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Isaac Ochoterena

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Isaac Ochoterena (1885–1950) was a Mexican autodidact, biologist, botanist, plant collector, researcher, educator and academic who published over 230 scientific works.[1] Initially a primary school teacher, he went on to become a professor at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (National Autonomous University of México, UNAM), a researcher at the government-funded research center Dirección de Estudios Biológicos (DEB), and Dean of the Biology Institute at UNAM.[2][3]

Isaac Ochoterena
SpouseCarmen Sarabia Castillón
Awardshonorary doctorate, National Autonomous University of Mexico (1940)
Academic work
Disciplinebiology
Sub-disciplinebotany and histology
Institutions

Ochoterena documented the diverse botany and zoology of Mexico, publishing both books and papers on a wide range of topics.[4] A genus and at least 15 species have been named for Ochoterena,[2] among them flowering plants, cacti, fish, skinks and lizards. He helped to identify the cause of the disease onchocerciasis, which has since been eradicated through public health initiatives.[5]

Ochoterena, with Fernando Ocaranza and Eliseo Ramírez Ulloa, was part of a new order of politically aligned medical institutions that developed in post revolutionary Mexico. As Dean of Biology, Ochoterena's descriptive and practical approach to biology and his emphasis on its applications in medicine shaped the institutionalization of biology in Mexico. This may have been one of the factors delaying the development in Mexico of a broad-based approach to biological concepts and the examination of theories such as evolution and the origin of life.[2][3][6]

Early life and education

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His parents were Colonel Pedro Ochoterena and Virginia Mendieta de Ochoterena.[7][8] He attended school in his native city and at the Escuela Normal of Tlaxcala (Tlaxcala Normal School) and later the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria (National Preparatory School) in Mexico City[4] where his teachers included Gabino Barreda, Justo Sierra Méndez, Miguel E. Schulz [es] and naturalist Manuel Maria Villada [Wikidata].[9]

When Ochoterena was sixteen his father died,[9] and he gave up his initial plan of studying medicine.[4] Ochoterena published his first article, "Algo de Paleontologia" in 1903.[10] On the advice of Justo Sierra,[9] Ochoterena applied for and passed an examination given by the Secretaría de Instrucción Pública y Bellas Artes[4] qualifying him as a teacher of primary education in 1906.[11] Beyond this early training, he was an autodidact, entirely self-taught.[2][10]

Career

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Ochoterena began his teaching career in Tlatlauquitepec in the state of Puebla.[10] In 1905 he published Flora de la Sierra de Puebla, and in 1909 Influencia del fósforo en la germinación, based on his botanical explorations.[12]

In 1907, Pastor Rouaix [es] invited Ochoterena to move to Gómez Palacio, Durango to teach primary school. Ochoterena was later appointed as a school director in Lerdo, Durango and as a school inspector for the state of Durango, holding the position of Inspector of Public Instruction until 1913.[2] He also became a professor of biology and botany in the Instituto Juárez in the capital of Durango, teaching classes in natural history and chemistry.[10] In 1912 Ochoterena married Carmen Sarabia Castillón, sister of aviator Francisco Sarabia Tinoco [es].[13] In 1914 Ochoterena became Director General of Education for the state of San Luis Potosí.[11]

The Escuela Nacional de Agricultura y Veterinaria (National School of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, ENAV) was the first veterinary school to be created on the American continent.[14] It was established by Antonio López de Santa Anna, President of the Republic of Mexico, as of August 17, 1853.[15] In 1915 Ochoterena began teaching histology classes there.[10]

Also in 1915, naturalist Alfonso Luis Herrera became the director of the Museo de Historia Natural (National Museum of Natural History, MHN) in Mexico City. Herrera proposed the formation of a biological research center, the Dirección de Estudios Biológicos (Directorate of Biological Studies, DEB), under the Ministry of Agriculture and Development. The DEB became another key institution, with Herrera at its head.[2][16] From 1916 to 1918, Ochoterena worked with the DEB, in charge of the Vegetable Biology Section. He was exposed to Herrera's ideas about biological evolution during this time, but later opposed them.[2]

In 1917, Ochoterena was invited to teach at the Escuela Médico Militar (Military Medical School) by Eliseo Ramírez Ulloa. Ochoterena taught courses in histology and embryology. Ochoterena and Ramírez also worked with Fernando Ocaranza Carmona to form the Sociedad Mexicana de Biología (Mexican Biology Society) in 1920. They published their own journal, Revista Mexicana de Biología (Mexican Journal of Biology) from 1920 to 1935. By 1921 Ochoterena was head of the Biology Department at the school he had once attended, the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria (National Preparatory School), and curator of its natural history collections.[2]

One of Ochoterena's students was Helia Bravo Hollis. She assisted him in writing the first book on cacti in Mexico, Las Cactaceas de Mexico (1922).[17] His students also included Eduardo Caballero y Caballero, and José de Lille.[2] In 1925, Ochoterena replaced Herrera as teacher of zoology after a reorganization of faculty at the national university. From this time, he became increasingly involved in the activities of the university council.[2]

In the field of histology, Ochoterena made important discoveries relating to the disease Onchocerciasis, identifying the parasite which causes it, Onchocerca volvulus.[4] In 1928 he showed that microfilaria were present in the eye and optic nerve, and in 1930, he identified Simulium ochraceum as the disease's main vector in the Americas. These discoveries laid the basis for public health initiatives and the eventual eradication of the disease.[5]

In 1929, a major political and educational reorganization occurred, with control of departments shifting from the government to the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México (National Autonomous University of Mexico, UNAM).[18] The Directorate of Biological Studies became part of UNAM. On October 16, 1929, Fernando Ocaranza proposed Ochoterena as a candidate for director of the Biological Institute, where he replaced Herrera.[2][8][19] Ochoterena also became head of the National Museum of Natural History in Mexico City, which was part of the Biological Institute.[8]

During the same reorganization, the National School of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine became the National School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production (Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia) of UNAM.[14]) The faculty at UNAM was the only veterinary school serving Mexico and other Latin American countries until 1957.[18]

After taking charge of UNAM's newly created Institute of Biology, Ochoterena offered Bravo Hollis the leadership of the National Herbarium, where she specialized in the Cactaceae family.[17][20] Ochoterena continued to teach at the National Preparatory School. In 1939, when UNAM's Faculty of Sciences was founded, he became head of the Departamento de Biología of the Facultad de Ciencias at UNAM.[2] From 1941 to 1943, Ochoterena held the government appointment of General Director of Educación Superior e Investigación Científica (Higher Education and Scientific Research).[2] The National Autonomous University of Mexico awarded him an honorary doctorate in 1940.[21] In 1946 he was named researcher emeritus and honorary director of the Institute of Biology of UNAM.[4]

As of May 15, 1943, Ochoterena became a founding member of Mexico's National College, along with others including José Clemente Orozco, Diego Rivera, Ignacio Chávez Sánchez, Antonio Caso Andrade, Alfonso Reyes, Carlos Chávez, Manuel Uribe Troncoso, Manuel Sandoval Vallarta, and José Vasconcelos.[22][23]

Awards and honors

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Tomb of Isaac Ochoterena, Panteón de Dolores

Ochoterena held various honors and was a member of numerous scholarly societies:

  • 1929/1930, Academia Nacional de Ciencias Antonio Alzate, Mexico's National Academy of Sciences[24]
  • 1946, researcher emeritus and honorary director, Institute of Biology, UNAM[4]
  • Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Estadística (Mexican Society for Geography and Statistics)
  • Member, National Academy of Medicine of Mexico[25]
  • Honorary Member, Sociedad Botánica de México (Botanical Society of Mexico, SBM)[25]
  • Hon. President, Sociedad Mexicana de Zoología[25]
  • Corresponding Member, Sociedad de Biología de Concepción, Chile[25]
  • Corresponding Foreign Member, Academia Nacional de Medicina de Lima (Peru)[25]
  • Corresponding Member, Academia Chilena de Ciencias Naturales[25]
  • Corresponding Member, Centro de Sciencias, Letras e Artes de Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil[25]
  • Corresponding Member, Societas Scientiarum Naturalium Caldas' of Medellin, Colombia[25]
  • Corresponding Member, Sociedad Internacional de Investigaciones Cientificas of Bolivia[25]
  • Honorary Member, Société mycologique de France[25]
  • Honorary Member, Physikalisch-Medizinische Gesellschaft of Würzburg[25]
  • Honorary Member, Sociedad de Botánica Aplicada de la URSS[12] (Institute of Applied Botany and New Cultures of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics of Leningrad)[25]
  • Honorary Member, Société Nationale d'Acclimatation de France[25]
  • Honorary Member, Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales of Madrid[25]

Legacy

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Front of the Colegio Isaac Ochoterena, Mexico City

In 1938, the Colegio Isaac Ochoterena secondary school was founded in honor of the scientist. The school was later one of the primary sites of student unrest and confrontations in July of 1968 as part of a conflict between multiple vocational schools in Mexico City and the private secondary school. These conflicts are considered to have constituted the beginning of the anti-government protest Movement of 1968 in Mexico [es] in the city, culminating in the October 1968 protest at the Three Cultures Plaza [es] in Tlatelolco, in which over 30 students were killed.[26][27]

Species

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At least 15 species have been named for Isaac Ochoterena[2] in addition to the genus Ochoterenaea in the family Anacardiaceae.[28]

Archives

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  • Harvard Library, Center for the History of Medicine (Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine) Richard P. Strong papers Office Files: Series 2, Nat D - O Ochoterena, Isaac, Dr, 1931-1932

Selected publications

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  • Cactáceas de México, 1922
  • Lecciones de biologia, por Isaac Ochoterena, 1922/1923
  • Nota acerca de la presencia de fibras aferentes en el ganglio de Corti y en otros exteroceptores, 1926
  • Tratado elemental de histologia general, 1938
  • Tratado elemental de biología, 1942
  • Lecciones acerca del órgano del oído, sustentadas en el Colegio nacional, 1943
The standard author abbreviation Ochot. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[37]

References

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  1. ^ Arroyo, J (25 February 1957). "[Professor Sir Isaac Ochoterena]". Medicina. 37 (766): Suppl., 25–9. PMID 13407334.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Ledesma-Mateos, Ismael; Barahona, Ana (2003). "The Institutionalization of Biology in Mexico in the Early 20th Century. The Conflict between Alfonso Luis Herrera (1868–1942) and Isaac Ochoterena (1885–1950)". Journal of the History of Biology. 36 (2): 285–307. doi:10.1023/A:1024443517547. PMID 12940292.
  3. ^ a b Mejia, Gregorio Cervantes (15 January 2021). "Una agrupación contra la biología retratada por García Cabral". Blog Consultario | e-consulta (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 June 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g "Ochoterena, Isaac (1885-1950)". plants.jstor.org.
  5. ^ a b Crump, Andy; Morel, Carlos M.; Omura, Satoshi (July 2012). "The onchocerciasis chronicle: from the beginning to the end?". Trends in Parasitology. 28 (7): 280–288. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2012.04.005. PMID 22633470.
  6. ^ Lorenzano, Pablo (2023). "Philosophy of Biology in Latin America". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
  7. ^ "Prof. Isaac Ochoterena" (PDF). Gaceta Médica de México. 67 (2). Academia Nacional de Medicina de México: 176–177. 1937.
  8. ^ a b c Gunder, J. D. (1930). "North American Institutions Featuring Lepidoptera. XIX. Entomological Institutions in Mexico". Entomological News. XLI (10). [Philadelphia] American Entomological Society: 313–318.
  9. ^ a b c López-Ochoterena, Eucario (1991). "lsaac Ochoterena y las primeras publicaciones de Protozoarios en Mexico" (PDF). Revista de la Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural. 42: 29–32.
  10. ^ a b c d e Calvo-Cuadrilla, E.; Mendoza Hernández, SE (2007). "Isaac Ochoterena Mendieta. Teniente Coronel. Profesor de la Escuela Médico Militar". Revista de Sanidad Militar. 61 (1): 55–62.
  11. ^ a b Anaya, Emmanuel] (21 April 2017). "Ochoterena y Mendieta, atlixquense que dejó huella en el mundo - Enlace Noticias". Enlace Noticias (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 June 2024.
  12. ^ a b "Isaac Ochoterena". El Colegio Nacional (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  13. ^ "Jacobo Isaac Ochoterena". Biodiversidad Mexicana (in Spanish).
  14. ^ a b Berruecos, José M.; Trigo, Francisco J.; Zarco, Luis A. (June 2004). "The Accreditation System for Colleges of Veterinary Medicine in Mexico and a Comparison with the AVMA System". Journal of Veterinary Medical Education. 31 (2): 111–115. doi:10.3138/jvme.31.2.111. ISSN 0748-321X. PMID 15181591.
  15. ^ "170 years of Veterinary Education in the American Continent". World Veterinary Association. 31 Mar 2023.
  16. ^ Galindo Mendoza, María Guadalupe (2017). La Sanidad Vegetal de México Memoria Historica (2nd ed.). Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí - UASLP. ISBN 978-607-9453-82-4.
  17. ^ a b Jesús, Morales-Sandoval J.; Berenice, Reyes-Aguilar; Léia, Scheinvar (2019). "Who is Helia Bravo-Hollis?". The Cactus Explorer. March (24): 16–19. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  18. ^ a b Berruecos, J. M.; Zarco, L. (August 2009). "Integrating the issues of global animal and public health into the veterinary education curriculum: a Latin American perspective". Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics). 28 (2): 739–744. doi:10.20506/rst.28.2.1915. ISSN 0253-1933. PMID 20128485. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  19. ^ "Scientific Institutions in Latin America: Institute of Biology" (PDF). Boletín de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana (OSP). 20 (3): 41–43. 1941.
  20. ^ Aguilar-Rocha, Monica (2019-03-22). "A lifetime among Cacti: Helia Bravo-Hollis". Biodiversity Heritage Library. Retrieved 2024-06-15.
  21. ^ "DOCTOR HONORIS CAUSA 2017 Semblanzas" (PDF). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
  22. ^ "Isaac Ochoterena". El Colegio Nacional (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 2024-06-10.
  23. ^ "Diego Rivera and the founding members of the Colegio Nacional (National College). Standing, from left to right: José Clemente Orozco, Diego Rivera, Isaac Ochoterena, Ignacio Chávez, Antonio Caso, Alfonso Reyes, and Carlos Chávez. Seated, from left to right: Manuel Uribe Troncoso, Manuel Sandoval Vallarta, and José Vasconcelos. - Autor no identificado". Google Arts & Culture.
  24. ^ "Memorias y revista de la Sociedad Científica "Antonio Alzate"" (PDF). Instituto Hispano Cubano.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n World biography : fourth edition of the Biographical Encyclopedia of the World (4th ed.). New York, New York: Institute for Research in Biography. 1948. p. 3528.
  26. ^ Becerril, Andres (2018-07-23). "Pleito inició el Movimiento Estudiantil de 1968; la refriega entre las Vocas 2 y 5". Excelsior.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-06-11.
  27. ^ Luna, Liza (2023-07-23). "La trifulca entre escuelas que desató el movimiento del 68". El Universal (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-06-11.
  28. ^ a b "Ochoterenaea F.A.Barkley | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online.
  29. ^ Casas-Andreu, G.; Smith, H. M. (1991). "Historia Nomenclatorial y Status Taxonomico de Abronia ochoterenai y Abronia lythrochila (Lacertilia: Anguidae), con una Clave de Identificacion para el Grupo aurita". Anales del Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Serie Zoología. 61: 317–326.
  30. ^ "REDISCOVERED! The Lost Dragon, Abronia ochoterenai - Field Herp Forum". www.fieldherpforum.com.
  31. ^ Read, Geoffrey B.; ten Hove, Harry A.; Sun, Yanan; Kupriyanova, Elena K. (2 January 2017). "Hydroides Gunnerus, 1768 (Annelida, Serpulidae) is feminine: a nomenclatural checklist of updated names". ZooKeys (642): 1–52. Bibcode:2017ZooK..642....1R. doi:10.3897/zookeys.642.10443. PMID 28138297.
  32. ^ "World Polychaeta Database - Hydroides ochotereana Rioja, 1941". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
  33. ^ "PlanetCatfish.com - Ictalurus ochoterenai (Ictaluridae) Cat-eLog". www.planetcatfish.com.
  34. ^ "Plestiodon ochoterenae". The Reptile Database. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
  35. ^ "Sceloporus ochoterenae". The Reptile Database.
  36. ^ "Stenocactus ochoterenanus". Dictionary of Cactus Names. 11 June 2021.
  37. ^ International Plant Names Index.  Ochot.
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