Wikipedia

Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign

(Redirected from Obama 2008)

Barack Obama, then junior United States senator from Illinois, announced his candidacy for president of the United States on February 10, 2007, in Springfield, Illinois.[1] After winning a majority of delegates in the Democratic primaries of 2008, on August 23, leading up to the convention, the campaign announced that Senator Joe Biden of Delaware would be the vice presidential nominee.[2] At the 2008 Democratic National Convention on August 27, Barack Obama was formally selected as the Democratic Party nominee for president of the United States in 2008.[3] He was the first African American in history to be nominated on a major party ticket.[4] On November 4, 2008, Obama defeated the Republican nominee, Senator John McCain of Arizona, making him the president-elect and the first African American elected president.[5][6]

Obama for America

2008 Obama–Biden campaign logo
Campaign2008 Democratic primaries
2008 U.S. presidential election
CandidateBarack Obama
U.S. Senator from Illinois
(2005–2008)
Joe Biden
U.S. Senator from Delaware
(1973–2009)
AffiliationDemocratic Party
StatusAnnounced: February 10, 2007
Presumptive nominee: June 3, 2008
Official nominee: August 27, 2008
Won election: November 4, 2008
Inaugurated: January 20, 2009
Headquarters233 North Michigan Avenue
Chicago, Illinois 60601
Key peopleDavid Plouffe (manager)
Penny Pritzker (finance)
David Axelrod (media)
Michael Slaby (chief technology officer)
Robert Gibbs (communications)
Bill Burton (spokesman)
Henry De Sio (chief operating officer)
Claire McCaskill (co-chair)
Tim Kaine (co-chair)
Paul Hodes (co-chair)
ReceiptsUS$670.7 million (November 24, 2008)
Slogan
ChantYes We Can
Fired up! Ready to go!
Website
www.barackobama.com (Web Archive)

Obama was the third sitting U.S. senator, after Warren G. Harding and John F. Kennedy, to be elected president. Upon the vote of the Electoral College on December 15, 2008, and the subsequent certification thereof by a Joint Session of the United States Congress on January 8, 2009, Barack Obama was elected as president and Joe Biden as vice president, with 365 of 538 electors.[7][8] He also became the first president to not be born in the contiguous United States, as he was born in Hawaii.

Many pundits have considered Obama's 2008 campaign to be one of the greatest political underdog stories in U.S. history.[9][10] The campaign is credited for shifting the status quo of the Democratic platform, especially on issues such as healthcare reform. Prior to 2007, Obama was largely unknown on a national level outside of his Senate constituency in Illinois. His primary victory over Hillary Clinton is considered one of the greatest political upsets of all time, as Clinton had an early lead in the polls and was expected to secure the nomination early on.[11] In the general election, overwhelming backing by two-thirds of voters aged 18–29 and minority voters (66% of Hispanic voters and 95% of Black voters) were considered the most crucial demographic victories for Obama.[12] Analysts also praised his campaign's effective use of the Internet in general and social media in particular, and considered their utilization of both a crucial factor in Obama's victory.[13]

End of the primaries

edit
Further information: Barack Obama 2008 presidential primary campaign

On June 3, 2008, after the Montana and South Dakota primaries, he secured enough delegates to clinch the nomination of the Democratic Party for President of the United States.[4] His opponent in the general election, Republican John McCain, passed the delegate threshold to become the apparent nominee of his party on March 4.[14] On June 7, Hillary Clinton, Obama's remaining opponent in the quest for the Democratic nomination, conceded defeat and urged her supporters to back Obama.[15] After a June 26 dinner at which Obama encouraged his fundraisers to donate to Clinton's debt-saddled campaign,[16] Obama and Clinton ran their first post-primary event together in Unity, New Hampshire, on June 27.[17] Over the first two weeks of July, the campaign ran a heavier schedule of fundraising events, drawing from former donors to Clinton's campaign.[18] Obama strategically had pictures made with financial experts Warren Buffett and Paul Volcker so the public would perceive him as having inside knowledge of Wall Street.[19]

Running mate

edit
Main articles: 2008 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection and Joe Biden 2008 presidential campaign § Aftermath
 
Wikinews has related news:

Obama's vice presidential running mate had been a subject of speculation since the end of the primaries. As of August 2008, some of the most popular choices for vice president included, but were not limited to, New York Senator Hillary Clinton, Delaware Senator Joe Biden, Indiana Senator Evan Bayh, Kansas Governor Kathleen Sebelius, Virginia Governor Tim Kaine, retired General and former Secretary of State Colin Powell, New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson, and retired General Wesley Clark.

On August 21, 2008, Obama announced that he had made a selection for his running mate, but would not reveal until August 23 who it was.[20] Obama's campaign encouraged supporters to sign up for a text messaging system that would alert them the moment he announced his choice.

 
Joe Biden and Barack Obama after the presentation of Biden as the vice presidential running mate in Springfield, Illinois
 
Barack Obama, Michelle Obama, Jill Biden and Joe Biden at the vice presidential announcement on August 23, 2008, in Springfield, Illinois

Biden's role in the campaign

edit

Shortly after Biden withdrew from the presidential race, Obama privately told him he was interested in finding an important place for Biden in his administration.[21] Biden declined Obama's first request to vet him for the vice-presidential slot, fearing the vice presidency would represent a loss in status and voice from his Senate position, but he later changed his mind.[22][23] In early August, Obama and Biden met in secret to discuss the possibility,[21] and developed a strong personal rapport.[24] On August 23, 2008, Obama announced that Biden would be his running mate.[25] The New York Times reported that the strategy behind the choice reflected a desire to fill out the ticket with someone with foreign policy and national security experience—and not to help the ticket win a swing state or to emphasize Obama's "change" message.[26] Others pointed out Biden's appeal to middle-class and blue-collar voters, as well as his willingness to aggressively challenge Republican nominee John McCain in a way that Obama seemed uncomfortable doing at times.[27][28] In accepting Obama's offer, Biden ruled out running for president again in 2016,[21] but his comments in later years seemed to back off that stance, as he did not want to diminish his political power by appearing uninterested in advancement.[29][30][31] Biden was officially nominated for vice president on August 27 by voice vote at the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver.[32]

Biden's vice-presidential campaigning gained little media visibility, as far greater press attention was focused on the Republican running mate, Alaska Governor Sarah Palin.[33][34] During one week in September 2008, for instance, the Pew Research Center's Project for Excellence in Journalism found that Biden was included in only five percent of coverage of the race, far less than the other three candidates on the tickets received.[35] Biden nevertheless focused on campaigning in economically challenged areas of swing states and trying to win over blue-collar Democrats, especially those who had supported Hillary Clinton.[22][33] Biden attacked McCain heavily despite a long-standing personal friendship.[a] He said, "That guy I used to know, he's gone. It literally saddens me."[33] As the 2007–2008 financial crisis reached a peak with the Bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers and the bailout of the banking industry became a major factor in the campaign, Biden voted in favor of the $700 billion Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, which went on to pass in the Senate 74–25.[37]

On October 2, 2008, Biden participated in the vice-presidential debate with Palin at Washington University in St. Louis. Post-debate polls found that while Palin exceeded many voters' expectations, Biden had won the debate overall.[38] During the campaign's final days, he focused on less populated, older, less well-off areas of battleground states, especially Florida, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, where polling indicated he was popular and where Obama had not campaigned or performed well in the Democratic primaries.[39][40][41] He also campaigned in some normally Republican states, as well as in areas with large Catholic populations.[41]

Under instructions from the campaign, Biden kept his speeches succinct and tried to avoid offhand remarks, such as one he made about Obama's being tested by a foreign power soon after taking office, which had attracted negative attention.[39][40] Privately, Biden's remarks frustrated Obama. "How many times is Biden gonna say something stupid?" he asked.[42]: 411–414, 419  Obama campaign staffers referred to Biden blunders as "Joe bombs" and kept Biden uninformed about strategy discussions, which in turn irked Biden.[31] Relations between the two campaigns became strained for a month, until Biden apologized on a call to Obama and the two built a stronger partnership.[42]: 411–414  Publicly, Obama strategist David Axelrod said Biden's high popularity ratings had outweighed any unexpected comments.[43] Nationally, Biden had a 60% favorability rating in a Pew Research Center poll, compared to Palin's 44%.[39]

On November 4, 2008, Obama and Biden were elected with 53% of the popular vote and 365 electoral votes to McCain–Palin's 173.[44][45][46]

At the same time Biden was running for vice president he was also running for reelection to the Senate,[47] as permitted by Delaware law.[48] On November 4, he was reelected to the Senate, defeating Republican Christine O'Donnell.[49] Having won both races, Biden made a point of waiting to resign from the Senate until he was sworn in for his seventh term on January 6, 2009.[50] He became the youngest senator ever to start a seventh full term, and said, "In all my life, the greatest honor bestowed upon me has been serving the people of Delaware as their United States senator."[50] Biden cast his last Senate vote on January 15, supporting the release of the second $350 billion for the Troubled Asset Relief Program,[51] and resigned from the Senate later that day.[b] In an emotional farewell, Biden told the Senate: "Every good thing I have seen happen here, every bold step taken in the 36-plus years I have been here, came not from the application of pressure by interest groups, but through the maturation of personal relationships."[55] Delaware Governor Ruth Ann Minner appointed longtime Biden adviser Ted Kaufman to fill Biden's vacated Senate seat.[56]

Major events

edit

Middle Eastern and European tour

edit

In July 2008 Obama traveled to Kuwait, Afghanistan,[57] Iraq,[58] Jordan,[59] the West Bank,[60] Israel, Germany, France, and Britain. During the course of this trip he met with assorted international leaders, including President Hamid Karzai of Afghanistan,[61] Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki of Iraq, King Abdullah II of Jordan, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas, Prime Minister of Israel Ehud Olmert, Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany, President Nicolas Sarkozy of France,[62] and Prime Minister Gordon Brown of the United Kingdom, as well as former British Prime Minister Tony Blair and Conservative opposition leader (and future Prime Minister) David Cameron.[63]

On July 24, 2008, he gave a speech at the Victory Column in Berlin before a crowd of estimated 200,000 to 240,000 people.[64][65][66]

Presidential debates

edit
Main article: 2008 United States presidential debates

There were three presidential debates between Obama and McCain. No third-party candidates or Independent candidates were offered an invitation to join in any of the debates,[67] as Obama and McCain were the only candidates on the ballot in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The Commission on Presidential Debates proposed, and the candidates agreed, that two of three 90-minute debates would be in an informal, seated, talk show format, while the third would be in a town hall format that allowed both candidates to walk around.[68]

On June 4, John McCain proposed a series of ten joint town hall meetings with Obama, at which the two could engage each other.[69] Obama first agreed in principle to the notion,[70] but later rejected McCain's proposal, offering instead one town-hall event on the Independence Day holiday and four traditional debate-style joint appearances.[71][72] Hank Paulson, President Bush's Treasury Secretary, said Obama's comprehension of the financial crisis compared to McCain's was as broad as "night and day". McCain's confidence vastly lowered when Obama questioned his ideas on the financial crisis in a meeting on September 25 at the White House with Bush and other congressmen. McCain did not have suggestions regarding what he would do to fix the economy, particularly Henry Paulson's $700 billion three-page bank recovery plan (TARP). Neither McCain nor Bush had read it. Obama's confidence escalated from that point. This was the turning point of the campaign.[73] That stock market loss was subsequently exceeded by an even larger −7.0% plunge on September 29, 2008.

On September 24, 2008, after the onset of the 2008 financial crisis, McCain announced that he was suspending his campaign to return to Washington to help craft a $700 billion bailout package for the troubled financial industry, and he stated that he would not debate Obama until Congress passed the bailout bill.[74] Despite this decision, McCain was portrayed as not playing a significant role in the negotiations for the first version of the bill, which fell short of passage in the House. He eventually decided to attend the first presidential debate on September 26, despite Congress' lack of immediate action on the bill. His ineffectiveness in the negotiations and his reversal in decision to attend the debates were seized upon to portray McCain as erratic in his response to the economy. Days later, a second version of the original bailout bill was passed by both the House and Senate, with Obama, his vice presidential running mate Joe Biden, and McCain all voting for the measure (Hillary Clinton would as well).[75]

Saddleback Civil Forum

edit
Main article: Civil Forum on the Presidency

The Civil Forum on the Presidency was the venue of back-to-back interviews of U.S. presidential candidates John McCain and Barack Obama by pastor Rick Warren on August 16, 2008, at Saddleback Church in Lake Forest, California.

Victory speech

edit
 
"If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible, who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time, who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer."
—Barack Obama, November 4, 2008
 
Wikinews has related news:
Main article: Barack Obama 2008 presidential election victory speech

Following his victory, Obama gave his victory speech[76] at Grant Park in his home city of Chicago[77] on November 4, 2008, before an estimated crowd of 240,000.[78][79] Viewed on television and the Internet by millions of people around the globe, Obama's speech focused on the major issues facing the United States and the world, all echoed through his campaign slogan of change.[80] He also mentioned his grandmother, who had died two nights earlier.

Fundraising

edit
 
Obama (far right) participates in a bipartisan meeting with President Bush and Senator McCain, and House and Senate party leaders regarding the economy, September 25, 2008
See also: Fundraising for the 2008 United States presidential election

The Obama campaign's fundraising broke previous records for presidential primary and general campaigns, and has changed expectations for future presidential elections. The campaign avoided using public campaign funds, raising all of its money privately from individual donors. By the general election the campaign committee raised more than $650 million for itself, and coordinated with both the Democratic National Committee (DNC) and at least 18 state-level Democratic committees to create a joint-fundraising committee to raise and split tens of millions of dollars more.[81][82][83]

Post-election fundraising continued for the separate transition administration, called the Obama-Biden Transition Project, and also the separate inaugural ceremonies and celebrations committee.[81]

Chronology

edit

According to reports filed with the Federal Election Commission, Obama's campaign raised more money in the first quarter of 2008 ($133,549,000)[84] than it had raised in all of 2007 ($103,802,537). The campaign had a relatively small total of $21.9 million in May, but went on to raise $52 million in June, after Obama had secured the nomination.[85]

On June 19, Obama was the first major-party presidential candidate to turn down public financing for a general election campaign since the system was created in the aftermath of Watergate.[86][87] Obama was expected to raise $265 million between the time of the announcement and election day.[88]

By rejecting the funds in favor of private donations, the campaign was in a position to outspend John McCain prior to the election. Had he signed on to the plan, the campaign would only have been able to spend $84.1 million between the party convention in August and the general election in November.[89]

Obama explained his decision to opt out of the public financing system, saying, "public financing of presidential elections as it exists today is broken, and we face opponents who've become masters at gaming this broken system."[87] Critics of the decision argued that the decision contradicted earlier statements that he would attempt to reach agreement with McCain to obtain public financing,[88][90] and asserted that Obama's campaign was receiving as much support from unregulated 527 groups as McCain's.[91]

On September 4, 2008, the Obama campaign announced they raised $10 million in the 24-hour period after Republican vice presidential nominee Sarah Palin's acceptance speech. The RNC reported raising $1 million in the same period.[92]

On October 19, 2008, Obama's campaign announced a record fundraising total of $150 million for September 2008. This exceeded the campaign's single-month record ($66 million) for August 2008.[93]

The campaign raised much of its cash in small donations over the internet, with about half of its intake coming in increments of less than $200.[94] Both major party campaigns screened regularly for patterns of abuse and returned or rejected donations in excess of legal limits, from overseas, from untraceable addresses, or from fraudulent names.[95] After some criticism of the Obama campaign on conservative blogs, the Republican National Committee asked the Federal Election Commission to investigate the Obama campaign's screening practices.[96]

Branding

edit
edit
See also: Obama logo
 
A 3rd Generation Mercury Sable station wagon with Barack Obama bumper sticker visible on rear bumper

Obama's campaign is notable for its extensive use of a logo. The logo, consisting of a circle, with the center suggesting a sun rising over fields in the colors of the American flag, was designed by a team at Chicago design firm Sender LLC. "We were looking at the "o" of his name and had the idea of a rising sun and a new day," according to Sol Sender, now a strategist at VSA Partners. "The sun rising over the horizon intended to evoked a new sense of hope."[97]

Slogan

edit

Obama's campaign used the slogan "Change we can believe in" and the chant "Yes We Can". The latter slogan is shared with the United Farm Workers and associated with its founder Dolores Huerta and is well known amongst Latinos in its Spanish form Sí se puede. The "Change we can believe in" has been used in parodies both during and since the campaign. John McCain attempted to criticize Obama by enumerating various controversial policy positions he allegedly took and proclaiming "that's not change we can believe in" alongside a banner proclaiming McCain as "a leader we can believe in".[98] Since the campaign it has been used to parody campaigns against incumbents as being "change you can't believe in" such as by British blog LeftFootForward against David Cameron[99] or by the Economist against the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan.[100]

Hope poster

edit
See also: Barack Obama "Hope" poster

The "hope" poster was an iconic image of Barack Obama designed by artist Shepard Fairey.[101] It consisted of a stylized stencil portrait of Obama in solid red, white (actually beige) and (pastel and dark) blue. Either the words "progress", "hope", or "change" were under the image of Obama (in some versions other words were used). It was created and distributed widely—as a digital image, on posters and other paraphernalia—during the 2008 election season. Initially it was distributed independently but with the approval of the official Obama campaign. The image became one of the most widely recognized symbols of Obama's campaign message, spawning many variations and imitations, including some commissioned by the campaign itself. In January 2009, after Obama had won the election, Fairey's mixed-media stenciled portrait version of the image was acquired by the Smithsonian Institution for its National Portrait Gallery.

Typefaces

edit

The signature campaign typeface was Gotham, typically using capital letters with occasional use of the script Snell Roundhand. Gotham was designed in 2000 by Jonathan Hoefler and Tobias Frere-Jones, originally for GQ magazine. Prior to Gotham, the campaign used the typeface Gill Sans in upper case and lower case.[102] Another Hoefler and Frere-Jones font, Requiem, was used for the campaign logo.[103]

Campaign songs

edit

U2's "City of Blinding Lights" was often played in anticipation of Obama's speeches during campaign events.[104] Bruce Springsteen's "The Rising" was also played heavily during his campaign rallies.[105] Stevie Wonder's "Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours" was frequently played immediately after Obama's speeches.[106] Barack Obama personally asked Joss Stone in August to write and record his presidential campaign song, reportedly due to the fact that she appeals across racial boundaries.[107] Ben Harper's "Better Way" was also played at a few events throughout the campaign.[108] Furthermore, Obama's candidacy inspired artists to create more unsolicited music and music videos than any other candidate in American political history.[109] Examples include "Yes We Can" by will.i.am, of the band The Black Eyed Peas; "Make it to the Sun"[110] by Ruwanga Samath and Maxwell D; "Barack Obama" by JFC; and "Unite the Nation" by the Greek-American hip hop group Misa/Misa.[111]

Technology

edit
See also: Social media use by Barack Obama
 
An "Obama 08" campaign office in Arlington, Virginia, photographed November 1, 2008

Obama was particularly noted for his use of the Internet to rally supporters and make his policies known. He is the first U.S. president to have effectively used the internet and social media for successful political outcomes.[112] His successful presidential campaign raised the bar and are now presidential standards.

"The integration of technology into the process of field organizing … is the success of the Obama campaign," says Sanford Dickert, who worked as John Kerry's chief technology officer for the 2004 campaign. "But the use of technology was not the end-all and be-all in this cycle. Technology has been a partner, an enabler for the Obama campaign, bringing the efficiencies of the internet into the real-world problems of organizing people in a distributed, trusted fashion."[113]

Obama's campaign was further strengthened by his opponent John McCain's comparatively limited use of the Internet. McCain did not have the organization of Obama's campaign, nor did he spend a comparable amount of money on this portion of the campaign. Both opportune timing and usage of online campaigning gave Obama significant advantage over McCain.[113]

Social media

edit

Through forums and social websites such as MySpace, Facebook, and Twitter[112] Obama built relationships with his supporters, and would-be supporters. He developed an upfront, personable and face-to-face quality that gave his supporters a sense of security and trust, which inspired them to rally others in their local communities. The supporters of Obama themselves formed a nationwide community.

All of his policies were made available online, and updates were sent to the subscribers of his political party via email and text message, ultimately making him the most technologically savvy candidate to date, increasing his popularity among young voters.

MyBo

edit

In early 2007, the Obama campaign launched a social-networking site called my.barackobama.com, or MyBO for short, and recruited 24-year-old Facebook co-founder Chris Hughes to help develop the platform and their social networking strategy.[114][115] MyBo became the hub of the campaign's online efforts to organize supporters.[116]

The nationwide community provided useful and effective tools, such as the Neighbor-to-Neighbor tool, allowing supporters to reach a large number of people in a short time in their own community, which in turn led to campaign rallying for more Obama support. An unprecedented communication strategy was the "online call tool". Over one million calls were made from residential, personal laptops and desktops.[117] Online communication led to Obama supporters engaging in social activities such as signmaking and door-to-door petitioning for Obama support, as well as simply discussing their opinions about policies and issues they supported along with Obama.[118][119] As described by campaign adviser Steve Spinner, the campaign grew "from zero to 700 employees in a year and raised $200 million. That's a super-high-growth, fast-charging operation."

NationalField

edit

In 2008, campaign staffers stationed in the long-shot battle ground state of Georgia, reinvented the tedious, messy process of reporting and aggregating nightly data and intelligence upward through the campaign apparatus—making the organizing work of vast Obama field infrastructure more immediately measurable.[120][121] NationalField became an internal social network within the field organization, used to monitor the daily activities of the sprawling grassroots effort.[122] It allowed staff to share what they were working on and benchmark themselves against other staffers. Unlike a standard social graph, where all users have access to all information, NationalField was based on a hierarchical social graph where the higher level you were in the organization, the broader your view of the information below you.[123]

The platform closely reflected the team-building model of the Obama Campaign, often associated with organizer and Harvard professor Marshall Ganz in that it was an intensely structured a social network.[121][120]

Voter Data

edit

After trailing Republicans for many election cycles in their use of micro-targeting, the 2008 Obama campaign was the first Democratic presidential campaign to benefit from the existence of a national voter file. In 2007, DNC chairman Howard Dean centralized data collection and management by hiring the Voter Activation Network and creating the database Votebuilder.[114] Votebuilder created a web-based interface for the database and permitted the Obama campaign to give neighborhood-level volunteers access to the registered voter list for their area of responsibility.[124]

Media campaign

edit

In October 2008, Obama was voted Advertising Age magazine's "Marketer of the Year" by members of the Association of National Advertisers for the campaign, surpassing Apple and Zappos.com.[125] In a post-election analysis of the campaign, the magazine lauded its "understanding of ground-level marketing strategies and tactics, everything from audience segmentation and database management to the creation and maintenance of online communities."[126]

Online advertising

edit
 
Obama shaking hands with supporters in 2008

The Obama web campaign used consumer marketing to target individuals with customized information to their predicted interests. Political communication to viewers was based on data collected about them. This data was collected by volunteers, surveys on the website and records of consumption habits. Website surveys took a short amount of time to fill out[127] and the company used A/B testing to determine which forms converted most effectively, led by the team's Director of Analytics Dan Siroker.[128][129] More detailed surveys were requested and received through email. Records of consumption habits helped the campaign make predictions about people based on statistical models.[127] People received messages tailored close to their beliefs.[127] Marketing based on consumer data also enabled effective grassroots organizing through the website. Data gathered from the website indicated who the most dedicated constituents were; the website tracked how often a person visited and when.[127] The campaign team then targeted and encouraged activists in contested, winnable areas, such as through the website program Neighbor-to-neighbor.

Television advertisements

edit

Soon after becoming the presumptive nominee, Obama began a biographical commercial campaign emphasizing his patriotism.[130] The advertisements ran in 18 states, including traditionally Republican Alaska and North Carolina.[131] Between June 6 and July 26, Obama's campaign spent $27 million on advertisements, against McCain and Republican National Committee's combined total of $24.6 million.[132]

In a September 15, 2008 interview with Good Morning America, Obama stated, "If we're going to ask questions about, you know, who has been promulgating negative ads that are completely unrelated to the issues at hand, I think I win that contest pretty handily." What he apparently meant was that McCain had put out more negative ads.[133]

Infomercial

edit

On October 29 at 8:00 pm EDT, the Obama campaign's 30-minute infomercial "American Stories, American Solutions" was simulcast on NBC, CBS, Fox, Univision, MSNBC, BET and TV One, focusing on a wide range of issues including health care and taxation. The infomercial then showed an Obama speech live from Florida.[134] Fox asked for the second part of Game Five of the 2008 World Series to be delayed by 15 minutes in order to show the commercial, and that request was granted.[135] ABC was the only major US network not to show the ad after being indecisive during the initial approach and the Obama campaign later declined the offer. The Obama ad got 30.1 million viewers across networks compared to ABC's Pushing Daisies which garnered 6.3 million viewers.[136] Prior to this, the last presidential candidate to purchase a half-hour ad was H. Ross Perot, who ran as an independent candidate in 1992.[137] The Obama campaign also bought a channel on Dish Network to screen Obama ads 24/7.[138] Wyatt Andrews reported on a "Reality Check" on the CBS Evening News the next day with doubts over the factual accuracy of some of the promises Obama made in the advertisement, given the government's enormous financial deficit.[139]

Other Initiatives

edit

Fight the Smears

edit
 
Obama's birth certificate

On June 12, 2008, the Obama campaign launched a website to counter what the campaign described as smears by his opponents.[140] The site provided responses to issues brought up about the candidate,[141] such as:

Israel for Obama

edit

Originally started by American-Israelis in late May, the "Israel for Obama" campaign aimed to refute the allegations made against Obama concerning Israel and the Jewish community. This was done by gaining endorsements from Israel.[146] When he took a Middle East trip from Afghanistan to Iraq, Jordan and finally to Israel, they organized a small "Israel for Obama" rally for him.[147][148][149]

Ira Forman, executive director of the National Jewish Democratic Council stated that "The Democratic operation in the Jewish community was more extensive than I've seen in 35 years,"[150] The chairman of the campaign in Israel, Yeshiyah Amariel,[151][152][153] and others such as the Jewish Alliance for Change and the Jewish Council for Education & Research used YouTube to release video endorsements from officials and normal people in Israel for Obama and his positions (such as "Israelis for Obama"[154] and "right man for the job.")[155] In the closing weeks of the election the campaign used support from Israelis to fight the smears spread online by bloggers. Its success caused the polls of Jewish support for Obama to increase so that by the time of the Nov. 4 election, according to exit polls, 77% of the voting American Jewish community voted for Obama over the 23% that were for John McCain.[156][157]

Political positions

edit
Main articles: Political positions of Barack Obama and Comparison of United States presidential candidates, 2008

Obama has taken positions on many national, political, economic and social issues, either through public comments or his senatorial voting record. Since announcing his presidential campaign in February 2007, Obama emphasized withdrawing American troops from Iraq, increasing energy independence (that includes New Energy For America plan[158]), decreasing the influence of lobbyists, and promoting universal health care as top national priorities.

Opinion polling

edit
Further information: Nationwide opinion polling for the 2008 United States presidential election and Statewide opinion polling for the 2008 United States presidential election
 
Statewide opinion polling for the 2008 United States presidential election up to November 3, 2008.[159]
  >10% Obama lead
  4%–10% Obama lead
  1%–4% Obama lead
  Tie
  1%–4% McCain lead
  4%–10% McCain lead
  >10% McCain lead

The day after Obama's acceptance speech at the Democratic National Convention, Obama's Republican opponent, Arizona Senator John McCain, announced his selection of Alaska Governor Sarah Palin as his running mate.[160] Almost immediately, the Obama/Biden ticket plunged in the polls: in a Gallup poll of likely voters, the McCain/Palin ticket gained a 10-point lead.[161] The erosion of support for the Obama/Biden ticket was especially pronounced among white women who had previously shown strong support for Hillary Clinton.[162] However, Obama regained and maintained the national poll average after September 19.[163]

A RealClearPolitics average of 14 national polls taken between October 29 and November 2 showed an average 7.3% lead for Obama over McCain. Obama's highest support in the polling average was 8.2% on October 14. Among individual polls tracked by RealClearPolitics, Obama's highest support was recorded in a Newsweek poll conducted between June 18 and June 19 and a Pew Research poll conducted between October 23 and October 26 showing a 15% lead.[163]

Gallup conducted weekly polls of registered voters to measure support among the candidates. The final poll conducted between October 27 and November 2 showed 24% of pure Independents supporting Obama, trailing the 32% who favored McCain. Obama's Independent support peaked at 33% the week of October 6–12.[164]

A RealClearPolitics average of four national polls measuring favorable/unfavorable opinions taken between October 28 and November 2 showed an average 55.5% favorable rating and 39.8% unfavorable rating. Obama's highest ratings in the polling average were 61.2% favorable and 32.5% unfavorable on July 8.[165]

As of November 3, 2008, one day before the election, the RealClearPolitics electoral map excluding toss up states showed 278 electoral votes for Obama/Biden, an electoral majority, and 132 electoral votes for opponents McCain/Palin.[166] Including toss up states, the Obama/Biden ticket led with 338 votes.[167]

Election day

edit

On November 4, 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American to be elected President of the United States, sparking many celebrations in the United States and around the world. He gained almost 53% of the popular vote and 365 electoral votes. The popular vote percentage was the best showing for any presidential candidate since George H. W. Bush in 1988. His 365 electoral votes was the best showing since Bill Clinton had 379 in 1996. He won Colorado, Nevada, Virginia, Indiana, Florida, Ohio, and North Carolina, all states that were won by President George W. Bush in 2004. In addition, he became the first Democratic candidate to win one of Nebraska's electoral votes since the state decided to split their electoral votes. He was the first candidate to be elected president without winning Missouri since 1956. Though his record would be broken by both major party candidates 12 years later, Obama received more total votes than any presidential candidate in history up to that point, totaling well over 69 million votes. It would later be broken by Joe Biden in 2020.

63% of Americans who met the voting requirements voted, the highest percentage in fifty years. Obama won the moderate vote 60–39 and the independent vote 52–44.[117]

Joe Biden also made history by becoming the first Roman Catholic to be elected vice president. In addition, he is the longest-serving senator to become vice president, having served in the United States Senate for the 36 years prior to the election. Biden also won reelection to the Senate, but served only briefly in the 111th Congress before resigning to take his place as vice president.

Certification of the electoral votes

edit

On January 8, 2009, the joint session of the U.S. Congress, chaired by Vice President Cheney as President of the Senate and Nancy Pelosi as Speaker of the House, announced and certified the votes of the Electoral College for the 2008 presidential election. From the electoral votes of the 50 states and the District of Columbia, Vice President Cheney declared 365 electoral votes for both Barack Obama of the state of Illinois and Joseph Biden of the state of Delaware and 173 electoral votes for both John McCain of the state of Arizona and Sarah Palin of the state of Alaska. Based on the results of the electoral vote count, Vice President Cheney declared officially that Obama was elected as President of the United States and Biden was elected as Vice President of the United States.[7]

Over 25% of the electorate was of a race besides Caucasian, a first for America.[117]

See also

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^ Biden admired McCain politically as well as personally. In May 2004, he had urged McCain to run as vice president with presumptive Democratic presidential nominee John Kerry, saying the cross-party ticket would help heal the "vicious rift" in U.S. politics.[36]
  2. ^ Delaware's Democratic governor, Ruth Ann Minner, announced on November 24, 2008, that she would appoint Biden's longtime senior adviser Ted Kaufman to succeed Biden in the Senate.[52] Kaufman said he would serve only two years, until Delaware's special Senate election in 2010.[52] Biden's son Beau ruled himself out of the 2008 selection process due to his impending tour in Iraq with the Delaware Army National Guard.[53] He was a possible candidate for the 2010 special election, but in early 2010 said he would not run for the seat.[54]

References

edit
  1. ^ "Obama Launches Presidential Bid," BBC News, February 10, 2007. Retrieved on January 14, 2008. Video Archived July 4, 2008, at the Wayback Machine at Brightcove.TV.
  2. ^ "Joe Biden!". BarackObama.com. Archived from the original on August 27, 2008. Retrieved August 28, 2008. Breaking news: the text message is out and it's official ... Barack Obama has selected Joe Biden to be his running mate!
  3. ^ Adam Nagourney (August 28, 2008). "Obama Wins Nomination; Biden and Bill Clinton Rally Party". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 25, 2009. Retrieved October 17, 2008.
  4. ^ a b Jeff Zeleny, "Obama Clinches Nomination; First Black Candidate to Lead a Major Party Ticket," The New York Times, June 4, 2008. Retrieved July 5, 2008.
  5. ^ "Barack Obama wins presidential election". CNN. November 4, 2008. Archived from the original on November 4, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
  6. ^ Nagourney, Adam (November 5, 2008). "Obama Wins Election". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 25, 2009. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
  7. ^ a b "Congress meets to count electoral votes". NBC News. January 8, 2009. Retrieved January 8, 2009.
  8. ^ Nagourney, Adam (November 4, 2008). "Obama Wins Election". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 9, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
  9. ^ "From underdog to alpha". Los Angeles Times. June 4, 2008. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
  10. ^ Gavrilovic, Maria (July 8, 2008). "Obama: I'm the "Underdog" - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
  11. ^ "2008: Clinton, Obama in an epic duel". NBC News. July 29, 2019. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
  12. ^ "Inside Obama's Sweeping Victory". Pew Research Center. November 5, 2008. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
  13. ^ Stirland, Sarah Lai (June 2, 2015). "The Obama Campaign: A Great Campaign, Or The Greatest? | WIRED". Wired. Archived from the original on June 2, 2015. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
  14. ^ "McCain wins GOP nomination; Huckabee bows out," CNN News, March 5, 2008. Retrieved July 7, 2008; Simon Rushton, "McCain clinches Republican prize," CNN News, March 4, 2008. Retrieved July 7, 2008.
  15. ^ Sasha Issenberg, "Clinton ends her bid, hails Obama," The Boston Globe, June 8, 2008. Retrieved July 5, 2008. See also: Adam Nagourney and Jeff Zeleny, "Clinton Ready to End Bid and Endorse Obama," The New York Times, June 5, 2008. Retrieved July 7, 2008.
  16. ^ Jeff Zeleny, "Obama Gives $2,300 for Clinton Debt," The New York Times, June 27, 2008. Retrieved July 7, 2008.
  17. ^ "Clinton and Obama rally together," BBC News, June 27, 2008. Retrieved July 7, 2008; Mark Leibovich and Jeff Zeleny, "Obama and Clinton Hold First Post-Primary Event," The New York Times, June 28, 2008. Retrieved July 7, 2008.
  18. ^ Michael Luo and Christopher Drew, "Obama Picks Up Fund-Raising Pace," The New York Times, July 3, 2008. Retrieved July 6, 2008. See also: "Obama, Clinton to hold joint fundraisers in NY[dead link‍]," Associated Press, July 5, 2008. Retrieved July 7, 2008; Jonathan Weisman, "Obama and Clinton, Together Again," The Washington Post, July 5, 2008. Retrieved July 7, 2008.
  19. ^ [Alter, Jonathan, The Promise President Obama, Year One, Simon & Schuster, 2010,ISBN 978-1-4391-0119-3]
  20. ^ Mooney, Alexander (August 21, 2008). "Obama: I've decided on my running mate", CNN. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
  21. ^ a b c Lizza, Ryan (October 20, 2008). "Biden's Brief". The New Yorker. Retrieved November 24, 2008.
  22. ^ a b Traub, James (November 24, 2009). "After Cheney". The New York Times Magazine. p. MM34. Archived from the original on January 3, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
  23. ^ Cummings, Jeanne (September 16, 2009). "Joe Biden, 'the skunk at the family picnic'". The Politico. Retrieved September 17, 2009.
  24. ^ Wolffe, Renegade, p. 218.
  25. ^ Vargas, Jose Antonio (August 23, 2008). "Obama's veep message to supporters". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 23, 2008.
  26. ^ Nagourney, Adam; Zeleny, Jeff (August 23, 2008). "Obama Chooses Biden as Running Mate". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 1, 2008. Retrieved August 23, 2008.
  27. ^ Dionne, E.J. Jr. (August 25, 2008). "Tramps Like Us: How Joe Biden will reassure working class voters and change the tenor of this week's convention". The New Republic. Archived from the original on August 28, 2008. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
  28. ^ Wolffe, Renegade, p. 217.
  29. ^ Travers, Karen (June 15, 2009). "VP Biden Keeping the Door Open for 2016?". Political Punch. ABC News. Archived from the original on October 17, 2010. Retrieved October 14, 2010.
  30. ^ "Biden in 2016?". CNN. October 21, 2011. Archived from the original on October 25, 2011. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
  31. ^ a b Leibovich, Mark (May 7, 2012). "For a Blunt Biden, an Uneasy Supporting Role". The New York Times. p. 1. Archived from the original on January 3, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
  32. ^ Brown, Jennifer (August 27, 2008). "Biden accepts VP nomination". The Denver Post. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
  33. ^ a b c Leibovich, Mark (September 19, 2008). "Meanwhile, the Other No. 2 Keeps On Punching". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 21, 2008. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
  34. ^ Tapper, Jake (September 14, 2008). "Joe Who?". ABC News. Archived from the original on September 15, 2008. Retrieved September 15, 2008.
  35. ^ Jurkowitz, Mark (September 14, 2008). "Northern Exposure Still Dominates the News". Pew Research Center. Retrieved November 24, 2008.
  36. ^ "McCain urged to Jin Kerry Ticket". NBC News. Reuters. May 16, 2004. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  37. ^ "Senate Passes Economic Rescue Package". NY1. October 1, 2008. Archived from the original on October 5, 2008. Retrieved October 2, 2008.
  38. ^ Witcover (2010), pp. 655–661.
  39. ^ a b c Broder, John M. (October 30, 2008). "Hitting the Backroads, and Having Less to Say". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 31, 2008. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
  40. ^ a b Tumulty, Karen (October 29, 2008). "Hidin' Biden: Reining In a Voluble No. 2". Time. Retrieved November 1, 2008.
  41. ^ a b McGrane, Victoria (November 3, 2008). "Where have you gone, Joe Biden?". Politico. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
  42. ^ a b Heilemann, John; Halperin, Mark (2010). Game Change: Obama and the Clintons, McCain and Palin, and the Race of a Lifetime. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-173363-5.
  43. ^ "Biden reliable running mate despite gaffes". Asbury Park Press. Associated Press. October 26, 2008.
  44. ^ "Obama: 'This is your victory'". CNN. November 4, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
  45. ^ Franke-Ruta, Garance (November 19, 2008). "McCain Takes Missouri". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 23, 2015. Retrieved November 19, 2008.
  46. ^ "President—Election Center 2008". CNN. Retrieved November 19, 2008.
  47. ^ Chase, Randall (August 24, 2008). "Biden Wages 2 Campaigns At Once". Fox News. Associated Press. Retrieved August 29, 2008.
  48. ^ Almanac of American Politics 2008, p. 366.
  49. ^ Nuckols, Ben (November 4, 2008). "Biden wins 7th Senate term but may not serve". USA Today. Associated Press. Retrieved February 6, 2009.
  50. ^ a b Gaudiano, Nicole (January 7, 2009). "A bittersweet oath for Biden". The News Journal. Archived from the original on February 12, 2009. Retrieved February 7, 2009.
  51. ^ Turner, Trish (January 15, 2009). "Senate Releases $350 Billion in Bailout Funds to Obama". Fox News. Associated Press. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  52. ^ a b Milford, Phil (November 24, 2008). "Kaufman Picked by Governor to Fill Biden Senate Seat (Update 3)". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on November 16, 2008. Retrieved November 24, 2008.
  53. ^ Kraushaar, Josh (November 24, 2008). "Ted Kaufman to succeed Biden in Senate". Politico. Retrieved November 24, 2008.
  54. ^ Hulse, Carl (January 25, 2010). "Biden's Son Will Not Run for Delaware's Open Senate Seat". The New York Times. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
  55. ^ Becker, Bernie (January 15, 2009). "Biden and Clinton Say Goodbye to Senate". The New York Times. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  56. ^ "Ted Kaufman". Ballotpedia. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
  57. ^ Carlotta Gall and Jeff Zeleny, "Obama Opens a Foreign Tour in Afghanistan," The New York Times, July 20, 2008.
  58. ^ Liz Sly, "Obama arrives in Baghdad Archived July 23, 2008, at the Wayback Machine," Chicago Tribune, July 21, 2008. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
  59. ^ Mike Dorning, "Obama has press wondering what his real motives are Archived July 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine," Chicago Tribune, July 22, 2008. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
  60. ^ Mike Dorning, "'Friend of Israel' also woos Palestinians," Chicago Tribune, July 24, 2008. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
  61. ^ Kim Barker, "Obama, Karzai keep talk 'positive' Archived June 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine," Chicago Tribune, July 21, 2008. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
  62. ^ Jeff Zeleny and Steven Erlanger, "3 Hours in Paris, and Smiles All Around," The New York Times, July 26, 2008. Retrieved July 31, 2008; Elana Schor, "Obama arrives in Paris to meet Sarkozy," The Guardian, July 25, 2008. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
  63. ^ Peter Walker, "Obama hails US-UK ties after talks with Brown at Downing Street," The Guardian, July 26, 2008. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
  64. ^ "Obama's Berlin Speech: People of the World, Look at Me". Spiegel Online. July 25, 2008. Archived from the original on October 24, 2008. Retrieved October 23, 2008.
  65. ^ Erlanger, Steven (July 25, 2008). "Obama, Vague on Issues, Pleases Crowd in Europe". The New York Times. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
  66. ^ Jeff Zeleny; Nicolas Kulish (July 25, 2008). "Obama, in Berlin, Calls for Renewal of Ties With Allies". The New York Times. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
  67. ^ Commission on Presidential Debates Announces Sites, Dates, Formats and Candidate Selection Criteria for 2008 General Election Archived July 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Commission on Presidential Debates, November 19, 2007. Retrieved July 6, 2008.
  68. ^ "Gun Ruling Reverberates Archived June 28, 2008, at the Wayback Machine," The Hartford Courant, June 27, 2008. Retrieved July 6, 2008.
  69. ^ Jennifer Parker, "Political Radar: The Debate Over the Debates," ABC News, June 4, 2008. Retrieved June 6, 2008; "Obama says he's humbled by victory, confident of party unity," CNN News, June 4, 2008. Retrieved July 7, 2008.
  70. ^ Tahman Bradley, "Obama Open to McCain Town Hall," ABC News, June 4, 2008. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
  71. ^ Nedra Pickler, "McCain, Obama fail to agree on town halls," Associated Press, June 13, 2006. Retrieved June 13, 2008. Archived June 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  72. ^ "McCain & Obama Invited to Town Halls at Reagan and Johnson Libraries," ABC News, June 12, 2008. Retrieved June 19, 2008
  73. ^ Michael Grynbaum (September 15, 2008). "Wall St.'s Turmoil Sends Stocks Reeling". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 11, 2011. Retrieved September 15, 2008.
  74. ^ "Obama, McCain Meet In Mississippi". WAPT. December 29, 2008. Archived from the original on May 1, 2011. Retrieved December 30, 2008.
  75. ^ "U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes: 110th Congress, 2nd Session". Senate.gov. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
  76. ^ CQ Transcripts Wire (November 4, 2008). "Sen. Barack Obama's Acceptance Speech in Chicago, Ill". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
  77. ^ "Obama Acceptance Speech". Times of the Internet. November 4, 2008. Archived from the original on November 8, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
  78. ^ "Chicago News - 11/05/08". ABC. Archived from the original on July 31, 2013. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
  79. ^ "Rally crowd heads home for the night". The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 5, 2008.[permanent dead link‍]
  80. ^ Gilbert, Debbie (November 6, 2008). "Residents relate the personal significance of this election". Gainseville Times. Archived from the original on January 10, 2013. Retrieved November 8, 2008.
  81. ^ a b Cooper, Helene; Jeff Zeleny (November 11, 2008). "Obama's Transition Team Restricts Lobbyists' Role". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
  82. ^ Luo, Michael (October 19, 2008). "Obama Recasts the Fund-Raising Landscape". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 2, 2009. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
  83. ^ Kurtz, Josh. "Obama, DNC Set Up Fundraising Entity for States". Roll Call. Archived from the original on December 6, 2008. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
  84. ^ Obama for America: Report of Receipts and Disbursements Archived March 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Federal Election Commission. Retrieved April 3, 2008.
  85. ^ Jeff Zeleny, "Obama Raises $52 Million in June," The New York Times, July 17, 2008. Retrieved July 17, 2008.
  86. ^ Jonathan D. Salant, "Obama Won't Accept Public Money in Election Campaign," Bloomberg, June 19, 2008. Retrieved June 19, 2008.
  87. ^ a b Shailagh Murray and Perry Bacon Jr., "Obama to Reject Public Funds for Election," The Washington Post, June 20, 2008. Retrieved June 19, 2008.
  88. ^ a b Ewen MacAskill (June 20, 2008). "US elections: Obama faces backlash for refusing public campaign funding". The Guardian. Retrieved June 21, 2008.
  89. ^ Emily Cadei, "Q & A: Obama's public funding opt-out," USA Today, June 20, 2008. Retrieved June 21, 2008.
  90. ^ Kenneth P. Vogel, "Obama move irks reform allies," The Politico, June 19, 2008. Retrieved June 21, 2008; Liz Sidoti, "With money, Obama to try to widen the battleground[permanent dead link‍]," Associated Press, June 20, 2008. Retrieved June 21, 2008. See also: Alan Silverleib, "Analysis: Rejecting public funding won't hurt Obama," CNN News, June 20, 2008. Retrieved July 7, 2008.
  91. ^ John Dickerson, "The Flip-Flop Brothers," Slate, June 20, 2008. Retrieved June 21, 2008.
  92. ^ Nico Pitney (September 4, 2008). "Obama Raises $10 Million After Palin Speech". The Huffington Post.
  93. ^ Cooper, Christopher; Meckler, Laura (October 19, 2008). "Obama Takes in a Record $150 Million, But McCain Narrows Gap in Some Polls". The Wall Street Journal.
  94. ^ Michael Isikoff (October 4, 2008). "Obama's 'Good Will' Hunting". Newsweek.
  95. ^ Mosk, Matthew (October 25, 2008). "Online campaign donations spark new concerns of abuse". The Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on October 29, 2008. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
  96. ^ Munro, Neil (October 24, 2008). "FEC Rules Leave Loopholes For Online Donation Data". National Journal. Archived from the original on October 25, 2008. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
  97. ^ Yue, Lorene (February 22, 2007). "Chicago designers create Obama's logo". Crain's Chicago Business. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved August 23, 2008.
  98. ^ John McCain: Speech 06/03/08. YouTube. Retrieved on 2014-06-01.
  99. ^ David Clegg-eron, change you can't believe in. Left Foot Forward (2010-04-20). Retrieved on 2014-06-01.
  100. ^ "Change you can't believe in". The Economist. March 4, 2010.
  101. ^ Pasick, Adam (January 15, 2009). "Iconic Obama poster based on Reuters photo". Reuters. Archived from the original on January 20, 2009. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
  102. ^ Rawsthorn, Alice (April 6, 2008). "Brand Obama, a leader in the image war". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on December 19, 2008. Retrieved January 18, 2009.
  103. ^ Adam, Tschorn (April 1, 2008). "Even Obama's typeface gets bloggers buzzing". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 5, 2008. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
  104. ^ "U2 serenades Obama, gives Biden shout-out". The Hufffington Post. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011.
  105. ^ "Barack Obama Picks A Bruce Springsteen Song As His Acceptance Speech's Running Mate". November 5, 2008.
  106. ^ Zeleny, Jeff (October 26, 2008). "Long by Obama's Side, an Adviser Fills a Role That Exceeds His Title". The New York Times. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
  107. ^ "Joss Stone to record Barack Obama campaign song". www.nme.com. Archived from the original on August 15, 2008. Retrieved August 12, 2008.
  108. ^ Lewis, Nick (February 14, 2008). "Campaign songs can be powerful – or perturbing – political tools". National Post. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved December 16, 2010.
  109. ^ See, for instance, YouTube search.
  110. ^ Multi-National Artists Unite in Effort to Elect Barack Obama Through Song. Prweb.com. Retrieved on 2014-06-01.
  111. ^ "Obama Leads Field in Unsolicited Music". blog.oregonlive.com. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved May 13, 2008.
  112. ^ a b Gautreaux, R (2016). "Framing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act:A Content Analysis of Democratic and Republican Twitter Feeds". Archived from the original on November 20, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  113. ^ a b Stirland, S.:[1],"Obama's Secret Weapons: Internet, Databases and Psychology", October 29, 2008. Retrieved on May 28, 2009.
  114. ^ a b Talbot, David (February 24, 2009). "Personalized Campaigning". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved December 3, 2016.
  115. ^ Talbot, David (August 19, 2008). "How Obama Really Did It". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved December 3, 2016.
  116. ^ Talbot, David (January 8, 2009). "The Geeks Behind Obama's Web Strategy". The Boston Globe. Retrieved December 3, 2016.
  117. ^ a b c Alter, Jonathan (2010). The Promise President Obama, Year One. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4391-0119-3.
  118. ^ Xenos, M. and W. Lance Bennett."THE DISCONNECTION IN ONLINE POLITICS: The Youth Political Sphere and US Election Sites, 2002–2004." Information, Communication, and Society 10 (2007): 443–64.
  119. ^ Pasek, Josh, Daniel Romer, and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. "America's Youth and Community Engagement: How Use of Mass Media Is Related to Civic Activity and Political Awareness in 14-to-22-Year-Olds." Communication Research 33 (2006): 115–35.
  120. ^ a b Smith, Ben (June 21, 2011). "Dem campaigns embrace new software". Politico. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
  121. ^ a b Scola, Nancy (May 13, 2011). "NationalField: The Private Social Network That's Reinventing the Ground Game". TechPresident. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
  122. ^ Dickinson, Tim (March 29, 2012). "Inside Obama's Campaign". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
  123. ^ Sifry, Micah (October 9, 2011). "How Obama's data-crunching prowess may get him re-elected". CNN. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
  124. ^ Sizemore, Justin (August 14, 2008). "The Democratic Ground Game". Larry J. Sabato's Crystal Ball. Retrieved December 3, 2016.
  125. ^ Creamer, Matthew (October 17, 2008). "Obama Wins! ... Ad Age's Marketer of the Year". Advertising Age. Retrieved June 17, 2014.
  126. ^ Creamer, Matthew (November 10, 2008). "Barack Obama and Audacity of Marketing". Advertising Age. Retrieved June 17, 2014.
  127. ^ a b c d Mike Madden (July 16, 2008). "Barack Obama's super marketing machine". Salon.com. Archived from the original on October 11, 2010. Retrieved September 22, 2010.
  128. ^ Laurie Segall (May 2, 2012). "Optimizely aims to give Obama 2012 a data edge". CNN Money. Retrieved March 18, 2015.
  129. ^ Laurie Segall (April 24, 2012). "Romney uses startup hatched by Obama campaign". CNN Money. Retrieved March 18, 2015.
  130. ^ John McCormick, "Obama in red, white and blue Archived August 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine," Chicago Tribune, June 30, 2008. Retrieved July 6, 2008.
  131. ^ John Harwood, "Aims of Democrats Reach Beyond the Oval Office," The New York Times, July 7, 2008. Retrieved July 7, 2008; Jonathan Martin and Ben Smith, "Obama's apple pie campaign," The Politico, July 7, 2008. Retrieved July 7, 2008; Andy Sullivan and Paul Thomasch, "TV ad spending to set record in presidential race[dead link‍]," Reuters, July 2, 2008. Retrieved July 7, 2008. See also: Jim Rutenberg and Christopher Drew, "National Push by Obama on Ads and Turnout," The New York Times, June 22, 2008. Retrieved July 7, 2008.
  132. ^ Jim Rutenburg, "Taking to the Airwaves," The New York Times, July 29, 2008. Retrieved July 30, 2008. See also: "General Election Campaign TV Advertising Spending Exceeds $50 Million in First Two Months of Campaign Archived August 1, 2008, at the Wayback Machine," University of Wisconsin–Madison Advertising Project, July 30, 2008. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
  133. ^ Obama's Exclusive Interview With 'GMA', September 15, 2008
  134. ^ "Obama's Prime-Time Appeal to Voters Appears on Numerous Networks in the Campaign's Final Stretch". CBS News. October 29, 2008. Archived from the original on November 2, 2008.
  135. ^ "Obama to Air Expensive TV Commercial". The Scotsman. October 29, 2008.
  136. ^ Lisa de Moraes (October 30, 2008). "Obama Enters the League of Must-See TV". The Washington Post.
  137. ^ "Obama's Oct. 29 Simulcast Follows In Perot's Footsteps". Nielsen Wire. October 10, 2008. Archived from the original on November 2, 2008. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
  138. ^ Dawn Teo (October 2, 2008). "Obama Campaign Buys Channel 73 on Dish Network". The Huffington Post.
  139. ^ Andrews, Wyatt (October 29, 2008). "Reality Check: The Cost Of Obama's Pledges". CBS News. Archived from the original on December 2, 2008. Retrieved December 9, 2008.
  140. ^ "Obama hits back at Internet slanders". Agence France-Presse. June 12, 2008.
  141. ^ Tumulty, Karen (June 12, 2008). "Will Obama's Anti-Rumor Plan Work?". Time. Archived from the original on November 2, 2008. Retrieved November 7, 2008.
  142. ^ "The truth about Barack's birth certificate Archived March 9, 2011, at WebCite", Obama for America. Retrieved June 14, 2008.
  143. ^ "The truth about Barack Obama and William Ayers Archived October 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine", Obama for America. Retrieved 3-9-2009.
  144. ^ "Next Generation Swift Boaters Archived March 6, 2009, at the Wayback Machine", Obama for America. Retrieved 3-9-2009.
  145. ^ "The Truth About Barack's Faith Archived March 24, 2009, at the Wayback Machine", Obama for America. Retrieved 3-9-2009.
  146. ^ ""Israel for Obama" Campaign". Israel for Obama blog. Archived from the original on November 10, 2008. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
  147. ^ McGirk, Jan (July 23, 2008). "Obama In Ramallah". The Huffington Post. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
  148. ^ "Obama wraps up Middle East trip". U.S. Senator Barack Obama. Archived from the original on October 30, 2008. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
  149. ^ "Details of Obama's Trip Released". The Washington Post. July 22, 2008. Archived from the original on September 8, 2008. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
  150. ^ "Strong Outreach Contributed to Obama's Surge Among Jews". The Forward. November 6, 2008. Archived from the original on December 10, 2008. Retrieved November 9, 2008.
  151. ^ "Voices for Obama resound from afar". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. October 27, 2008. Archived from the original on December 6, 2008. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
  152. ^ Wheeler, Carolynne (October 31, 2008). "Palestinians toil for Barack Obama win". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on November 3, 2008. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
  153. ^ "Black Jew Paves the Way in 'Israel for Obama'". Toere. November 9, 2008. Archived from the original on December 6, 2008. Retrieved November 9, 2008.
  154. ^ NATHAN BURSTEIN (October 31, 2008). "What do Amnon Lipkin-Shahak, Moshe Ivgy and Jesse Dylan have in common?". Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on December 6, 2008. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
  155. ^ Yitzhak Benhorin (October 5, 2008). "Obama good for Israel, say former Israeli generals". YnetNews. Archived from the original on June 30, 2012. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
  156. ^ Yeshiyah Amariel (October 12, 2008). "Fight the Jewish Blog Smears!". Zimbio.com. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
  157. ^ "Obama wins 77 percent of Jewish vote, exit polls show". Haaretz. November 5, 2008. Archived from the original on December 10, 2008. Retrieved November 6, 2008.
  158. ^ "Microsoft Word – Fact Sheet Energy Speech 082508 FINAL.doc" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 17, 2008. Retrieved October 17, 2008.
  159. ^ States are colored according to the average from at least the last three poll results from Statewide opinion polling for the 2008 United States presidential election. Washington, D.C. is presumed heavy Democrat. If there have been more than 3 polls taken within a month of the latest poll, then these are averaged.
  160. ^ "McCain taps Alaska Gov. Palin as vice president pick". CNN. August 29, 2008. Archived from the original on September 13, 2008. Retrieved September 13, 2008.
  161. ^ Cook, Charlie (September 9, 2008). "Time to Reassess the White House Race". NBC News. Archived from the original on November 9, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2008.
  162. ^ MacAskill, Ewan (September 10, 2008). "The Palin effect: white women now deserting Obama, says survey". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on September 13, 2008. Retrieved September 13, 2008.
  163. ^ a b General Election: McCain vs. Obama, RealClearPolitics. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
  164. ^ Candidate Support by Political Party and Ideology Retrieved November 3, 2008.
  165. ^ Obama: Favorable/Unfavorable, RealClearPolitics. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
  166. ^ RealClearPolitics Electoral College: RealClear Electoral Count, RealClearPolitics. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
  167. ^ RealClearPolitics Electoral College: No Toss Up States, RealClearPolitics. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2008.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign&oldid=1253126836"