Upper Austria (German: Oberösterreich [ˈoːbɐˌ(ʔ)øːstɐraɪç] ; Bavarian: Obaöstareich; Czech: Horní Rakousy [ˈɦorɲiː ˈrakousɪ]) is one of the nine states or Länder of Austria. Its capital is Linz. Upper Austria borders Germany and the Czech Republic, as well as the other Austrian states of Lower Austria, Styria, and Salzburg. With an area of 11,982 km2 (4,626 sq mi) and 1.49 million inhabitants, Upper Austria is the fourth-largest Austrian state by land area and the third-largest by population.
Upper Austria
Oberösterreich | |
|---|---|
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
| Anthem: Hoamatgsang | |
 | |
| Country |  Austria |
| Capital | Linz |
| Government | |
| • Body | Landtag of Upper Austria |
| • Governor | Thomas Stelzer (ÖVP) |
| • Deputy Governors |
|
| Area | |
| • Total | 11,718.32 km2 (4,524.47 sq mi) |
| Population (1 January 2023) | |
| • Total | 1,522,825 |
| • Density | 130/km2 (340/sq mi) |
| GDP | |
| • Total | €69.994 billion (2021) |
| • Per capita | €46,700 (2021) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| ISO 3166 code | AT-4 |
| HDI (2022) | 0.917[2] very high · 5th of 9 |
| NUTS Region | AT3 |
| Votes in Bundesrat | 12 (of 62) |
| Website | Official website |
History
editOrigins
editFor a long period of the Middle Ages, much of what would become Upper Austria constituted Traungau, a region of the Duchy of Bavaria. In the mid-13th century, it became known as the Principality above the Enns River (Fürstentum ob der Enns), this name being first recorded in 1264. (At the time, the term "Upper Austria" also included Tyrol and various scattered Habsburg possessions in southern Germany.)
Early modern era
editIn 1490, the area was given a measure of independence within the Holy Roman Empire, with the status of a principality. By 1550, there was a Protestant majority. In 1564, Upper Austria, together with Lower Austria and the Bohemian territories, fell under Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II.
At the start of the 17th century, the Counter-Reformation was instituted under Emperor Rudolf II and his successor Matthias. After a military campaign, the area was under the control of Bavaria for some years in the early 17th century.
The Innviertel was ceded from the Electorate of Bavaria to Upper Austria in the Treaty of Teschen in 1779. During the Napoleonic Wars, Upper Austria was occupied by the French army on more than one occasion.
20th century
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In 1918 after the collapse of Austria-Hungary, the name Oberösterreich was used to describe the province of the new Austria. After Austria was annexed by Adolf Hitler, the Nazi dictator, who had been born in the Upper Austrian town of Braunau am Inn and raised in Upper Austria, Upper Austria became Reichsgau Oberdonau, although this also included the southern part of the Sudetenland, annexed from Czechoslovakia, and a small part of Styria. In 1945, Upper Austria was partitioned between the American zone to the south and the Soviet zone to the north.
Industry
editToday Upper Austria is Austria's leading industrial region. As of 2009, it accounted for approximately a quarter of the country's exports.[3]
Lakes
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Demographics
editAs of January 1, 2021, 1,495,608 people resided in the state, of which 107,318 (7.17 percent) were European Union/European Economic Area/Switzerland/UK citizens and 96,623 (6.46 percent) were third-country nationals.[4]
The majority of Upper Austrians are Christian. In 2001, 79.4 percent of the people still belonged to the Roman Catholic church, about 4.4% were members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, 4.0 percent were Muslims, and 8.8 percent were of no confession.[5] By the end of 2020, the proportion of Catholics had fallen to 62 percent, while the corresponding proportion of Protestants was about 3.1 percent of the Upper Austrian population.[6]
Population development
editAfter World War II, Upper Austria received a million refugees. The Soviet and American armies occupied Upper Austria as hundreds of thousands of people fled from both sides of the land front.[7]
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1869 | 736,856 | — |
| 1880 | 760,091 | +3.2% |
| 1890 | 786,496 | +3.5% |
| 1900 | 810,854 | +3.1% |
| 1910 | 853,595 | +5.3% |
| 1923 | 876,698 | +2.7% |
| 1934 | 902,965 | +3.0% |
| 1939 | 927,583 | +2.7% |
| 1951 | 1,108,720 | +19.5% |
| 1961 | 1,131,623 | +2.1% |
| 1971 | 1,229,972 | +8.7% |
| 1981 | 1,269,540 | +3.2% |
| 1991 | 1,333,480 | +5.0% |
| 2001 | 1,376,797 | +3.2% |
| 2011 | 1,413,762 | +2.7% |
| 2021 | 1,504,237 | +6.4% |
| Source: Censuses[8] | ||
Economy
editThe Gross domestic product (GDP) of the state was 65.9 billion € in 2018, accounting for 17.1% of the Austria's economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 39,500 € or 131% of the EU27 average in the same year.[9]
Politics
editThe Upper Austrian state constitution defines Upper Austria as an independent state of the democratic Republic of Austria. In its constitution, Upper Austria also declares its support for a united Europe that is committed to democratic, constitutional, social and federal principles as well as the principle of subsidiarity, preserves the autonomy of the regions and ensures their participation in European decision-making. In its regional constitution, Upper Austria defines its position in Europe as an independent, future-oriented and self-confident region that participates in the further development of a united Europe.[10]
Like Styria, Upper Austria is a swing state that usually has a signal character in nationwide elections. The conservative Austrian People's Party dominates in rural areas, the Social Democratic Party of Austria has its strongholds in the cities of Linz, Wels and Steyr or in the Attnang-Puchheim railroad junction, but the right-wing populist Freedom Party of Austria has also traditionally had a strong presence, for example in the Innviertel.
Administrative divisions
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Administratively, the state is divided into 15 districts (Bezirke), three Statutarstädte and 438 municipalities.
Statutory cities
edit.JPG)
Districts
edit- Braunau
- Eferding
- Freistadt
- Gmunden
- Grieskirchen
- Kirchdorf
- Linz-Land
- Perg
- Ried
- Rohrbach
- Schärding
- Steyr-Land
- Urfahr-Umgebung
- Vöcklabruck
- Wels-Land
Historical regions
editHistorically, Upper Austria was traditionally divided into four regions: Hausruckviertel, Innviertel, Mühlviertel, and Traunviertel.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Basisdaten Bundesländer" (PDF). Retrieved 2023-09-01.
- ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
- ^ Upper Austria Technology and Marketing Company. "Upper Austria in figures". Retrieved 2014-05-03.
- ^ Statistik Austria
- ^ "Glaube & Religion" (PDF).
- ^ "Kirchliche Statistik: Eintritte, Austritte, Pastoraldaten" (in German). www.katholisch.at. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
- ^ Ronald W. Zweig; Thomas Albrich, eds. (2002). Escape Through Austria: Jewish Refugees and the Austrian Route to Palestine. Frank Cass. p. 15. ISBN 9780714652139.
- ^ "Historic Censuses - STATISTICS AUSTRIA". Statistics Austria.
- ^ "Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018". Eurostat.
- ^ "Oö. Landes-Verfassungsgesetz (Oö. L-VG) - Artikel 1a" (PDF) (in German). p. 8. Retrieved 2024-01-25.
External Links
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