Obidoxime

Obidoxime
Clinical data
ATC code	V03AB13 (WHO) ;
Pharmacokinetic data
Excretion	Renal
Identifiers
	IUPAC name 1,1'-[oxybis(methylene)]bis{4-[(E)-; (hydroxyimino)methyl]pyridinium};
CAS Number	7683-36-5 ; 114-90-9 (chloride);
PubChem CID	5485192;
ChemSpider	4588647 ;
UNII	N6KNE1QA9O;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL451635 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID70921258 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.003.690
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C14H16N4O3+2
Molar mass	288.307 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
	SMILES c1c(cc[n+](c1)COC[n+]2ccc(cc2)/C=N\O)/C=N\O;
	InChI InChI=1S/C14H14N4O3/c19-15-9-13-1-5-17(6-2-13)11-21-12-18-7-3-14(4-8-18)10-16-20/h1-10H,11-12H2/p+2 ; Key:HIGRLDNHDGYWQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-P ;
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Obidoxime is a member of the oxime family used to treat organophosphate poisoning. Oximes are drugs known for their ability to reverse the binding of organophosphorus compounds to the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE).^[1]

AChE is an enzyme that removes acetylcholine from the synapse after it creates the required stimulation on the next nerve cell. If it gets inhibited, acetylcholine is not removed after the stimulation and multiple stimulations are made, resulting in muscle contractions and paralysis.

Organophosphates such as nerve gases are well-known inhibitors of AChE. They bind to a specific place on the enzyme and prevent it from functioning normally by changing the OH group on the serine residue and by protonating (quaternary nitrogen, R₄N⁺) the nearby nitrogen atom located in the histidine residue.

Function

Oximes such as obidoxime, pralidoxime and asoxime (HI-6) are used to restore enzyme functionality. They have greater affinity for the organic phosphate residue than the enzyme and they remove the phosphate group, restore the OH to serine and turn nitrogen from histidine back into its R₃N form (tertiary nitrogen). This results in full enzyme recovery and the phosphate-oxime compound is eliminated from the organism via urine. Obidoxime is more potent than pralidoxime^[2] and diacetyl-monoxime.^[3]

Side effects

Oximes like these do have side effects and they include liver damage, kidney damage, nausea, vomiting, but they are very efficient antidotes to nerve gas poisoning. Usually treatment of poisoning includes the use of atropine, which can slow down the action of the poison, giving more time to apply the oxime.

References

^ Jokanović M, Prostran M (2009). "Pyridinium oximes as cholinesterase reactivators. Structure-activity relationship and efficacy in the treatment of poisoning with organophosphorus compounds". Curr. Med. Chem. 16 (17): 2177–88. doi:10.2174/092986709788612729. PMID 19519385. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10. Retrieved 2020-04-22.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ D., SATOSKAR, R. S.. REGE, NIRMALA N.. BHANDARKAR, S. (2015). PHARMACOLOGY AND PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS. [S.l.]: ELSEVIER INDIA. ISBN 978-8131243619. OCLC 978526697.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ D., Tripathi, K. (2013-09-30). Essentials of medical pharmacology (Seventh ed.). New Delhi. ISBN 9789350259375. OCLC 868299888.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

CAS Registry/EC Number (RN)

[pmid19519385-1] Jokanović M, Prostran M (2009). "Pyridinium oximes as cholinesterase reactivators. Structure-activity relationship and efficacy in the treatment of poisoning with organophosphorus compounds". Curr. Med. Chem. 16 (17): 2177–88. doi:10.2174/092986709788612729. PMID 19519385. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10. Retrieved 2020-04-22.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)

[2] D., SATOSKAR, R. S.. REGE, NIRMALA N.. BHANDARKAR, S. (2015). PHARMACOLOGY AND PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS. [S.l.]: ELSEVIER INDIA. ISBN 978-8131243619. OCLC 978526697.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[3] D., Tripathi, K. (2013-09-30). Essentials of medical pharmacology (Seventh ed.). New Delhi. ISBN 9789350259375. OCLC 868299888.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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Clinical data

ATC code	V03AB13 (WHO)
Pharmacokinetic data
Excretion	Renal
Identifiers
IUPAC name 1,1'-[oxybis(methylene)]bis{4-[(E)- (hydroxyimino)methyl]pyridinium}
CAS Number	7683-36-5^N 114-90-9 (chloride)
PubChem CID	5485192
ChemSpider	4588647^Y
UNII	N6KNE1QA9O
ChEMBL	ChEMBL451635^N
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID70921258
ECHA InfoCard	100.003.690
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C₁₄H₁₆N₄O₃⁺²
Molar mass	288.307 g·mol⁻¹
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
SMILES c1c(cc[n+](c1)COC[n+]2ccc(cc2)/C=N\O)/C=N\O
InChI InChI=1S/C14H14N4O3/c19-15-9-13-1-5-17(6-2-13)11-21-12-18-7-3-14(4-8-18)10-16-20/h1-10H,11-12H2/p+2^Y Key:HIGRLDNHDGYWQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-P^Y
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