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Old Melbourne Gaol

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The Old Melbourne Gaol is a former jail and current museum on Russell Street, in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It consists of a bluestone building and courtyard, and is located next to the old City Police Watch House and City Courts buildings, and opposite the Russell Street Police Headquarters. It was first constructed starting in 1839, and during its operation as a prison between 1845 and 1924, it held and executed some of Australia's most notorious criminals, including bushranger Ned Kelly and serial killer Frederick Bailey Deeming. In total, 133 people were executed by hanging. Though it was used briefly during World War II, it formally ceased operating as a prison in 1924; with parts of the jail being incorporated into the RMIT University, and the rest becoming a museum.

Old Melbourne Gaol
Map
LocationMelbourne, Victoria, Australia
Coordinates37°48′29″S 144°57′55″E / 37.80806°S 144.96528°E / -37.80806; 144.96528
StatusMuseum
Opened1 January 1845; 179 years ago (1845-01-01)
ClosedJuly 1924; 100 years ago (1924-07)
Managed byNational Trust of Australia
Websitewww.oldmelbournegaol.com.au
Official nameOld Melbourne Gaol
TypeState Registered Place
Designated20 August 1982
Reference no.H1553[1]
Heritage Overlay numberHO789[1]

The three-storey museum displays information and memorabilia of the prisoners and staff, including death masks of the executed criminals. At one time the museum displayed what was believed at the time to be Ned Kelly's skull, before it was stolen in 1978; as well as the pencil used by wrongly convicted Colin Campbell Ross to protest his innocence in writing, before being executed.

History

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Old Melbourne Gaol in 1922

An allotment of scrubland to the north-east of Melbourne was selected as Port Phillips first permanent gaol. On 1 January 1838, George Wintle was appointed to be gaoler at the prison at £100 a year; with the site becoming colloquially known as Wintle's Hotel.[2] Construction of the gaol started in 1839–1840 on Collins Street West, but it was considered too small at the time. A second gaol was then built between 1841 and 1844 at the corner of Russell and La Trobe Streets, adjoining the then Supreme Court.[3] The first cell block was opened for prisoners in 1845, but the facilities were considered inadequate; escapes occurring frequently. The gaol was already crowded by 1850.[4]

With the discovery of gold in 1851 (when the Port Phillip District became the new Colony of Victoria), and the resulting influx of population, law and order became more difficult to maintain. Subsequently, a new wing, with its own perimeter wall, was constructed between 1852 and 1854; the building using bluestone instead of sandstone. The design was based on that of British prison engineer Joshua Jebb, and especially the designs for the Pentonville Model Prison in London (which suited the current prison reform theories at the time). The new wing was extended in between 1857 and 1859, with the boundary wall also being extended during this time. In 1860, a new north wing was built; which included entrance buildings, a central hall and chapel. Between 1862 and 1864, a cell block was built for female prisoners on the western side – it was basically a replica of the present east block (until this time, female convicts were not kept apart from the male prisoners).[5] In 1864, the perimeter wall, and the gaol overall, was completed;[3][6] making it a dominant feature of authority on the Melbourne skyline.[3]

At its completion, the prison occupied an entire city block, and included exercise yards, a hospital in one of the yards, a chapel, a bath house and staff accommodation.[4] A house for the chief warders was built on the corner of Franklin and Russell streets, and 17 homes were built for gaolers on Swanston Street in 1860.[3] Artefacts recovered from the area indicate that even the gaolers and their families lived within the gaol walls in the 1850s and 1860s.[7]

Operation

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Calico hood

Much of daily life inside the gaol could be gleaned from sources such as diaries written by John Castieau, governor of the gaol between 1869 and 1884.[5] During its operation, the gaol was used to house short-term prisoners, lunatics and some of the colony's most notorious and hardened criminals.[8] It also housed up to twenty children at a time – including those imprisoned for petty theft or vagrancy, or simply those staying with a convicted parent. Babies under twelve months old were allowed to be with their mothers.[5] The youngest prisoner was recorded as three-year-old Michael Crimmins, who spent 6 months in the prison in 1857 for being idle and disorderly. In 1851, the 13 and 14-year-old O'Dowd sisters were imprisoned because they had nowhere else to go.[9]

Prisoners convicted of serious crimes, such as murder, arson, burglary, rape and shooting, would begin their time on the ground floor with a time of solitary confinement. They were also forbidden from communicating with other prisoners, which was strictly enforced by the usage of a silence mask, or calico hood, when outside their cells.[10] They would only be given a single hour of solitary exercise a day, with the remaining 23 hours spent in their cells. Inside the cells, prisoners would be able to lie on a thin mattress over the slate floors. They could only bathe and change clothes once a week, and attend the chapel on Sundays (with a Bible provided to promote good behaviour).[4][11] Prisoners might only have been allowed to finally socialise with other prisoners towards the end of their sentences.[10]

The routine for prisoners was regulated by a system of bells, and enforced by punishments; prisoners who obeyed the rules would be promoted to the second floor – whereby they would be allowed to work in the yards every day.[4] Male prisoners would perform hard labour – including breaking rocks, and other duties in the stone quarries, while women would sew, clean and cook.[10] Women would also make shirts and waistcoats for male prisoners, as well as act as domestic servants for the governor and his family.[5] Prisoners who had become trusted, those nearing the completion of their sentence, and debtors, were housed on the third floor communal cells.[4] These top level cells were large, and held up to six prisoners at time; and were mostly reserved to prisoners convicted of minor crimes such as drunkenness, vagrancy, prostitution or petty theft.[10]

Executions

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Old Melbourne Gaol gallows

During its operation, the gaol was the setting for 133 hangings.[12] The most infamous was that of bushranger Ned Kelly at the age of 25, on 11 November 1880. After a two-day trial, Kelly was convicted of killing a police officer. As stated by law at the time, executed prisoners were buried in unmarked graves in the gaol burial yard. Before burial, a death mask was produced from the executed prisoners head as part of the phrenological study of hanged felons.[10] Historian and associate professor of Wollongong University, John McQuilton, states that the lack of monitoring for burial processes was odd, given Victorian society's normally brilliant attention to detail.[13]

The gallows occupied several different sites within the gaol. A free-standing scaffold was used for early executions, initially outside the main gate and later in one of the yards; for a triple hanging in 1864 it was erected just inside the main gate complex. Diarist Charles Evans witnessed the aftermath of the 1853 triple hanging of bushrangers William Atkins, George Wilson and George Melville:

All went to Melbourne. Passed by the jail and saw the tightened ropes which supported the lifeless bodies of three wretches who had been executed a half an hour before. The bodies were hidden from view by a wooden erection, a contrivance which takes a little from the horror of the exhibition. To have the last awful grapple with death set up like curiosity for the edification of a gaping multitude is a sickening contrivance unworthy of an advanced country.[14]

After 1864 a fixed gallows was installed below the octagon across the main axis of the prison block, against the wall dividing the male block from the female block. It comprised a single-leaf trap cut into the metal walkway, with iron sockets in either wall above, into which the beam was placed for each hanging (a common design, used in other Victorian gaols at Ararat, Geelong, Beechworth, Ballarat, Bendigo, Castlemaine, Melbourne and Pentridge; and interstate at Adelaide and Long Bay, New South Wales). It was later moved a few metres to a side gallery below the octagon, where it remains today.[15]

The first hanging of a woman in Victoria, Elizabeth Scott, was performed in the prison on 11 November 1863 – along with her co-accused, Julian Cross and David Gedge. The last person to be executed was Angus Murray in 1924, the same year the gaol was closed.[16]

Ned Kelly

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Death mask of Ned Kelly
Main article: Ned Kelly

Edward "Ned" Kelly, born sometime between June 1854 and June 1855, was an Irish-Australian bushranger. He was seen by some as merely a cold-blooded killer, while to others he was a folk hero for his defiance of the colonial authorities.[17] As a youth he clashed with the Victoria Police, and after an incident at his home in 1878, police parties searched for him in the bush. He killed three policemen, and subsequently the colony proclaimed Kelly and his gang wanted outlaws. A final violent confrontation with police took place at Glenrowan on 28 June 1880. Kelly, dressed in a home-made plate metal armour and helmet, was captured and sent to gaol. He was hanged for murder at the Old Melbourne Gaol in November 1880.[18] His notoriety affirmed him as a polarising iconic figure in Australian history, folk lore, literature, art and film.

Colin Campbell Ross

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Main article: Colin Campbell Ross

Colin Campbell Ross, an Australian wine-bar owner, was wrongly convicted of the rape and murder of 12-year-old Alma Tirtschke in December 1921. The case, dubbed the Gun Alley Murder, was heavily influenced by public hysteria at the time, which ultimately served to condemn him. Despite his pleas of innocence (including an attempt whereby a letter was thrown over the gaol walls), he was executed by hanging in the gaol in April 1922 (only 115 days after the body was found). A new four-strand rope was used for the first time at the execution, and proved to be a failure; Ross slowly strangled for between 8 and 20 minutes before his death. A prison report later ruled that such a rope must never be used again.[19] He was posthumously pardoned on 27 May 2008.[20]

Frederick Bailey Deeming

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Main article: Frederick Bailey Deeming

Frederick Bailey Deeming was born on 30 July 1853. At 16 years of age he ran away to sea, and thereafter, he began a long career of crime, largely thieving and obtaining money under false pretences. He was responsible for the murder of his first wife Marie, and his four children, at Rainhill, England, on or about 26 July 1891, and a second wife, Emily, at Windsor, Melbourne, on 24 December 1891.[21] Less than three months elapsed between the discovery of Emily Mather's body in Windsor, Melbourne, in March 1892, and Deeming's execution at the Old Melbourne Gaol for her murder in May 1892; a remarkably short time by comparison to modern western legal standards. After his execution, it was reported that over 12,000 people cheered on the streets outside, and there was public speculation that Deeming was in fact Jack the Ripper.[22][23][24]

Maulboyheener and Tunnerminnerwait

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"Tragically two of these (Aboriginal) men, Tunnerminnerwait (known as Jack) and Maulboyheenner (known as Bob, or sometimes called Timmy or Jimmy), became the first people executed in the Port Phillip District. This took place in 1842, a mere seven years after John Batman's fraudulent treaty with the Kuhn people, when the two Tasmanian Aboriginal men were publicly hanged for murder."[25] The Tunnerminnerwait and Maulboyheenner public marker Archived 3 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine exists at the place of execution. The website contains historical research and information on the artists commissioned for the marker, Artist Brook Andrew, along with Trent Walter.

"Two Tasmanian Aboriginal men, clad in white pyjamas, went to their deaths on a makeshift gallows in Melbourne in 1842. The contemporaneous executions were apparently quite a spectacle: one man, Maulboyheenner, twisting on the rope, strangled slowly in front of a crowd of 5000. They had been convicted of killing two whalers in Western Port. Both the Tasmanians and the whalers – one was called the Yankee – were a long way from home."[25] They were arrested at Powlett River.

Executions

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[26][27][28]

Name Year born Execution date Crime
Maulboyheenner (aka Bob) (Aboriginal) 20 January 1842 (Age 27) Murder
Tunnerminnerwait (aka Jack) (Aboriginal) 20 January 1842 (Age 27) Murder
Charles Ellis 20 June 1842 (Age 18) Shooting with intent to murder
Martin Fogarty 20 June 1842 (Age 18) Shooting with intent to murder
Daniel Jepps 20 June 1842 (Age 27) Shooting with intent to murder
Alkapareet (aka Roger) (Aboriginal) 5 September 1842 (Age 25) Murder[29]
Jeremiah Connell 27 January 1847 (Age 27) Murder
Bobby (Aboriginal) 30 April 1847 (Age 25) Murder
Ptolemy (Aboriginal)[30] 30 April 1847 (Age 25) Murder
John Healey 29 November 1847 (Age 29) Murder
Augustus Dancey (or Dauncey) 1 August 1848 (Age 19) Murder
Patrick Kennedy 1 October 1851 (Age 30) Murder
James Barlow 22 May 1852 (Age 32) Murder
John Riches 3 November 1852 (Age 29) Murder
George Pinkerton 4 April 1853 (Age 19) Murder
Aaron Durrant 11 July 1853 (Age 38) Robbery
John Smith 23 August 1853 (Age 25) Robbery
Henry Turner 23 August 1853 (Age 25) Robbery
William Atkins 3 October 1853 (Age 29) Robbery under arms[31]
George Wilson 3 October 1853 Robbery under arms[31]
George Melville 3 October 1853 Robbery under arms[31]
Patrick O'Connor 24 October 1853 Attempted murder[32]
Henry Bradley 24 October 1853 Attempted murder[33]
Michael Finnessy 25 October 1853 Murder
Alexander Ram 25 October 1853 Murder
John Smith 23 November 1853 Rape
Joseph West 27 December 1853 Rape
James Button 28 March 1854 Shooting with intent[34]
David Magee 25 April 1854 Murder[35]
William Thoroughgood 23 May 1854 Rape[36]
John Hughes 25 September 1854 Murder[37][38]
James McAlister 23 July 1855 Murder[39]
James Condon (alias Arthur Somerville) 24 November 1855 Robbery[40]
John Dixon 24 November 1855 Robbery
Alfred Henry Jackson 24 November 1855 Robbery
William Twiggem 1824 2 March 1857 Murder
Chu-a-Luk 1827 2 March 1857 Murder
James Cornick 16 March 1857 Murder[41]
Frederick Turner 27 April 1857 Robbery[42]
Thomas Williams 28 April 1857 Murder[43]
Henry Smith (alias Brennan) 28 April 1857 Murder
Thomas Maloney 28 April 1857 Murder[44]
Francis Brannigan 29 April 1857 Murder
William Brown 29 April 1857 Murder
Richard Bryant 29 April 1857 Murder
John Chisley 30 April 1857 Murder[45]
James Woodlock 1 June 1857 Murder[46][47]
Chong Sigh 3 September 1857 Murder
Hing Tzan 3 September 1857 Murder[48]
John Mason 6 November 1857 Murder[49]
Edward Brown 1 March 1958 Murder[50]
William Jones 1 March 1958 Murder[50]
Samuel Gibbs 12 November 1858 Murder
George Thompson 12 November 1858 Murder
Edward Hitchcock 29 November 1858 Murder[51]
Christian Von Sie (or Von See) 29 November 1858 Murder[52]
Thomas Ryan 11 April 1859 Murder
William ("Plaguey Billy") Armstrong 11 April 1859 Shooting with intent
George ("The Butcher") Chamberlain 11 April 1859 Shooting with intent[53]
Richard Rowley 26 July 1859 Violent Assault[54]
William Siddons 7 November 1859 Rape[55]
George Waines 16 July 1860 Murder[56][57]
Edward Fenlow (alias Reynolds) 20 August 1860 Murder[58]
John McDonald 30 September 1860 Murder[59][60]
William Smith 22 April 1861 Murder[61]
Henry Cooley 11 July 1861 Murder[62]
Nathaniel Horatio Ruby 5 August 1861 Murder[63]
Martin Rice 30 September 1861 Murder[64][65]
Thomas Sanders 31 October 1861 Rape[66]
Samuel Pollett 29 December 1862 Rape[67]
Thomas McGee 19 February 1863 Murder[68]
Julian Cross 11 November 1863 Murder[69][70]
David Gedge 1844 11 November 1863 Murder[69][70]
Elizabeth Scott 1840 11 November 1863 Murder[69][70]
James Barrett 1 December 1863 Murder
Christopher Harrison 1809 3 August 1864 Murder[71][72]
William Carver 1824 3 August 1864 Robbery under arms[71][72]
Samuel Woods 1823 3 August 1864 Robbery under arms[71][72]
John Stacey 5 April 1865 Murder
Joseph Brown 5 May 1865 Murder
Peter Dotsalaere 6 July 1865 Murder
Robert Bourke 1841 29 November 1866 Murder
Bernard Cunningham 31 March 1868 Murder
Joseph Whelan 31 March 1868 Murder
Michael Flannigan 1833 31 March 1869 Murder
James Ritson 3 August 1869 Murder
Patrick Smith 4 August 1870 Murder
James Cusack 30 August 1870 Murder
James Seery 14 November 1870 Murder
Patrick Geary 4 December 1871 Murder
Edward Feeney 14 May 1872 Murder
An Gaa 30 August 1875 Murder
Henry Howard 4 October 1875 Murder
John Taylor (aka Weechurch) 1830 6 December 1875 Attempted murder
Basilo Bondietto 11 December 1876 Murder
William Hastings 14 March 1877 Murder
Ned Kelly 1854 11 November 1880 Murder
James Hawthorn 21 August 1884 Murder
William O'Brien 24 October 1884 Murder
William Barnes 15 May 1885 Murder
Freeland Morell 1847 6 January 1886 Murder
George Symes 8 November 1888 Murder
Filipe Castillo 1869 16 September 1889 Murder
Robert Landells 1837 16 October 1889 Murder
John Thomas Phelan 1861 16 March 1891 Murder
John Wilson 1868 23 March 1891 Murder
Frank Spearin (aka John Wilson) 11 May 1891 Rape
William Coulston 24 August 1891 Murder
Frederick Deeming 23 May 1892 Murder
John Conder 28 August 1893 Murder
Frances Lydia Alice Knorr 1867 15 January 1894 Murder
Ernest Knox 1873 19 March 1894 Murder
Frederick Jordan 1864 20 August 1894 Murder
Martha Needle 1864 22 October 1894 Murder
Arthur Buck 1868 1 July 1895 Murder
Emma Williams 4 November 1895 Murder
Charles Strange 1874 13 January 1896 Murder
Alfred Archer 1866 21 November 1898 Murder
William Robert Jones 26 March 1900 Murder
Albert Edward McNamara 14 April 1902 Arson causing death
August Tisler 20 October 1902 Murder
James Coleman Williams 1885 8 September 1904 Murder
Joseph Victor Pfeiffer 29 April 1912 Murder
John Jackson 24 January 1916 Murder
Antonio Picone 18 September 1916 Murder
Albert Budd 29 January 1918 Murder
Arthur Geoffrey Oldring 15 April 1918 Murder
George Farrow Blunderfield 15 April 1918 Murder
Colin Campbell Ross 1892 24 April 1922 Murder – pardoned in 2008
Angus Murray 1882 14 April 1924 Murder

Closure and reopening

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Demolishing the Old Melbourne Gaol in 1937

In 1870, a review of the penal system was conducted, with the recommendation being made to close the gaol and relocate prisoners to more suitable locations. The gaol gradually slowed its operations, and demolished portions of the original site between 1880 and 1924. In 1924, the gaol was finally closed.[3][4] However, in March 1927, the Old Melbourne Gaol was integrated into part of the new Emily McPherson College and was used for educational purposes. This necessitated changes to the prison; in 1929, despite poor record keeping of prisoner burials, historical evidence suggested the remains of approximately 32 executed prisoners, including Ned Kelly, were exhumed from the Old Melbourne Gaol and buried at mass graves in a quarry at Pentridge.[73] In 1930, the women's cell block, walls and several other buildings were demolished,[10] and a further four coffins were believed to have been moved to Pentridge in 1937.[73][74]

As the gaol was progressively decommissioned, the building's fabric, including bluestone grave markers of executed prisoners, was incorporated into a sea wall at Brighton in Victoria in the 1930s. The grave marker for Martha Needle, executed in 1894, was rediscovered after being buried by metres of sand.[75]

 
Gates of the gaol, now part of RMIT

During World War II, the gaol was used as a military prison for soldiers found to be absent without leave.[4] A new wall was built in the eastern courtyard during this time, so that cell block inmates were separated from the college girls. After the end of the war, the section used for holding prisoners was then used only as a storage facility for the Victoria Police force, whose headquarters were nearby in Russell Street.[76]

In May 1974, the sections used by the school were remodelled by architects Eggleston, McDonald and Secomb, to act as the schools food and fashion departments. The Emily McPherson College was merged into RMIT University in 1979, bringing the gaol entrance gates, and other facilities alongside it. In 1990, RMIT performed work to restore the enclosed balcony to its former 1927 design. In 1994, RMIT performed further work to landscape the inner courtyard, and in 1995, removed the temporary war-time pavilion classrooms. As of 2010, the sections that RMIT owns are collectively known as the "RMIT Building 11. Architect: Colonial Government Architect", and include the entrance block and chapel; with the bath house and chapel serving as art studios.[6]

Museum

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Exterior of the Old Melbourne Gaol.
 
Inside the museum

In 1957, the National Trust of Australia listed the Old Melbourne Gaol on its heritage register,[10] and a year later marked it as a site that needed to be preserved at all costs.[77] Furthermore, in 1965, the Melbourne Junior Chamber of Commerce floated the idea of converting it into a museum, for the purposes of tourism.[78] In 1972, the gaol was reopened as a public museum, under the management of the National Trust of Australia (Victoria).[4]

As of 2010, the gaol is recognised as Victoria's oldest surviving penal establishment, and attracts approximately 140,000 visitors per year.[79] The cells have been filled with information about individual prisoners, which also serve to illustrate the history of Melbourne itself.[80]

In addition to historical information, it also includes various memorabilia; including death masks, an iron mask, and a pair of leather gloves designed to prevent inmates from practising self-abuse.[80] Notably, it still includes Ned Kelly's death mask, pistol and replica of his suit of armour.[81][82] In addition, the gaol had previously displayed the pencil used by Colin Ross to write a letter protesting his innocence, which he threw over the prison walls.[83]

Operators also run several features, including the candlelit Hangman's Night Tour (with actors portraying prolific and brutal hangman Michael Gateley),[84] and the daily Watch House Experience; an interactive performance in which visitors are treated as the prisoners would have been during its operation.[81] In 2010, the Old Melbourne Gaol Crime and Justice Experience won the heritage and cultural tourism category at the Qantas Australian Tourism Awards in Hobart.[85]

Ned Kelly's skull

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A skull, long believed to be Ned Kelly's, was on display in the museum until it was stolen from a glass cabinet in 1978. Efforts have been taken by scientists and the government to determine the location of the skull, and whether it was authentic to begin with. It was reported that members of the public may have the remains of bones and teeth taken as souvenirs when graves were exhumed in 1929 for reburial at Pentridge Prison. A skull from a skeleton buried under the initials "E.K." was taken, with the apparent assumption that this stood for Edward Kelly. Special interest was directed to finding a photograph of former South Melbourne councillor Alex Talbot holding skull purported to be Ned Kelly's, and information on grave exhume contractor Lee of Lee and Dunn, or his family, who was tasked with delivering Kelly's skull to the governor.[24][86]

In 2009, West Australian farmer Tom Baxter handed a skull to authorities, arguing that it was the one stolen from the gaol – while refusing to explain how he obtained it.[86] Further examination confirmed that the Baxter skull was indeed the same one previously on display at the Gaol museum, however DNA testing in 2011 showed that it had not been Kelly's after all.[87] Instead, it was suggested that it may have been that of executed murderer Ernest Knox, who was hanged 14 years after Kelly and also had the initials "E.K."[88]

Former Pentridge Prison chaplain Father Peter Norden has stated that he believed the skull handed in could not belong to Kelly, and that it probably belonged to a woman,[89] however later DNA testing showed that the skull was from a male. In 2010, there was further speculation that the skull actually belonged to Frederick Bailey Deeming, with the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine claiming that the skull is similar to both Kelly's and Deeming's death masks.[24]

Ned Kelly's actual remains were later located in the grounds of Pentridge Prison, and confirmed by DNA comparison to living relatives, including a piece of his skull. This skull fragment showed saw marks, showing that Kelly's cranium had been sawn open and the brain removed for research after death.

Use in Ned Kelly films

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The films and TV productions Ned Kelly (1970), Trial of Ned Kelly (1977), The Last Outlaw (1980), Besieged: The Ned Kelly Story (2004), Ned's Head (2011) and True History of the Kelly Gang (2019) all used the interior of Old Melbourne Jail as a set for the scene of Kelly's hanging. The scenes were filmed either at the actual location of Kelly's execution or, in the 2019 movie, nearby.[90]

References

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  1. ^ a b "Old Melbourne Gaol". Victorian Heritage Database. Government of Victoria. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  2. ^ Johnson, Carolyn. "Victorian Police Force". Archived from the original on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  3. ^ a b c d e "Old Melbourne Gaol". National Trust of Australia – Victoria. 2007. Archived from the original on 28 May 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Old Melbourne Gaol Crime & Justice Experience – Visitor Guide, National Trust
  5. ^ a b c d Gardiner, Diane. "Felon families: Stories of women prisoners and their families". cv.vic.gov.au. Arts Victoria and CV Content Contributors. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
  6. ^ a b "RMIT Building 11 (Old Melbourne Gaol), gate-house, chapel and bath-house". RMIT University. 2010. Archived from the original on 5 December 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
  7. ^ "Archaeology". emelbourne.net.au. School of Historical Studies – Department of History, The University of Melbourne. 25 February 2010. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
  8. ^ "Old Melbourne Gaol". Tourism Victoria. Archived from the original on 9 February 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  9. ^ Webb, Carolyn (23 December 2009). "Old Melbourne Gaol gives up ghosts of children past". The Age. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Gardiner, Diane. "Old Melbourne Gaol". School of Historical Studies, Department of History, The University of Melbourne. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  11. ^ Miller, Julie (15 August 2010). "Australia haunted sites: Creepy crawley". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
  12. ^ Robinson, Russell. "Macabre and detailed hangman's journal reproduced in detail for True Crime Scene". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
  13. ^ Das, Sushi (26 May 2007). "We lack even the bare bones of the truth about Ned Kelly". The Age. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
  14. ^ Evans, Charles. "Diary of Charles Evans, 1853 September 24 -1855 January 21 [manuscript]". State Library of Victoria. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  15. ^ Das, Sushi (26 May 2007). "We lack even the bare bones of the truth about Ned Kelly". The Age. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
  16. ^ Schwartz, Larry (8 October 1989). "Old News? This reporter saw it all". The Age. p. 21. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
  17. ^ Johnston, Matt (20 June 2010). "Help sought to identify Ned Kelly's head". Herald Sun. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
  18. ^ Larter, Paul (10 March 2008). "Ned Kelly's grave found at prison in Australia". The Times. Archived from the original on 10 May 2008. Retrieved 19 October 2010.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  19. ^ Morgan, Kevin (2005), Gun Alley: Murder, Lies and Failure of Justice, Simon & Schuster, p. 260, ISBN 0-7318-1228-X
  20. ^ Silvester, John & Perkins, Miki (28 May 2008). "Pardoned man's family look to proper burial". The Age. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
  21. ^ Jones, Barry O. (1981). "Deeming, Frederick Bailey (1853–1892)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 8. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. pp. 268–269. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 15 September 2008.
  22. ^ "Newspaper clipping comparing Deeming's and Jack the Ripper's handwriting". Public Record Office Victoria. Government of Victoria. Archived from the original on 15 August 2008.
  23. ^ "Perhaps Jack the Ripper. The Startling discovery made in Liverpool". The New York Times. 17 March 1892. p. 1.
  24. ^ a b c "DNA tests to determine if skull belongs to Ned Kelly, or Jack the Ripper". Herald Sun. 30 December 2010. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  25. ^ a b Auty, Kate (2016). Hunt them, hang them : 'the Tasmanians' in Port Phillip 1841-42. Melbourne. ISBN 9780959472769.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  26. ^ "Australian executions 1870 – 1967".
  27. ^ "ned kelly australian bushranger timeline page 2". Kellycountry2000.com. 17 February 2009. Archived from the original on 13 March 2010. Retrieved 18 August 2010.
  28. ^ "Executed – Victoria". Geni. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  29. ^ "COLONIAL INTELLIGENCE". Portland Guardian and Normanby General Advertiser. Vol. I, no. VI. Victoria, Australia. 24 September 1842. p. 2. Retrieved 12 April 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
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  32. ^ "Execution of Connor And Bradley". The Courier (Hobart). 2 November 1853.
  33. ^ "Victoria". Colonial Times (Hobart). 3 November 1853.
  34. ^ "Shooting at With Intent To Murder". The Argus. Melbourne. 16 March 1854. p. 5.
  35. ^ "Execution". The Argus. Melbourne. 26 April 1854.
  36. ^ "Execution". The Sydney Morning Herald. 30 May 1854. p. 2.
  37. ^ "Murder of Mr Marcus". The Sydney Morning Herald. 21 September 1854.
  38. ^ "Victoria". The Courier (Hobart). 30 September 1854.
  39. ^ "Victoria". Launceston Examiner. 31 July 1855. p. 3.
  40. ^ "Execution of Condon, Dixon And Jackson". Bell's Life in Sydney and Sporting Reviewer. 8 December 1855.
  41. ^ "Execution of James Cornick". The Age. 17 March 1857.
  42. ^ "Execution of Frederick Turner". The Goulburn Herald and County of Argyle Advertiser. 9 May 1857.
  43. ^ "The Murder of Mr Price. The Inquest. Verdict of Wilful Murder". Ovens And Murray Advertiser. 6 April 1857.
  44. ^ "Execution of Murderers of Mr Price". The Goulburn Herald and County of Argyle Advertiser. 9 May 1857.
  45. ^ "Colonial News. Victoria". The Armidale Express and New England General Advertiser. 16 May 1857.
  46. ^ "Capture of a Murderer". Bendigo Advertiser. 18 February 1857.
  47. ^ "The Gallows Again". The Age. 2 June 1857.
  48. ^ "Execution of the Murderers of Sophia Lewis". Bendigo Advertiser. 4 September 1857.
  49. ^ "Execution of John Mason". Bendigo Advertiser. 9 November 1857.
  50. ^ a b "Robbery Accompanied By Brutal Violence". The Argus. Melbourne. 17 February 1858.
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