Other specified dissociative disorder (OSDD) is a mental health diagnosis for pathological dissociation that matches the DSM-5 criteria for a dissociative disorder, but does not fit the full criteria for any of the specifically identified subtypes, which include dissociative identity disorder, dissociative amnesia, and depersonalization/derealization disorder, and the reasons why the previous diagnoses were not met are specified. "Unspecified dissociative disorder" is given when the clinician does not give a reason.[1] The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) refers to the diagnosis as "Other dissociative and conversion disorders".[2] Under the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), it was known as "Dissociative disorder not otherwise specified" (DDNOS).
Examples of OSDD include chronic and recurrent syndromes of mixed dissociative symptoms, identity disturbance due to prolonged and intense coercive persuasion, disorders similar to dissociative identity disorder, acute dissociative reactions to stressful events, and dissociative trance.[1]
OSDD is the most common dissociative disorder and is diagnosed in 40% of dissociative disorder cases.[3] It is often co-morbid with other mental illnesses such as complex posttraumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, personality disorders, substance use disorders, and eating disorders.[4]
There are currently no available drugs that treat dissociative symptoms directly; however, dissociative conditions appear to respond well to psychotherapy.[5][6]
Evolution
edit
OSDD was officially adopted in the DSM-V, which was published in 2013, alongside Unspecified Dissociative Disorder to replace DDNOS.[7]
Criteria
editThere are currently four examples of OSDD given in the DSM. OSDD is a "catch-all" category for any presentation that is abnormal but does not meet the diagnostic criteria for any of the dissociative disorders, and therefore the examples given are not the only presentations of OSDD possible. OSDD is only diagnosed when it is known that another dissociative disorder is not present; if the diagnosis is still being clarified, or if there is not enough time to make an informed diagnosis (such as in an emergency room setting), a diagnosis of unspecified dissociative disorder may be given.
When being diagnosed with OSDD, a clinician may specify in the client's file more detail on the diagnosis. An example would be specifying "OSDD (dissociative trance)". A common misconception with the examples listed in the DSM is that they are four "types" of OSDD, but the DSM never actually names the examples as "types" of OSDD, rather lists them as examples of what the clinician could specify in the client's file.
Chronic and recurrent syndromes of mixed dissociative symptoms
editThe DSM states, "This category includes identity disturbance associated with less-than-marked discontinuities in sense of self and agency, or alterations of identity or episodes of possession in an individual who reports no dissociative amnesia".[1]
The ICD-11 describes this presentation as "Partial dissociative identity disorder".[8]
Identity disturbance due to prolonged and intense coercive persuasion
editThe DSM gives the examples of "brainwashing, thought reform, indoctrination while captive, torture, long-term political imprisonment, recruitment by sects/cults or by terror organizations." People with this presentation, as a result, may experience distressing changes to and/or questioning of their identity.[1]
Acute dissociative reactions to stressful events
editThis category is used for acute dissociative episodes which may last anywhere from a few hours to weeks, but typically less than a month. The dissociative conditions are characterised by "constriction of consciousness", including "depersonalization; derealization; perceptual disturbances (e.g., time slowing, macropsia); micro-amnesias; transient stupor; and/or alterations in sensory-motor functioning (e.g., analgesia, paralysis)."[1]
Dissociative Trance
editThis category represents a dissociative trance; "an acute narrowing or complete loss of awareness of immediate surroundings that manifests as profound unresponsiveness or insensitivity to environmental stimuli."[1] The DSM specifies that "The dissociative trance is not a normal part of a broadly accepted collective cultural or religious practice".
In the ICD-11, this condition warrants a separate diagnosis of Trance disorder.[8]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e f American Psychiatric Association (2013). DSM-5 (5th, revised ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Press. p. 991. ISBN 978-0-89042-554-1.
- ^ International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision (2017). Archived from the original on 2021-05-15. Retrieved 2021-06-30. F44.89.
- ^ O'Neil; et al. (2008). Dissociation and the dissociative disorders : DSM-V and beyond. London: Routledge. p. 694. ISBN 978-0-415-95785-4. Archived from the original on 2023-11-02. Retrieved 2021-06-30.
- ^ Brand; et al. (June 2009). "A naturalistic study of dissociative identity disorder and dissociative disorder not otherwise specified patients treated by community clinicians". Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy: 154–55. Archived from the original on 2016-04-06. Retrieved 2021-06-30.
- ^ Şar, Vedat (December 2014). "The Many Faces of Dissociation: Opportunities for Innovative Research in Psychiatry". Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience. 12 (3): 171–179. doi:10.9758/cpn.2014.12.3.171. ISSN 1738-1088. PMC 4293161. PMID 25598819.
- ^ Brand, Bethany; Classen, Catherine; Lanins, Ruth; Loewenstein, Richard; McNary, Scott; Pain, Claire; Putnam, Frank (2009). "A naturalistic study of dissociative identity disorder and dissociative disorder not otherwise specified patients treated by community clinicians". Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. 1 (2): 153–171. doi:10.1037/a0016210. ISSN 1942-969X.
- ^ traumadissociation.com (2015). "Other Specified Dissociative Disorder (DDNOS) - Types and DSM 5 criteria". Trauma dissociation. Archived from the original on 2020-07-21. Retrieved 2020-07-29.
- ^ a b "ICD-11 - ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics". icd.who.int. Archived from the original on 2018-08-01. Retrieved 2021-06-19.