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Eweka I

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Eweka I (reigned 1200 AD – 1235 AD) was the first Oba of Benin and presided over the kingdom's shift from the Ogiso Dynasty to the establishment of the Obaship. His 35-year reign had a notable impact on the political, cultural, and traditional aspects of the kingdom. Before Eweka I's rule, the Benin Kingdom faced uncertainty due to the banishment of Owodo, the last Ogiso, for misrule. Oduduwa, who was the father of Oromiyan had been exiled to Uhe (Ife), which eventually set the stage for Eweka I's ascension to power. The turning point occurred when Oduduwa sent his son, Oromiyan, to Benin as an emissary. Oromiyan's arrival was met with resistance, leading to his settlement in Usama, on the outskirts of Benin City.

Eweka I
First Oba of Benin
Oba of Benin
Reignc. 1200 – c. 1235
Coronationc. 1200
PredecessorOranmiyan (dynasty founder, not an Oba)
SuccessorUwakhuahen
RegentEdionevbo (during his youth)
BornEweka
c. 1185
Egor, Kingdom of Benin
Diedc. 1235
Kingdom of Benin
Issue
  • Uwakhuahen
  • Ehenmihen
  • Prince Idu (Later called Prince Elegbewi and made the Enogie of Umoghunmwun)
  • Prince Olomuza (Omonuza of Use)
  • Prince Omorodion (Odion of Uwokha)
  • Unknown name (Enogie of Ebue)[1]
HouseHouse of Eweka
DynastyOba dynasty
FatherOranmiyan
MotherErinmwinde

To gauge the loyalty of the Benin people, Oromiyan challenged them to care for a common louse for three years, symbolising their commitment to their potential king. Oromiyan resided in a palace constructed for him within the city of Benin. During his time there, he entered into matrimony with an Edo woman by the name of Erinwinde. Their union bore fruit in the form of a son, who was christened Eweka. Despite the successful completion of this task by the Benin people, Oromiyan recognised the importance of a ruler deeply rooted in Benin culture. He relinquished his claim to the throne, highlighting the need for a monarch well-versed in Benin traditions, ultimately paving the way for Eweka I's reign.

Eweka I's rule marked the establishment of the Obaship in Benin, with the term "Oba" beginning to signify kingship during his time. He emphasised the significance of rulers educated in Benin culture, a principle that persisted over the centuries. Following Eweka I's death in 1235 AD, his legacy became an integral part of the Benin Kingdom's identity, influencing its governance, traditions, and cultural heritage.

Background

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Eweka I, the first Oba of the Benin Kingdom, played a significant role in the historical transition from the Ogiso Dynasty to the Obaship in ancient Benin.[2][3] His reign, which spanned from 1200 AD to 1235 AD, witnessed notable political and cultural changes that reshaped the kingdom's trajectory.[4][5]

Before Eweka I's accession to the throne, the Benin Kingdom was under the rule of the Ogisos, with Owodo as the last monarch in this line.[6] Owodo's removal due to misrule created a period of uncertainty in Benin, leading to Eweka I's eventual rise to power.[7] Oduduwa, father of Oromiyan, had been exiled to Uhe (present-day Ife) before Eweka I's rule, and this exile played a role in shaping the circumstances that led to Eweka I's reign.[2][3]

A notable moment in Benin's history unfolded when Oduduwa recognised his son Oromiyan's potential and sent him to Benin as an emissary.[6][8] Oromiyan's arrival marked a significant turning point for the kingdom, albeit met with resistance from the existing administration led by Ogiamien.[2][8] Oromiyan, of mixed Yoruba and Benin heritage, struggled with the cultural differences and eventually settled in Usama, on the outskirts of Benin City.[7] Oromiyan resided in a specially constructed palace in Benin, where he entered matrimony with Erinwinde, an Edo woman, resulting in the birth of their son, Eweka.[6][9][10]

The Benin people, demonstrating their loyalty, successfully completed a unique task set by Oromiyan – caring for a common louse for three years, symbolising their commitment to their potential king.[11][12] This act convinced Oromiyan of the Benin people's ability to nurture their ruler.[7][8] However, recognising the importance of a monarch deeply rooted in Benin culture, Oromiyan relinquished his claim to the throne and returned to Uhe (Ife), emphasising the necessity of a leader well-versed in Benin's traditions and customs and that brought rise to the Eweka I as the first Oba of the Benin Kingdom.[2][13][3]

Eweka I's eventual reign, guided by his maternal grandfather, Ogiegor, marked the establishment of the Obaship in Benin.[10] The term "Oba," denoting kingship, gained prominence during Eweka I's rule, highlighting his historical significance without subjective language.[5][8]

Early life and ascension

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Eweka I was born around 1185 CE in Benin City, during a period of political turmoil and transition in the Kingdom of Benin. He was the son of Oranmiyan, a Yoruba prince from Ife, and Erinmwinde, a noblewoman of Bini origin. His father, Oranmiyan, played a role in founding the Oba dynasty after being invited by the Edionevbo council to address the governance crisis in Benin following the decline of the Ogiso dynasty.[14][15] Erinmwinde, Eweka's mother, was the daughter of Ogie of Egor, a settlement northwest of Benin City.[16][17]

Parentage and early influences

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Eweka I's lineage represented the merging of Bini heritage and Yoruba culture. Oranmiyan's arrival in Benin followed his appointment as a mediator by the Edionevbo council during a prolonged interregnum. His tenure was marked by resistance from local factions, leading to his eventual return to Ife. Before departing, Oranmiyan fathered Eweka, who inherited his father's legacy while being raised in Benin by his mother's kin.[18][17]

Erinmwinde's status as a descendant of Bini leadership ensured that Eweka had a local claim to the throne. Her influence and connections were critical in establishing Eweka's legitimacy as the rightful heir, as her lineage traced directly to the land's ancestral guardians.[19][20] Eweka's birth is surrounded by symbolic narratives. According to oral traditions, his first spoken word as a child, "owomika", was later Bini-ized into "Eweka," which became his name.[21][22] Raised in Benin City, his upbringing was influenced by the cultural and spiritual traditions of the Bini people. His education and training were overseen by local elites and spiritual leaders, ensuring he was well-versed in the customs and governance practices required of a future monarch. Despite his father's Yoruba origins, Eweka's identity was rooted in the Bini culture, nurtured by his maternal lineage.[23]

Cultural and political context

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The sociopolitical climate of Eweka's early life was shaped by the aftermath of the Ogiso dynasty's decline and the interim rule of leaders like Evian and Ogiamwen. These transitional figures struggled to maintain unity in the kingdom, leading to unrest and factionalism.[24] The invitation to Oranmiyan, and subsequently the rise of Eweka, was part of a deliberate effort by the Edionevbo to stabilise the kingdom by establishing a legitimate ruling dynasty.[23]

Eweka's maternal heritage connected him to the spiritual guardianship of the land, while his paternal lineage endowed him with external legitimacy, reinforcing his status as a chosen leader. This combination allowed Eweka to command respect among both factions in the kingdom, enabling his rise to power.[25][26]

Eweka I's familial connections extended to his offspring, who continued his legacy as rulers of Benin. His son, Uwakhuahen, succeeded him as Oba, carrying forward the dynasty that Eweka had established.[27] This continuity reinforced the legitimacy of the Oba dynasty, a cornerstone of Benin's identity for centuries. Eweka's descendants further institutionalised the traditions and governance structures introduced during his reign, solidifying the monarchy's role in Benin's sociopolitical framework.[28]

Reign

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Establishment of the Benin Kingdom

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After the exile of Owodo, the last ruler from the Ogiso dynasty, due to his actions, a period of uncertainty gripped the Benin region.[29][30] During this turbulent era, Evian emerged as a stabilising force in the administration of Benin, known for his role in subduing Osogan.[31][29]

Evian's reign, spanning nearly four decades, brought stability to the region but also generated controversy.[32] In his later years, Evian appointed his son, Ogiamien, as his successor.[5][13] However, this decision faced opposition from certain Edo individuals who argued that the throne should be reserved for those of royal lineage rather than commoners like Evian's family.[5][30] Spearheaded by Oliha, a prominent figure, a movement emerged to restore a monarch to the throne.[33][29]

This agitation led to internal conflict, prompting a group of elders, led by Oliha, to embark on a quest to locate Ikaladerhan, the exiled son of the last Ogiso, Owodo.[3] Ikaladerhan had sought refuge in Uhe, known today as Ife.[29] Upon reaching Uhe, the search party found that Ikaladerhan had assumed a royal status.[30] Despite their best efforts, Ikaladerhan, now known as Oduduwa, was reluctant to return to Benin.[29] However, he did agree to send his son to assess the Edo people's commitment to their king.[33][29]

In 1170 AD, Oduduwa sent his son, Oromiyan, to Benin.[13] As a test of their loyalty, Oduduwa challenged the Edo people to care for a common louse for three years. Successfully completing this unusual task convinced Oduduwa of the people's devotion to their king.[32][13]

Oromiyan's arrival in Benin

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Oromiyan's arrival in Benin encountered resistance from Ogiamien, who controlled the city under his administration. Oromiyan settled in Usama, an outskirt of Benin, with the support of the Edion, 'Elders', led by Chief Oliha.[34][35] Oromiyan faced challenges due to his Yoruba background, having been born and raised in Yoruba land, despite his Benin heritage through his father, Ikaladerhan.[7]

Oromiyan struggled with the Benin language and culture, unable to bridge the cultural gap.[30] Also, Ogiamien, along with rival chieftains vying for the crown, created a hostile environment that marred Oranmiyan's reign.[36] Eventually, he renounced his position and referred to Edo land as Ile Ibinu, 'land of annoyance and vexation'.[29][36] He declared that only someone educated in the culture and traditions of Benin could rule the kingdom. Oromiyan then returned to Uhe (Ife).[7]

On his way back to Uhe, Oromiyan briefly stopped at Ego, where he fathered a child with Princess Erimwinde, the daughter of the Enogie of Ego.[32] The child, in his early years, faced speech difficulties.[32] However, with support from his father, who had established the Alafin dynasty in Oyo, the child overcame this challenge. During a game of marbles with other children, he exclaimed "Owomika," which was later adapted into "Eweka."[33]

Eweka I: The first Oba

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For over 30 years, the administration of Benin City remained in the hands of the Ogiamien family until 1200 AD when a young king, Eweka I, assumed the throne.[37][38] He ruled the kingdom with the assistance of his maternal grandfather, Ogiegor.[39][34]

Eweka I marked the end of the Ogiso Dynasty and the establishment of the Obaship in Benin.[38][5] The origin of the term "Oba" remains a subject of debate, with some suggesting Yoruba influence, while others attribute it to the first Ogiso, Obagodo.[38][37] Regardless of its origins, the term "Oba" began to signify kingship during the reign of Oba Eweka I in 1200 AD.[32][5]

Oba Eweka I's rule was a significant moment in the history of the Benin Kingdom, setting the stage for the reigns of his successors, including Oba Uwakhuahen and Oba Ehenmihen.[38][32]

Death

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The death of Eweka I, the inaugural Oba of the Benin Kingdom, marked a significant juncture in the kingdom's history.[30][34] His passing in 1235 AD signified both the conclusion of his lengthy reign and the transition of leadership to his successors.[5][40]

Eweka I's death, with limited documentation in historical records, is believed to have occurred in Benin City, the capital of his kingdom.[30][35] It followed a 35-year reign during which he oversaw a period of transformation and consolidation.[33][40]

As the first Oba of Benin, Eweka I made a lasting impact on the kingdom's political and cultural landscape. His rule witnessed the establishment of the Obaship, marking the end of the Ogiso Dynasty.[41] Eweka I's legacy paved the way for his successors to carry on his vision for the Benin Kingdom.[5]

After Eweka I's death, leadership passed to his son, Oba Uwakhuahen.[41] While Eweka I's reign brought about significant changes and consolidated power, his death facilitated a smooth transition of authority within the Benin Dynasty.[5][3]

The specific circumstances surrounding Eweka I's death and any associated rituals or customs may remain obscured by the passage of time.[40][34] Nevertheless, his legacy as the first Oba of Benin and the catalyst behind the kingdom's transition from the Ogiso Dynasty endures in historical accounts.[5][42]

Legacy

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Oba Eweka I's legacy is indelibly etched into the history of the Benin Kingdom, marking a transformative era that forever altered the trajectory of the kingdom's governance, culture, and traditions.[42] As the first Oba of Benin, his reign, which began in 1200 AD and spanned 35 years until his death in 1235 AD, set the stage for a long line of distinguished rulers and laid the foundation for the enduring Obaship in Benin.[42]

Eweka I's most profound legacy lies in his role as the architect of the transition from the Ogiso Dynasty to the Obaship. His reign heralded the end of a centuries-old system of governance, characterised by the Ogisos, and ushered in a new era marked by the authority of the Oba.[42] Under his leadership, the kingdom saw the consolidation of power and a shift towards centralised governance, strengthening the authority of the monarch.

The term "Oba," signifying kingship, began to take root during Eweka I's rule.[5] While its precise origins remain a subject of debate, its popularisation and association with royal authority can be attributed to this visionary monarch. The concept of the Obaship, as defined and established by Eweka I, continues to shape the identity of the Benin Kingdom and its traditional institutions.[5][43]

Eweka I's emphasis on the importance of rulers educated in Benin culture and traditions was a defining aspect of his legacy.[43] His father's decision to renounce his own claim to the throne, citing the cultural gap between him and the people, reinforced the idea that only someone deeply rooted in the customs and heritage of Benin could effectively lead the kingdom. This principle has endured over the centuries, influencing the selection and education of subsequent Obas.[5][43]

References

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Notes

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  1. ^ Roese 1984, pp. 213.
  2. ^ a b c d Akeh-Osu 1992, p. 65.
  3. ^ a b c d e Roese & Bondarenko 2003, p. 57.
  4. ^ Malaquais 1998, p. 45.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Board 2018, p. 79.
  6. ^ a b c "The kingdom of Benin". BBC Bitesize. 19 September 2023. Archived from the original on 29 June 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
  7. ^ a b c d e Eddo 2015, p. 33.
  8. ^ a b c d Roth 1903, p. 45.
  9. ^ Malaquais 1998, p. 47.
  10. ^ a b P 1995, p. 26.
  11. ^ Malaquais 1998, p. 48.
  12. ^ Ryder 1969, p. 56.
  13. ^ a b c d Olupona 2011, p. 67.
  14. ^ Bondarenko 2000, p. 159.
  15. ^ Bondarenko 2003, p. 64.
  16. ^ Egharevba 1968, p. 32.
  17. ^ a b Bondarenko & Roese 2004, p. 106.
  18. ^ Egharevba 1968, p. 31.
  19. ^ Bondarenko 2003, p. 66.
  20. ^ Bondarenko & Roese 2004, p. 107.
  21. ^ Bondarenko 2000, p. 161.
  22. ^ Egharevba 1968, p. 8.
  23. ^ a b Bondarenko & Roese 2004, p. 112.
  24. ^ Bondarenko & Roese 2004, p. 104.
  25. ^ Egharevba 1968, p. 33.
  26. ^ Bondarenko 2003, p. 67.
  27. ^ Bondarenko 2000, p. 164.
  28. ^ Akinola 1976, p. 23.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g Usman & Falola 2019, p. 79.
  30. ^ a b c d e f Bradbury & Morton-Williams 2018, p. 334-336.
  31. ^ Eweka 1998, p. 25.
  32. ^ a b c d e f Egharevba 1968, p. 90.
  33. ^ a b c d "Oba Ewuare Coronation Speech 2016". Scribd. 5 August 2021. Archived from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  34. ^ a b c d Zeijl, Femke van (12 November 2016). "The Oba of Benin Kingdom: A history of the monarchy — Arts and Culture". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
  35. ^ a b Egharevba 1952.
  36. ^ a b Bankole, Idowu (29 December 2023). "The Benin Prince who founded Ile-Ife". Vanguard News. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  37. ^ a b "The Kingdom of Benin". National Geographic Society. 20 May 2022. Archived from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
  38. ^ a b c d Eisenhofer & Egharevba 1995, pp. 141–163.
  39. ^ Ezra, K. (1992). Royal Art of Benin: The Perls Collection in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0-87099-633-7. Archived from the original on 11 May 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
  40. ^ a b c Eribake, Akintayo (1 May 2016). "BENIN KINGDOM: How a new Oba will emerge". Vanguard News. Archived from the original on 11 May 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
  41. ^ a b Boisragon 1897.
  42. ^ a b c d Plankensteiner et al. 2007, p. 43.
  43. ^ a b c Millar 1997.

Bibliography

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  • Akinola, G. A. (1976). "The Origin of the Eweka Dynasty of Benin: A Study in the Use and Abuse of Oral Tradition". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 8 (3). Historical Society of Nigeria: 21–36. doi:10.2307/41971248. ISSN 0018-2540. JSTOR 41971248.
  • Bondarenko, Dmitri (2000). Pre-Imperial Benin: Formation and Evolution of the Socio-Political Institutions System. Institute for African Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. ISBN 5-201-05100-6.
  • Ekeh, Peter Palmer (2002). Ogiso times and Eweka times : a preliminary history of the Edoid complex of cultures. Institute for Benin Studies. ISBN 978-978-33276-8-9. OCLC 54107802.
Eweka I
Born: Unknown Died: 1235
Regnal titles
New title Oba of Benin
1200 AD – 1235 AD 		Succeeded by
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