The "Ballade des dames du temps jadis" ("Ballade of Ladies of Time Gone By") is a Middle French poem by François Villon that celebrates famous women in history and mythology, and a prominent example of the ubi sunt? genre. It is written in the fixed-form ballade format, and forms part of his collection Le Testament in which it is followed by the Ballade des seigneurs du temps jadis.
| Ballade des dames du temps jadis | |
|---|---|
| by François Villon | |
 The poem in the Stockholm manuscript, late 15th century | |
| Original title | Ballade des dames du temps jadis |
| Written | 1461 |
| Country | France |
| Language | Middle French |
| Subject(s) | Lives of illustrious women |
| Form | Ballade |
| Meter | iambic tetrameter |
| Rhyme scheme | ababbcbC ababbcbC ababbcbC bcbC |
| Media type | Manuscript |
| Lines | 28 |
The section is simply labelled Ballade by Villon; the title des dames du temps jadis was added by Clément Marot in his 1533 edition of Villon's poems.
.png)
Translations and adaptations
editParticularly famous is its interrogative refrain, Mais où sont les neiges d'antan?, an example of the ubi sunt motif,[1] which was common in medieval poetry and particularly in Villon's ballads.[2]
This was translated into English by Dante Gabriel Rossetti as "Where are the snows of yesteryear?",[3] for which he popularized the word "yesteryear" to translate Villon's antan.[4] The French word was used in its original sense of "last year", although both antan and the English yesteryear have now taken on a wider meaning of "years gone by". The phrase has also been translated as "But where are last year's snows?".[5]
The ballade has been made into a song (using the original Middle French text) by French songwriter Georges Brassens,[6] and by the Czech composer Petr Eben, in the cycle Šestero piesní milostných (1951).[citation needed]
Text of the ballade, with literal translation
editThe text is from Clement Marot's Œuvres complètes de François Villon of 1533, in the Le Grand Testament pages 34 to 35.
Dictes moy où, n'en quel pays, |
Tell me where, in which country |
In popular culture
editThe refrain Mais où sont les neiges d'antan? has been quoted or alluded to in numerous works.
- In Der Rosenkavalier (1911), the opera by Richard Strauss to an original German libretto by Hugo von Hofmannsthal, the Marschallin asks, in her monologue toward the end of Act 1 as she considers her own, younger self: “Wo ist die jetzt? Ja, such' dir den Schnee vom vergangenen Jahr!” (“Where is she now? Yes, look for the snow of yesteryear.”)
- In Bertolt Brecht's 1936 play Die Rundköpfe und die Spitzköpfe (Round Heads and Pointed Heads), the line is quoted as "Wo sind die Tränen von gestern abend? / Wo is die Schnee vom vergangenen Jahr?" ("Where are the tears of yester evening? / Where are the snows of yesteryear?") in "Lied eines Freudenmädchens" (Nannas Lied) ("Song of a joy-maiden [prostitute]" (Nanna's song)); music originally by Hanns Eisler, alternative arrangement by Kurt Weill.[8]
- The original 1945 manuscript of the play, “The Glass Menagerie” by Tennessee Williams, contains optional stage directions for projecting the legend “Où sont les neiges d’antan?” on a screen during Amanda's monologue in Scene One where she recounts her (likely exaggerated) past life as a popular Southern belle.
- The poem was alluded to in Joseph Heller's novel Catch-22, when Yossarian asks "Where are the Snowdens of yesteryear?" in both French and English, Snowden being the name of a character who dies despite the efforts of Yossarian to save him.[9]
- Umberto Eco quotes the line "Where are the snows of yesteryear?" in the final chapter "Last Page" of The Name of the Rose.[10]
- James O'Barr wrote "Oú sont les neiges d'antan Villon" in his 1981 graphic novel The Crow" under an image of The Crow lying broken hearted and empty.[11]
- In S2:E9 of Downton Abbey, the Dowager Countess of Grantham, played by Dame Maggie Smith, quotes the refrain "Mais où sont les neiges d'antan?" in its original French, when referring to the father of the present Lord "Jinks" Hepworth, who she knew in the 1860s.
See also
edit
Notes
edit- ^ "Archipiada" is thought to be Villon’s misremembering of Alcibiades, a friend of Socrates who was reputed to be a model of beauty, and who in the Middle Ages was therefore assumed to be a woman.[7]
References
edit- ^ Taylor, Jane H. M. (21 May 2001). Michael Sheringham (ed.). The Poetry of François Villon: Text and Context. Cambridge University Press. pp. 72–74. ISBN 978-0-521-79270-7. OCLC 1171448886.
- ^ Fein, David A.; Wadsworth, Philip Adrian (1984). A Reading of Villon's Testament. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-917786-04-4. OCLC 1006445752.
- ^ Rossetti, Dante Gabriel (1872) [original French poem Ballade des dames du temps jadis 1461 by François Villon], "Three Translations From François Villon, 1450. I. The Ballad of Dead Ladies", Poems (1870): Sixth Edition, French poems translated 1869 by Dante Gabriel Rossetti (6 ed.), London: F. S. Ellis, p. 177, retrieved 2013-07-23
- ^ Rossetti has been said to have coined this word, but the Oxford English Dictionary entry for 'yesteryear' cites a work published over two decades before Rossetti's translation, a citation which, furthermore, suggests the word was already in use.
- ^ Woledge, Brian, ed. (1961). The Penguin Book of French Verse. Vol. 1. Harmondsworth: Penguin. p. 315.
- ^ Brassens, Georges. "Ballade des dames du temps jadis". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
- ^ "Ballad of the Ladies of Bygone Times (Francois Villon)". www.bopsecrets.org.
- ^ "Why Brecht Now? Vol. III: Ute Lemper sings "Nanna's Lied"". dusted. 2019-07-12. Archived from the original on 2022-03-25.
- ^ Schachtman, Benjamin Nathan (2005), "12. Black Comedy", in Maurice Charney (ed.), Comedy: A Geographic and Historical Guide, Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, ISBN 978-0-313-32714-8, OCLC 836070872
- ^ Eco, Umberto (1980). The Name of the Rose. ISBN 0151002134. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
- ^ O'Barr, James (1981). The Crow. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
