Wikipedia

Federal Highway Administration

(Redirected from Office of Road Inquiry)

The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is a division of the United States Department of Transportation that specializes in highway transportation. The agency's major activities are grouped into two programs, the Federal-aid Highway Program and the Federal Lands Highway Program. Its role had previously been performed by the Office of Road Inquiry, Office of Public Roads and the Bureau of Public Roads.

Federal Highway Administration
Agency overview
FormedApril 1, 1967; 57 years ago (1967-04-01)
Preceding agency
  • Bureau of Public Roads
JurisdictionFederal government of the United States
HeadquartersWashington, D.C.
Annual budget$46 billion (FY2019)[1]
Agency executives
  • Shailen Bhatt, Administrator
  • Kristin White, Deputy Administrator
  • Gloria Shepherd, Executive Director
Parent agencyDepartment of Transportation
Websitewww.fhwa.dot.gov

History

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Background

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With the coming of the bicycle in the 1890s, interest grew regarding the improvement of streets and roads in America. The traditional method of putting the burden on maintaining roads on local landowners was increasingly inadequate. In 1893, the federal Office of Road Inquiry (ORI) was founded; in 1905, it was renamed the Office of Public Roads (OPR) and made a division of the United States Department of Agriculture.

Demands grew for local and state government to take charge. With the coming of the automobile, urgent efforts were made to upgrade and modernize dirt roads designed for horse-drawn wagon traffic. In 1910, the American Association for Highway Improvement was organized. Funding came from automobile registration, and taxes on motor fuels, as well as state aid. By 1914, there were 2.4 million miles of rural dirt rural roads; 100,000 miles had been improved with grading and gravel, and 3,000 miles were given high-quality surfacing. The rapidly increasing speed of automobiles, and especially trucks, made maintenance and repair high-priority items.

In 1915, OPR's name was changed to the Bureau of Public Roads. The following year, federal aid was first made available to improve post roads and promote general commerce: $75 million over five years, issued through the BPR in cooperation with the state highway departments.[2][3]

In 1939, BPR was renamed to the Public Roads Administration (PRA) and shifted to the Federal Works Agency. After the FWA was abolished in 1949, the organization was once again named the Bureau of Public Roads; it was placed under the Department of Commerce.[4]

From 1917 through 1941, 261,000 miles of highways were built with $3.17 billion in federal aid and $2.14 billion in state and local funds.[a]

Creation

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The Federal Highway Administration was created on October 15, 1966, along with the Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety and the National Highway Safety Bureau (now known as National Highway Traffic Safety Administration), as part of the new U.S. Department of Transportation.[6] The FHWA took over the functions of the Bureau of Public Roads the following year.

Functions

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The FHWA's role in the Federal-aid Highway Program is to oversee federal funds to build and maintain the National Highway System (primarily Interstate highways, U.S. highways and most state highways). This funding mostly comes from the federal gasoline tax and mostly goes to state departments of transportation.[7] The FHWA oversees projects using these funds to ensure that federal requirements for project eligibility, contract administration and construction standards are adhered to.

Under the Federal Lands Highway Program (sometimes called "direct fed"), the FHWA provides highway design and construction services for various federal land-management agencies, such as the Forest Service and the National Park Service.

In addition to these programs, the FHWA performs and sponsors research in the areas of roadway safety, congestion, highway materials and construction methods, and provides funding to local technical assistance program centers to disseminate research results to local highway agencies.

The FHWA also publishes the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), which is used by most highway agencies in the United States. The MUTCD provides such standards as the size, color and height of traffic signs, traffic signals and road surface markings.

Programs

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Long-Term Pavement Performance Program

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Main article: Long-Term Pavement Performance Program

Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) is a program supported by the FHWA to collect and analyse road data. The LTPP program was initiated by the Transportation Research Board (TRB) of the National Research Council (NRC) in the early 1980s. The FHWA with the cooperation of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) sponsored the program. As a result of this program, the FHWA has collected a huge database of road performance. The FHWA and the ASCE hold an annual contest known as LTPP International Data Analysis Contest, which is based on challenging researchers to answer a question based on the LTPP data.[8]

Every Day Counts initiative

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In 2010, FHWA launched the Every Day Counts (EDC) initiative to identify and deploy innovations to reduce project delivery time, enhance safety, and protect the environment.[9][10][11][12] EDC is a state-based model that rapidly deploys proven, yet underutilized innovations. FHWA works with State transportation departments, local governments, tribes, private industry, and other stakeholders to identify a new collection of innovations to champion every two years that merit accelerated deployment. Among the approaches promoted by the EDC effort are: adaptive traffic control to reduce fuel consumption and improve travel time reliability; alternative intersection design; prefabricated bridge elements and systems; high-friction surface treatments; warm mix asphalt; ultra-high-performance concrete; virtual public involvement; and time-saving strategies such as rapid bridge replacement.[13] Since the inception of EDC, each state has used 26 or more of the 57 innovations and some states have deployed more than 45. Many of these practices have become mainstream practices across the country.[14]

Organization

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The Federal Highway Administration is overseen by an administrator appointed by the President of the United States by and with the consent of the United States Senate. The administrator works under the direction of the Secretary of Transportation and Deputy Secretary of Transportation. The internal organization of the FHWA is as follows:[15]

Administrators

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Portrait Administrator Term started Term ended
  Roy Stone October 3, 1893 October 13, 1899
  Martin Dodge January 31, 1899 1905
  Logan Waller Page 1905 December 9, 1918
  Thomas Harris MacDonald April 1, 1919 March 31, 1953
  Francis Victor du Pont April 1, 1953 January 14, 1955
  Charles Dwight Curtiss January 14, 1955 October 1956
  John A. Volpe October 22, 1956 February 5, 1957
  Bertram D. Tallamy February 5, 1957 January 20, 1961
  Rex Marion Whitton January 20, 1961 December 30, 1966
  Lowell K. Bridwell March 23, 1967 January 20, 1969
  Francis Turner March 13, 1969 June 30, 1972
  Ralph Bartelsmeyer (acting) July 1, 1972 June 1, 1973[16]
  Norbert Tiemann June 1, 1973 March 31, 1977
  William M. Cox April 7, 1977 May 1, 1978
  Karl S. Bowers April 3, 1978 January 1980
  John S. Hassell Jr. July 11, 1980 February 5, 1981
  Ray Barnhart February 12, 1981 December 31, 1987
  Robert E. Farris June 8, 1988 May 17, 1989
  Thomas D. Larson August 10, 1989 January 20, 1993
  Rodney E. Slater June 3, 1993 February 14, 1997
  Kenneth R. Wykle December 2, 1997 September 4, 2001
  Mary E. Peters October 2, 2001 July 29, 2005
  J. Richard Capka May 31, 2006 January 24, 2008
  Thomas J. Madison Jr. August 18, 2008 January 20, 2009
  Victor Mendez January 20, 2009 July 24, 2014
  Gregory G. Nadeau July 30, 2014 January 20, 2017
  Brandye Hendrickson (acting) July 24, 2017 May 6, 2019
  Nicole Nason May 7, 2019 January 20, 2021
  Stephanie Pollack (acting) February 24, 2021[17] January 13, 2023
  Shailen Bhatt January 13, 2023 Incumbent

Deputy administrators

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Executive directors

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  • Lester P. Lamm, August 8, 1973[30] – ?
  • Thomas D. Everett, October 22, 2018 – June 30, 2022[33]
  • Mayela Sosa (Acting), June 30, 2022 - October 20, 2022
  • Gloria M. Shepherd, October 20, 2022 - Current

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The total GNP at current prices, 1917 through 1941 = $2,227.2 billion, so these roads = 5.32/2.227.2 = 1/4 of 1% of GNP.[5]

References

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  1. ^ "Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019" (PDF). One Hundred Sixteenth Congress of the United States of America. 2019-01-03.
  2. ^ Faulkner, Harold U. (1951). The Decline of Laissez Faire, 1897–1917. pp. 233–236.
  3. ^ Dearing, Charles Lee (1942). American Highway Policy.
  4. ^ Weingroff, Richard (September 28, 2017). "The Trailblazers: Brief History of the Direct Federal Highway Construction Program". Highway History. Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  5. ^ United States Census Bureau (1976). Historical Statistics of the United States. F1, Q64-Q68. pp. 224, 711.
  6. ^ "Highway Existence: 100 Years and Beyond". Public Roads. Federal Highway Administration. Autumn 1993.
  7. ^ "What is the Highway Trust Fund, and how is it financed?". Tax Policy Center. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
  8. ^ "Transportation & Development Institute (T&DI) of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) International Data Analysis Contest". Federal Highway Administration.
  9. ^ Schroeder, Bastian; Cunningham, Chris; Ray, Brian; Daleiden, Andy; Jenior, Pete; Knudsen, Julia (August 2014). Diverging Diamond Interchange Informational Guide (PDF). Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration Office of Safety.
  10. ^ "EDC-1: Adaptive Signal Control Technology". Federal Highway Administration.
  11. ^ Dowsett, Emily (January 31, 2019). "APWA Announces Public Policy Priorities for 116th Congress" (Press release). American Public Works Association – via GlobeNewswire News Room.
  12. ^ "FHWA Launches Fifth Round of 'Every Day Counts' Program". For Construction Pros.
  13. ^ "Every day counts initiative". Federal Highway Administration.
  14. ^ "About Every Day Counts". Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Retrieved May 13, 2024.
  15. ^ "FHWA Organization". Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
  16. ^ "January 25". FHWA By Day. Highway History. Federal Highway Administration.
  17. ^ "FHWA Organization". Federal Highway Administration.
  18. ^ "October 27". FHWA By Day. Highway History. Federal Highway Administration.
  19. ^ "March 23". FHWA By Day. Highway History. Federal Highway Administration.
  20. ^ "January 25". FHWA By Day. Highway History. Federal Highway Administration.
  21. ^ "100th Anniversary: An Evolving Partnership". Public Roads. Federal Highway Administration. November–December 2014. FHWA-HRT-15-001.
  22. ^ Transportation: Current Literature - Volume 59 - Page 3. U.S. Department of Transportation, Library Services Division. 1980.
  23. ^ "Secretary of Transportation May 11, 1978 Memorandum to President Carter" (PDF). Jimmy Carter's Presidential Library.
  24. ^ "August 3". FHWA By Day. Highway History. Federal Highway Administration.
  25. ^ "August 8". FHWA By Day. Highway History. Federal Highway Administration.
  26. ^ Department of Transportation Related Agencies Appropriations 1989 House Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations. US House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, Second Session Part 4. 1988.
  27. ^ U.S. Department of Transportation News FHWA. Department of Transportation, Office of Public Affairs. 1980.
  28. ^ "December 19". FHWA By Day. Highway History. Federal Highway Administration.
  29. ^ "Top FHWA Official Jeff Resigns". December 8, 1999.
  30. ^ a b c "On This Day in Automotive History... - the Crittenden Automotive Library". www.carsandracingstuff.com. Archived from the original on August 10, 2018. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
  31. ^ "May 15". FHWA By Day. Highway History. Federal Highway Administration.
  32. ^ "Along The Road". Public Roads. November–December 2002.
  33. ^ "FHWA Executive Director: Thomas D. Everett". Federal Highway Administration.

Further reading

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  • Erica Interrante and Bingxin Yu. Contributions and Crossroads: Our National Road System’s Impact on the U.S. Economy and Way of Life (1916-2016) (Federal Highway Administration, 2017) online, 40 page report
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