Nyungwe (Cinyungwe, Chinyungwe or Nhungue) is a Bantu language of Mozambique. It is used as a trade language throughout Tete Province. It belongs in the Southeastern Bantu branch, particularly in Guthrie zone N. It is closely related to Sena, Chewa, Nsenga and Tumbuka.
| Nyungwe | |
|---|---|
| Chinyungwe | |
| Native to | Mozambique |
| Region | Tete Province |
Native speakers | 490,000 (2017 census)[1] |
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | nyu |
| Glottolog | nyun1248 |
N.43[2] | |
Geographic distribution
editNyungwe is spoken by more than 439,000 people in Mozambique along the Zambezi River, principally in Tete Province.
Official status
editWhile Portuguese is the only official language of Mozambique, Nyungwe is one of the recognized national languages.[3][4]
Phonology
editThe phonological inventory is:[5][6]
Vowels
edit| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | i | u |
| Mid | e | o |
| Low | a | |
Consonants
editThis section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (February 2013) |
History
editMany vocabulary words collected by David Livingstone in Tete in the 1850s, and Courtois in the 1890s are similar to the words in common use by Nyungwe-speaking people today.
| Livingstone[7] | Courtois[8] | Martins[9] | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Molungo | Mulungu | Mulungu | God |
| Mozungo | Muzungu | Muzungu | White man |
Examples
edit| Nyungwe | English |
|---|---|
| Sulo adayanya uxamwali na Moto[10] | Rabbit makes friends with fire |
| Munembi: Basílio Gimo | Author: Basílio Gimo |
| Pantsiku inango sulo akhazunga m’phepete mwa gombe,
ndipo mbvuu ikhabzizungirambo icimbadya mauswa yakusvipirira m’phepete mwa gombe momwe mukhana sulomo. Mbvuu iribe kuwona kuti sulo akhali m’phepete mule, na tenepo mbvuu idamuponda mwendo sulo. Ndipo sulo adalira, acipfuwula aciwuza mbvuu kuti: “Iwe mbvuu uli kuwona lini kuti uli kundiponda mwendo?” |
One day, rabbit was walking by the river
and hippo was also walking there eating grass by the shore of the river where rabbit was. Hippo didn't see that rabbit was by the shore there and so hippo stepped on rabbit's foot. Then rabbit cried, and yowled saying to hippo, "You hippo! Can't you see that you've stepped on my foot?" |
References
edit- ^ Nyungwe at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
- ^ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
- ^ "Constituição da República" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-08-13. Retrieved 2013-02-20 – via mozambique.mz.
- ^ Sitoe, B.; Ngunga, A., eds. (2000). Relatório do II Seminário sobre a Padronização da Ortografia de Línguas Moçambicanas (in Portuguese). Maputo: NELIMO, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane.
- ^ http://lidemo.net/biblioteca/resources/view/nyu/ling/NYU_T000007.pdf Transition primer for Portuguese to Nyungwe
- ^ Sitoe, B.; Ngunga, A., eds. (2000). Relatório do II Seminário sobre a Padronização da Ortografia de Línguas Moçambicanas (in Portuguese). Maputo: NELIMO, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane. pp. 95–99.
- ^ "David Livingstone; Missionary Travels Chapter 31". thuto.org.
- ^ Courtois, Victor José (1899). Dicionário Portuguez-Cafre-Tetense (in Portuguese). Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade.
- ^ Martins, Manuel dos Anjos (1991). Elementos da língua Nyungwe (in Portuguese). Roma: Missionários Combonianos.
- ^ Kalivu ka Cinyungwe 1: Bzidapi [Nyungwe Traditional Stories 1: Bzidapi] (in Nyungwe). Nampula: SIL Moçambique. 2010. p. 8. Archived from the original on 2012-03-15 – via lidemo.net.
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External links
edit- O Centro de Estudos de Línguas Moçambicanas (NELIMO)(in Portuguese) The Mozambican authority on languages.
- Publications in Nyungwe at lidemo.net (in Portuguese)
- A blog about the Nyungwe Bible translation