utilize the concepts for academia within that discipline. The nursing metaparadigm consist of four main concepts: person, health, environment, and nursing.[12]
- The person (Patient)
- The environment
- Health
- Nursing (Goals, Roles Functions)
Each theory is regularly defined and described by a nursing theorist. The main focal point of nursing out of the four various common concepts is the person (patient).[4]
Notable nursing theorists and theories
edit- Anne Casey: Casey's model of nursing
- Betty Neuman: Neuman systems model
- Callista Roy: Adaptation model of nursing
- Carl O. Helvie: Helvie energy theory of nursing and health
- Dorothea Orem: Self-care deficit nursing theory
- Faye Abdellah: Patient-centered approach to Nursing
- Helen Erickson
- Hildegard Peplau: Theory of interpersonal relations
- Imogene King
- Isabel Hampton Robb
- Kari Martinsen Adequate care must involve both objective observation and perceptive response.[13]
- Katharine Kolcaba: Theory of Comfort
- Madeleine Leininger
- Katie Love: Empowered Holistic Nursing Education
- Marie Manthey: Primary Nursing
- Martha E. Rogers: Science of unitary human beings
- Ramona T Mercer: Maternal role attainment theory
- Virginia Henderson: Henderson's need theory
- Jean Watson
- Nancy Roper, Winifred W. Logan, and Alison J. Tierney: Roper-Logan-Tierney model of nursing
- Phil Barker: Tidal Model
- Fundamentals of Care (FoC) [14]
Purposely omitted from this list is Florence Nightingale. Nightingale never actually formulated a theory of nursing science but was posthumously accredited with formulating some by others who categorized her personal journaling and communications into a theoretical framework.
Also not included are the many nurses who improved on these theorists' ideas without developing their own theoretical vision.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Chinn, Peggy; Kramer, Maeona (November 30, 2010). Integrated Theory & Knowledge Development in Nursing (8 ed.). St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 978-0-323-07718-7.
- ^ "explanation".http://intranet.tdmu.edu.te.ua/data/kafedra/internal/magistr/lectures_stud/English/First%20year/Nursing%20diagnosis/2.%20Nursing%20theory%20-%20history%20and%20modernity.htm
- ^ Alligood, Martha Raile, ed. (2014-01-01). Nursing theory: utilization & application (5 ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Mosby. ISBN 9780323091893.
- ^ a b c "Nursing Theories: An Overview". currentnursing.com. Retrieved 2016-05-17.
- ^ Graneheim, U.H; Lundman, B (2004-02-01). "Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness". Nurse Education Today. 24 (2): 105–112. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2003.10.001. ISSN 0260-6917. PMID 14769454.
- ^ Fawcett, Jacqueline; DeSanto-Madeya, Susan (2013). Contemporary Nursing Knowledge. Analysis and evaluation of nursing models and theories. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-8036-2765-9.
- ^ a b McEwen, Melanie; Wills, Evelyn (2014). Theoretical basis for nursing. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Williams. ISBN 978-1-4511-9031-1. OCLC 857664345.
- ^ Barnum, Barbara (1998). Nursing Theory: Analysis, Application, Evaluation. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-1104-3.
- ^ McEwen, M., & Wills, E. M. (2014). Theoretical basis for nursing. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
- ^ Kolcaba, Katherine (March–April 2001). "Evolution of the mid range theory of comfort for outcomes research". Nursing Outlook. 49 (2): 86–92. doi:10.1067/mno.2001.110268. PMID 11309563.
- ^ McEwen, Melanie (2014). Theoretical Basis for Nursing. Wolters Kluwer. ISBN 978-1-4511-9031-1.
- ^ McEwen, Melanie; Wills, Evelyn (2014). Theoretical basis for nursing. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Williams. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-4511-9031-1. OCLC 857664345.
- ^ Martinsen, Elin Håkonsen (March 2011). "Care for Nurses Only? Medicine and the Perceiving Eye". Health Care Analysis. 19 (1). Berlin, Germany: Springer Science+Business Media: 15–27. doi:10.1007/s10728-010-0161-9. ISSN 1065-3058. PMC 3037482. PMID 21136173.
- ^ Alison Kitson, Tiffany Conroy, Kerry Kuluski, Louise Locock, Renee Lyons (2013). "Reclaiming and redefining the Fundamentals of Care: Nursing's response to meeting patients' basic human needs" (PDF).
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