Oil campaign targets of World War II
Allied bombing of the oil campaign targets of World War II included attacks on Nazi Germany oil refineries, synthetic oil plants, storage depots, and other chemical works. Natural oil was available in Northwestern Germany at Nienhagen[1] (55%—300,000 tons per year),[2] Rietberg (20%—300,000), and Heide (300,000) and refineries were mainly at Hamburg and Hannover. Refineries in France, Holland, and Italy (54)—mainly coastal plants for ocean-shipped crude—were within Allied bombing range and generally unused by Germany[3] (Italian refining ceased in August 1943).[4] Even before the war, Germany was dependent on foreign sources for an adequate supply of oil. The annexations of Austria and the Sudetenland (and the breakup of Czechoslovakia); the "campaigns in Norway, Holland, Belgium, and France…and imports from the Soviet Union provided significant wartime petroleum imports to Nazi Germany.[5] Firms that operated oil facilities included Deutsche Erdöl-Aktiengesellschaft, Brabag (e.g., Böhlen, Magdeburg/Rothensee, Zeitz),[6] Fanto (Pardubice, Budapest),[3] and I.G. Farbenindustrie (Blechhammer, Ludwigshafen/Oppau,[6] Oświęcim).
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| Map of oil facilities
Blechhammer North |
References
edit- ^Note 1 : Part 10 of the Plan for Completion of the Combined Bomber Offensive identifies plants at both "Lutzkendorf" and "Lutzkendorf-Mücheln" [sic].[3]
- ^ "tbd" (PDF).
- ^ a b c d e f g h Ludmer, Henry (November 1947). "Oil in Germany" (PDF). The Ohio Journal of Science. 47 (6): 259–263. Retrieved 2009-02-11.
- ^ a b c d e f
HQ. U.S.S.T.A.F. (5 March 1944). Plan for Completion of Combined Bomber Offensive Copy I [package]. Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library: SMITH, WALTER BEDELL: Collection of World War II Documents, 1941-1945; Box No.: 48: HQ, U.S.S.T.A.F.
MOST SECRET … DECLASSIFIED … 4/4/74
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)- Cover letter: Spaatz, Carl (5 March 1944). SUBJECT: Plan for Completion of Combined Bomber Offensive
TO: General Dwight D. Eisenhower, supreme Allied Commander, Headquarters, ETOUSA. Headquarters United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe APO 633: Office of the Commanding General.SECRET … DECLASSIFIED … 4/24/74 …3Incls:
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) - "Plan": Williamson, Charles C.; Hughes, R. D.; Cabell, C. P.; Nazarro, J. J.; Bender, F. P.; Crigglesworth, W. J. (5 March 1944). "Plan for the Completion of the Combined Bomber Offensive": 5 pages + Appendices A–G & Supplement.
the rapid attrition of the German Fighter Force in being [vice production] can best be achieved by attacks on objectives which are so vital to the German War Machine that they must defend them with everything they have, or face the rapid reduction of their military forces to impotence. … the action to be adopted: … b. must favor a Rankin.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help)- "Appendix A": _____ "Fighter and Ball Bearing Production": 2 pages.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - "Appendix B": _____ "Petroleum": 2 pages + fold-out map.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
- "Appendix A": _____ "Fighter and Ball Bearing Production": 2 pages.
- …
- "Appendix G": _____ "Computation of Report": 5 pages.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - "Supplement": _____ "Reexamination of Previously Recommended Target Systems": 2 pages + Parts 1–10.
[targets] which the C.A.S. and Casablanca directives have specifically mentioned
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
- "Part 1": _____ "Prospect for Ending War by Air Attack Against German Morale": 2 pages.
Day raids by American heavy bombers against [morale] have little merit as a means of exploiting air supremacy over Germany. Neither fear, war weariness, nor the prospect of impoverishment is likely to be sufficient to enable impotent political and social groups to overthrow the efficient, terroristic Nazi social controls and bring about RANKIN. … The will of the Nazi party to resist Allied military pressure springs from strong, simple urges. It is generally agreed, and is doubtless clear to the party's leading members, that their chances for survival after RANKIN are slight.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
- "Part 1": _____ "Prospect for Ending War by Air Attack Against German Morale": 2 pages.
- "Appendix G": _____ "Computation of Report": 5 pages.
- …
- "Part 10": _____ "Target Potentialities of Oil -- March 1944": 7 pages, including Tables 1–4.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
- "Part 10": _____ "Target Potentialities of Oil -- March 1944": 7 pages, including Tables 1–4.
- Cover letter: Spaatz, Carl (5 March 1944). SUBJECT: Plan for Completion of Combined Bomber Offensive
- ^ Western Axis Subcommittee (c. 1943). "Estimated Refinery Output in Axis Europe -- 1943" (PDF). Enemy Oil Committee. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-27. Retrieved 2009-03-21.
- ^ a b Becker, Peter W. (1981). "The Role of Synthetic Fuel In World War II Germany: implications for today?". Air University Review. Maxwell AFB. Archived from the original on 2013-02-22.
- ^ a b Schroeder, W. C. (August 1946). "Report On Investigations by Fuels and Lubricants Teams At The I.G. Farbenindustrie, A. G., Works, Ludwigshafen and Oppau". US Bureau of Mines, Office of Synthetic Liquid Fuels. Archived from the original on 2007-11-08. Retrieved 2009-03-21.
- ^ Galland, Adolf (1968) [1954]. The First and the Last: The Rise and Fall of the German Fighter Forces, 1938-1945. Ninth Printing - paperbound. New York: Ballantine Books. p. 239.
- ^ Levine, Alan J (1992). The Strategic Bombing of Germany, 1940-1945. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-275-94319-6. Retrieved 2006-06-30.
- ^ "tbd".
- ^ Gilbert, Sir Martin (June 2004). The Second World War. Henry Holt and Company. p. 509. ISBN 978-0-8050-7623-3. Retrieved 2009-04-07.