Eweka I (reigned 1200 AD – 1235 AD) was the first Oba of Benin and presided over the kingdom's shift from the Ogiso Dynasty to the establishment of the Obaship. His 35-year reign had a notable impact on the political, cultural, and traditional aspects of the kingdom. Before Eweka I's rule, the Benin Kingdom faced uncertainty due to the banishment of Owodo, the last Ogiso, for misrule. Oduduwa a Yoruba king from Ile Ife[2] who was the grandfather of Oromiyan, who eventually set the stage for Eweka I's ascension to power. The turning point occurred when Oduduwa's grandson, Oromiyan went to Benin as an emissary. Oromiyan's arrival was met with resistance, leading to his settlement in Usama, on the outskirts of Benin City.
| Eweka I | |
|---|---|
| Oba of Benin | |
| Oba of Benin | |
| Reign | 1200 AD–1235 AD |
| Successor | Uwakhuahen |
| Born | Unknown Egor, Nigeria |
| Died | 1235 AD Benin Kingdom |
| Issue |
|
| Dynasty | Benin Dynasty |
| Father | Oromiyan |
| Mother | Erimwinde |
| Religion | Traditional Benin Religion |
To gauge the loyalty of the Benin people, Oromiyan challenged them to care for a common louse for three years, symbolising their commitment to their potential king. Oromiyan resided in a palace constructed for him within the city of Benin. During his time there, he entered into matrimony with an Edo woman by the name of Erinwinde. Their union bore fruit in the form of a son, who was christened Eweka. Despite the successful completion of this task by the Benin people, Oromiyan recognised the importance of a ruler deeply rooted in Benin culture. He relinquished his claim to the throne, highlighting the need for a monarch well-versed in Benin traditions, ultimately paving the way for Eweka I's reign.
Eweka I's rule marked the establishment of the Obaship in Benin, with the term "Oba" beginning to signify kingship during his time. He emphasised the significance of rulers educated in Benin culture, a principle that persisted over the centuries. Following Eweka I's death in 1235 AD, his legacy became an integral part of the Benin Kingdom's identity, influencing its governance, traditions, and cultural heritage.
Background
editEweka I, the first Oba of the Benin Kingdom, played a significant role in the historical transition from the Ogiso Dynasty to the Obaship in ancient Benin.[3][4] His reign, which spanned from 1200 AD to 1235 AD, witnessed notable political and cultural changes that reshaped the kingdom's trajectory.[5][6]
Before Eweka I's accession to the throne, the Benin Kingdom was under the rule of the Ogisos, with Owodo as the last monarch in this line.[7] Owodo's removal due to misrule created a period of uncertainty in Benin, leading to Eweka I's eventual rise to power.[8] Oduduwa, father of Oromiyan, had been exiled to Uhe (present-day Ife) before Eweka I's rule, and this exile played a role in shaping the circumstances that led to Eweka I's reign.[3][4]
A notable moment in Benin's history unfolded when Oduduwa recognised his son Oromiyan's potential and sent him to Benin as an emissary.[7][9] Oromiyan's arrival marked a significant turning point for the kingdom, albeit met with resistance from the existing administration led by Ogiamien.[3][9] Oromiyan, of mixed Yoruba and Benin heritage, struggled with the cultural differences and eventually settled in Usama, on the outskirts of Benin City.[8] Oromiyan resided in a specially constructed palace in Benin, where he entered matrimony with Erinwinde, an Edo woman, resulting in the birth of their son, Eweka.[7][10][11]
The Benin people, demonstrating their loyalty, successfully completed a unique task set by Oromiyan – caring for a common louse for three years, symbolising their commitment to their potential king.[12][13] This act convinced Oromiyan of the Benin people's ability to nurture their ruler.[8][9] However, recognising the importance of a monarch deeply rooted in Benin culture, Oromiyan relinquished his claim to the throne and returned to Uhe (Ife), emphasising the necessity of a leader well-versed in Benin's traditions and customs and that brought rise to the Eweka I as the first Oba of the Benin Kingdom.[3][14][4]
Eweka I's eventual reign, guided by his maternal grandfather, Ogiegor, marked the establishment of the Obaship in Benin.[11] The term "Oba," denoting kingship, gained prominence during Eweka I's rule, highlighting his historical significance without subjective language.[6][9]
Early life
editThe early life of Eweka I, the first Oba of the Benin Kingdom, is obscured by limited historical records detailing his formative years.[15][16] Born during a period of political transition and upheaval, Eweka's upbringing was influenced by the intricate interplay of Benin's royal lineage and cultural interactions with neighbouring regions.[17][15]
Historians have debated the exact birthplace of Eweka I within the Benin Kingdom. Some sources suggest he was born in Benin City itself, while others propose that his birth may have occurred during his father's exile in Uhe, known today as Ife.[11][9] The uncertainty surrounding his birthplace mirrors the tumultuous history of his family.[17][18]
Eweka I, born to Oromiyan, son of Oduduwa, inherited a heritage that encompassed both Yoruba and Benin cultures.[15] This dual heritage later influence his early life and decisions as he matured.[14][13]
Eweka's formative years were marked by the challenges his father faced during his exile and subsequent return to Benin as an emissary.[4] This period exposed Eweka to the complexities of navigating the cultural and political landscape of the Benin Kingdom.[15][18] These experiences likely contributed to Eweka's recognition of the significance of a ruler deeply rooted in Benin culture.[16][6][19]
The cultural exchange resulting from Oromiyan's arrival in Benin also left a lasting impact on Eweka's early life.[8][18] The juxtaposition and eventual harmonization of Yoruba and Benin traditions contributed to his formative experiences.[17][15]
Reign
editEstablishment of the Benin Kingdom
editAfter the exile of Owodo, the last ruler from the Ogiso dynasty, due to his actions, a period of uncertainty gripped the Benin region.[20][18] During this turbulent era, Evian emerged as a stabilising force in the administration of Benin, known for his role in subduing Osogan.[16][20]
Evian's reign, spanning nearly four decades, brought stability to the region but also generated controversy.[15] In his later years, Evian appointed his son, Ogiamien, as his successor.[6][14] However, this decision faced opposition from certain Edo individuals who argued that the throne should be reserved for those of royal lineage rather than commoners like Evian's family.[6][18] Spearheaded by Oliha, a prominent figure, a movement emerged to restore a monarch to the throne.[17][20]
This agitation led to internal conflict, prompting a group of elders, led by Oliha, to embark on a quest to locate Ikaladerhan, the exiled son of the last Ogiso, Owodo.[4] Ikaladerhan had sought refuge in Uhe, known today as Ife.[20] Upon reaching Uhe, the search party found that Ikaladerhan had assumed a royal status.[18] Despite their best efforts, Ikaladerhan, now known as Oduduwa, was reluctant to return to Benin.[20] However, he did agree to send his son to assess the Edo people's commitment to their king.[17][20]
In 1170 AD, Oduduwa sent his son, Oromiyan, to Benin.[14] As a test of their loyalty, Oduduwa challenged the Edo people to care for a common louse for three years. Successfully completing this unusual task convinced Oduduwa of the people's devotion to their king.[15][14]
Oromiyan's arrival in Benin
editOromiyan's arrival in Benin encountered resistance from Ogiamien, who controlled the city under his administration. Oromiyan settled in Usama, an outskirt of Benin, with the support of the Edion, 'Elders', led by Chief Oliha.[21][19] Oromiyan faced challenges due to his Yoruba background, having been born and raised in Yoruba land, despite his Benin heritage through his father, Ikaladerhan.[8]
Oromiyan struggled with the Benin language and culture, unable to bridge the cultural gap.[18] Also, Ogiamien, along with rival chieftains vying for the crown, created a hostile environment that marred Oranmiyan's reign.[22] Eventually, he renounced his position and referred to Edo land as Ile Ibinu, 'land of annoyance and vexation'.[20][22] He declared that only someone educated in the culture and traditions of Benin could rule the kingdom. Oromiyan then returned to Uhe (Ife).[8]
On his way back to Uhe, Oromiyan briefly stopped at Ego, where he fathered a child with Princess Erimwinde, the daughter of the Enogie of Ego.[15] The child, in his early years, faced speech difficulties.[15] However, with support from his father, who had established the Alafin dynasty in Oyo, the child overcame this challenge. During a game of marbles with other children, he exclaimed "Owomika," which was later adapted into "Eweka."[17]
Eweka I: The first Oba
editFor over 30 years, the administration of Benin City remained in the hands of the Ogiamien family until 1200 AD when a young king, Eweka I, assumed the throne.[23][24] He ruled the kingdom with the assistance of his maternal grandfather, Ogiegor.[25][21]
Eweka I marked the end of the Ogiso Dynasty and the establishment of the Obaship in Benin.[24][6] The origin of the term "Oba" remains a subject of debate, with some suggesting Yoruba influence, while others attribute it to the first Ogiso, Obagodo.[24][23] Regardless of its origins, the term "Oba" began to signify kingship during the reign of Oba Eweka I in 1200 AD.[15][6]
Oba Eweka I's rule was a significant moment in the history of the Benin Kingdom, setting the stage for the reigns of his successors, including Oba Uwakhuahen and Oba Ehenmihen.[24][15]
Death
editThe death of Eweka I, the inaugural Oba of the Benin Kingdom, marked a significant juncture in the kingdom's history.[18][21] His passing in 1235 AD signified both the conclusion of his lengthy reign and the transition of leadership to his successors.[6][26]
Eweka I's death, with limited documentation in historical records, is believed to have occurred in Benin City, the capital of his kingdom.[18][19] It followed a 35-year reign during which he oversaw a period of transformation and consolidation.[17][26]
As the first Oba of Benin, Eweka I made a lasting impact on the kingdom's political and cultural landscape. His rule witnessed the establishment of the Obaship, marking the end of the Ogiso Dynasty.[27] Eweka I's legacy paved the way for his successors to carry on his vision for the Benin Kingdom.[6]
After Eweka I's death, leadership passed to his son, Oba Uwakhuahen.[27] While Eweka I's reign brought about significant changes and consolidated power, his death facilitated a smooth transition of authority within the Benin Dynasty.[6][4]
The specific circumstances surrounding Eweka I's death and any associated rituals or customs may remain obscured by the passage of time.[26][21] Nevertheless, his legacy as the first Oba of Benin and the catalyst behind the kingdom's transition from the Ogiso Dynasty endures in historical accounts.[6][28]
Legacy
editOba Eweka I's legacy is indelibly etched into the history of the Benin Kingdom, marking a transformative era that forever altered the trajectory of the kingdom's governance, culture, and traditions.[28] As the first Oba of Benin, his reign, which began in 1200 AD and spanned 35 years until his death in 1235 AD, set the stage for a long line of distinguished rulers and laid the foundation for the enduring Obaship in Benin.[28]
Eweka I's most profound legacy lies in his role as the architect of the transition from the Ogiso Dynasty to the Obaship. His reign heralded the end of a centuries-old system of governance, characterised by the Ogisos, and ushered in a new era marked by the authority of the Oba.[28] Under his leadership, the kingdom saw the consolidation of power and a shift towards centralised governance, strengthening the authority of the monarch.
The term "Oba," signifying kingship, began to take root during Eweka I's rule.[6] While its precise origins remain a subject of debate, its popularisation and association with royal authority can be attributed to this visionary monarch. The concept of the Obaship, as defined and established by Eweka I, continues to shape the identity of the Benin Kingdom and its traditional institutions.[6][29]
Eweka I's emphasis on the importance of rulers educated in Benin culture and traditions was a defining aspect of his legacy.[29] His father's decision to renounce his own claim to the throne, citing the cultural gap between him and the people, reinforced the idea that only someone deeply rooted in the customs and heritage of Benin could effectively lead the kingdom. This principle has endured over the centuries, influencing the selection and education of subsequent Obas.[6][29]
Notes
edit- ^ Roese 1984, pp. 213.
- ^ Ajayi & M. Crowder. History of West Africa. p. 210.
- ^ a b c d Akeh-Osu 1992, p. 65.
- ^ a b c d e f Roese & Bondarenko 2003, p. 57.
- ^ Malaquais 1998, p. 45.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Board 2018, p. 79.
- ^ a b c "The kingdom of Benin". BBC Bitesize. 19 September 2023. Archived from the original on 29 June 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f Eddo 2015, p. 33.
- ^ a b c d e Roth 1903, p. 45.
- ^ Malaquais 1998, p. 47.
- ^ a b c P 1995, p. 26.
- ^ Malaquais 1998, p. 48.
- ^ a b Ryder 1969, p. 56.
- ^ a b c d e Olupona 2011, p. 67.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Egharevba 1968, p. 90.
- ^ a b c Eweka 1998, p. 25.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Oba Ewuare Coronation Speech 2016". Scribd. 5 August 2021. Archived from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Bradbury & Morton-Williams 2018, p. 334-336.
- ^ a b c Egharevba 1952.
- ^ a b c d e f g Usman & Falola 2019, p. 79.
- ^ a b c d Zeijl, Femke van (12 November 2016). "The Oba of Benin Kingdom: A history of the monarchy — Arts and Culture". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
- ^ a b Bankole, Idowu (29 December 2023). "The Benin Prince who founded Ile-Ife". Vanguard News. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
- ^ a b "The Kingdom of Benin". National Geographic Society. 20 May 2022. Archived from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
- ^ a b c d Eisenhofer & Egharevba 1995, pp. 141–163.
- ^ Ezra, K. (1992). Royal Art of Benin: The Perls Collection in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0-87099-633-7. Archived from the original on 11 May 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
- ^ a b c Eribake, Akintayo (1 May 2016). "BENIN KINGDOM: How a new Oba will emerge". Vanguard News. Archived from the original on 11 May 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
- ^ a b Boisragon 1897.
- ^ a b c d Plankensteiner et al. 2007, p. 43.
- ^ a b c Millar 1997.
- ^ Nwabuokei, Ephraim O (September 16, 2024). THE HISTORY OF AN AFRICAN COMMUNITY [IKHỌNMIOTỌ]: THE HISTORY OF ONICHA-OLONA KINGDOM (3rd ed.). Independently Published. pp. from page 2 included other pages of the book. ISBN 9798695066098.
- Malaquais, D. (1998). The Kingdom of Benin. A first book. F. Watts. ISBN 978-0-531-20279-1. Archived from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
- Eweka, I. (1998). Dawn to Dusk: Folk Tales from Benin. Frank Cass. ISBN 978-0-7146-4362-5. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
- Akeh-Osu, C.A. (1992). The History of Great Edo No'ri Isi, Isi-Ile-Uku Kingdom, "Issele-Uku": Founded in 1230 A.D., Founded by Ogie (King) Uwadiaie, Created by Oba Eweka 1 of Benin Empire : and the Emergence of the Mighty Umu-Ezechimas. Etukokwu. Archived from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
- Eddo, F. (2015). The Last African Empire. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1-5173-9423-3. Archived from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
- Egharevba, J.U. (1968). A Short History of Benin. Ibadan University Press. ISBN 978-978-121-239-0. Archived from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
- Board, B.T.C.E. (2018). The Benin Monarchy: An Anthology of Benin History. WELLS CRIMSON. ISBN 978-978-54734-1-4. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
- P, B.E.N.A. (1995). ART OF BENIN 2E PB (in Dutch). Smithsonian. ISBN 978-1-56098-610-2. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
- Usman, A.; Falola, T. (2019). The Yoruba from Prehistory to the Present. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-06460-7. Archived from the original on 11 May 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
- Olupona, J. (2011). City of 201 Gods: Ilé-Ifè in Time, Space, and the Imagination. ACLS Humanities E-Book. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26556-1. Archived from the original on 11 May 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
- Bradbury, R.E.; Morton-Williams, P. (2018). Benin Studies (in German). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-351-03124-0. Archived from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
- Ryder, A.F.C. (1969). Benin and the Europeans, 1485–1897. Ibadan history series. Humanities Press. ISBN 978-0-582-64514-1. Archived from the original on 6 October 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
- Eisenhofer, Stefan; Egharevba, Jacob (1995). "The Origins of the Benin Kingship in the Works of Jacob Egharevba". History in Africa. 22. Cambridge University Press: 141–163. doi:10.2307/3171912. ISSN 0361-5413. JSTOR 3171912. S2CID 161445279. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
- Plankensteiner, B.; Museum für Völkerkunde (Austria); Musée du Quai Branly (Paris); Ethnologisches Museum Berlin; Art Institute of Chicago (2007). Benin Kings and Rituals: Court Arts from Nigeria. Snoeck. ISBN 978-90-5349-626-8. Archived from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
- Roth, H.L. (1903). Great Benin; Its Customs, Art and Horrors. Metro Books. ISBN 978-0-8411-0075-6. Archived from the original on 21 September 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
- Roese, P.M.; Bondarenko, D.M. (2003). A Popular History of Benin: The Rise and Fall of a Mighty Forest Kingdom. P. Lang. ISBN 978-0-8204-6079-6. Archived from the original on 11 May 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
- Egharevba, J.U. (1952). The City of Benin. Aguebor Printers. Archived from the original on 11 May 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
- Millar, H. (1997). The Kingdom of Benin in West Africa. Cultures of the past. Benchmark Books. ISBN 978-0-7614-0088-2. Archived from the original on 16 February 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
- Boisragon, A.M. (1897). The Benin Massacre. Methuen. Archived from the original on 11 May 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
- Roese, Peter M. (1984). "Das Königreich Benin - von den Anfängen bis 1485". Anthropos. 79 (1/3). Anthropos Institut: 191–222. ISSN 0257-9774. JSTOR 40460800. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
- ^ Nwabuokei, Ephraim O. (September 16, 2024). THE HISTORY OF AN AFRICAN COMMUNITY [IKHỌNMIOTỌ]: THE HISTORY OF ONICHA-OLONA KINGDOM (3rd ed.). Independently Published. pp. From page 2 included other pages of the book. ISBN 9798695066098.
- ^ Nwabuokei, Ephraim O. (September 16, 2024). THE HISTORY OF AN AFRICAN COMMUNITY [IKHỌNMIOTỌ]: THE HISTORY OF ONICHA-OLONA KINGDOM (3rd ed.). Independently Published. pp. from page 2 included other pages of the book. ISBN 9798695066098.