Olivia Egleston Phelps Stokes (January 11, 1847 – December 14, 1927)[1] was an American writer and benefactor to many organisations that helped the underprivileged in the United States including supporting churches, libraries, educational establishments, orphanages, housing and more.[2]
Olivia Phelps Stokes | |
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| Born | Olivia Egleston Phelps Stokes January 11, 1847 New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Died | December 14, 1927 (aged 80) Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Parent(s) | James Boulter Stokes Caroline Phelps Stokes |
| Relatives | Caroline Phelps Stokes (sister) Anson Phelps Stokes (brother) William Earl Dodge Stokes (brother) Anson Greene Phelps (grandfather) Edward Stiles Stokes (cousin) Grace Hoadley Dodge (cousin) Isaac Phelps Stokes (nephew) |
Early life
editOlivia was born at the country estate of her grandfather along the East River in New York City (near what is now 31st Street) on January 11, 1847. She was the second daughter ten children born to Caroline (née Phelps) Stokes (1812–1881) and her father James Boulter Stokes (1804–1881), a partner in the mercantile business of Phelps, Dodge & Co.[3] Among her siblings was banker Anson Phelps Stokes, real estate developer William Earl Dodge Stokes, and fellow philanthropist Caroline Phelps Stokes.[4] She grew up at her parents house on the East River until they moved with her family to 37 Madison Avenue.[3] The family was raised Presbyterian, but Olivia joined the Episcopal Church later in her life.[2]
Her maternal grandfather was Anson Greene Phelps, was a New York merchant and the namesake of Ansonia, Connecticut, who was descended from an old Massachusetts family.[5] Through her mother, she was a descendant of three colonial governors, Thomas Dudley of Massachusetts, John Haynes and George Wyllys of Connecticut.[1] Among her large, and prominent, family members were uncle U.S. Representative William E. Dodge, and cousins, Edward Stiles Stokes and Grace Hoadley Dodge.[3]
Philanthropy
editOlivia's parents died within months of each other in 1881, leaving an estate worth several million dollars to their seven children. However, the will was contested by her sister Dora, and, therefore, the money was not distributed until 1888. Olivia retained the family home at 37 Madison Avenue lived there with her younger sister, Caroline, until the building was redeveloped in 1902.[3]
Together, with her sister Caroline, Olivia worked together on many charitable projects such as the St. Paul's Chapel at Columbia University, Woodbridge Hall at Yale (part of the Hewitt Quadrangle), and the Haynes Memorial Gates at Hartford First Church Cemetery. Several of the buildings they funded were designed by their nephew, Isaac Newton Phelps Stokes, who was a partner in the architectural firm of Howells & Stokes.[6]
At the Tuskegee Institute, founded by Booker T. Washington, they funded bathhouses, a chapel, the Dorothy Hall training building, and entrance gates, working with architect Robert Robinson Taylor. The institute provided vocational training and many of the buildings were constructed by the students. Other works supported by the sisters for African American students were at Hampton Institute in Virginia (today Hampton University), the Calhoun School in Alabama, and Berea College in Kentucky.[7]
After her sister's death in 1909,[8][9] Olivia continued their charitable works and acted as a trustee of the Phelps Stokes Fund that focused on providing housing and education for African Americans, Native Americans and needy and deserving white students.[10][11]
In 1915, Olivia had two model tenements built in New York City.[3] She also wrote several books, including Pine and Cedar: Bible Verses (1885), Forward in the Better Life (1915), Saturday Night Thoughts in Lent (1922), and Letters and Memories of Susan and Anna Bartlett Warner (1925).[12]
Social ranking
editIn 1892, Stokes was included in Ward McAllister's "Four Hundred", purported to be an index of New York's best families, published in The New York Times.[13] Conveniently, 400 was the number of people that could fit into Mrs. Astor's ballroom.[14] In 1914, she bought a mansion in the Berkshires of Lenox, Massachusetts, called Underledge.[15]
Personal life
editOlivia, like her sister Caroline, never married.[3] Her brother, Anson, named his daughter, Olivia Stokes Hatch (née Olivia Egleston Phelps Stokes), after Olivia.[16]
Olivia died of bronchial pneumonia in Washington, D.C., on December 14, 1927.[1][17] After a funeral at St. Paul's Chapel at Columbia, she was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery.[18] Her estate, valued in excess of $3,000,000 was left to charity, with the residuary estate going to Barnard College.[19]
Published works
edit- Pine and Cedar: Bible Verses by Stokes, T. Whittaker, 1885.
- Saturday Night Thoughts in Lent by Stokes, The Jordan & More Press, 1922.
References
edit- ^ a b c "OLIVIA E. P. STOKES, PHILANTHROPIST, DIES; Donor of Buildings at Many Colleges Was Descendel From Three Colonial Governors" (PDF). The New York Times. December 15, 1927. Retrieved January 21, 2019.
- ^ a b "Stokes, Olivia Egleston Phelps". episcopalchurch.org. Episcopal Church. May 22, 2012. Retrieved January 21, 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f James, Edward T.; James, Janet Wilson; Boyer, Paul S. (1971). Notable American Women, 1607-1950: A Biographical Dictionary. Harvard University Press. pp. 384-385. ISBN 9780674627345. Retrieved January 21, 2019.
- ^ Jones, Thomas Jesse (1920). Educational adaptations report of ten years' work of the Phelps-Stokes Fund, 1910-1920 Page 7. Phelps Stokes Fund. Retrieved October 31, 2014.
- ^ "Grandfather, Father, & Son / The Three Anson Phelps Stokes: Anglo-American Philanthropists". Archived from the original on April 28, 2007. Retrieved March 5, 2007.
- ^ Stokes, Anson Phelps (1915). Stokes Records (Vol. 2 ed.). Privately. p. 141.
- ^ Dolkart, Andrew S. (1998). Morningside Heights: A History of its Architecture and Development. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 413 (footnote 63). ISBN 978-0-231-07850-4. OCLC 37843816.
- ^ "Caroline Stokes". The New York Times. April 28, 1909. p. 9. Retrieved January 21, 2019.
- ^ "$1,533,710 IN HER ESTATE. Caroline Phelps Stokes Left Property of That Value — Sister Gets a Share" (PDF). The New York Times. January 1, 1911. Retrieved January 21, 2019.
- ^ "Heirs accept terms of Stokes will" (PDF). New York Times. February 3, 1910. Retrieved October 31, 2014.
- ^ "STOKES FORTUNE TO CHARITY. Part of $300,000 for Education of Negroes and Indians — Other Bequests" (PDF). The New York Times. October 27, 1909. Retrieved January 21, 2019.
- ^ "Stokes, Olivia Phelps and Caroline Phelps Stokes". www.encyclopedia.com. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved January 21, 2019.
- ^ McAllister, Ward (February 16, 1892). "THE ONLY FOUR HUNDRED | WARD M'ALLISTER GIVES OUT THE OFFICIAL LIST. HERE ARE THE NAMES, DON'T YOU KNOW, ON THE AUTHORITY OF THEIR GREAT LEADER, YOU UNDER- STAND, AND THEREFORE GENUINE, YOU SEE" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
- ^ Keister, Lisa A. (2005). Getting Rich: America's New Rich and How They Got That Way. Cambridge University Press. p. 36. ISBN 9780521536677. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
- ^ Owens, Carole (April 11, 2017). "CONNECTIONS: A pillar, a house on the hill, a mystery |". The Berkshire Edge. Retrieved January 21, 2019.
- ^ "Olivia" (1911), painted by Lydia Field Emmet; identified as a portrait of Olivia Stokes Hatch,≈ and donated to the National Gallery of Art by her.
- ^ Jones, Thomas Jesse (1920). Educational adaptations report of ten years' work of the Phelps-Stokes Fund, 1910-1920. Phelps Stokes Fund. Retrieved October 31, 2014.
- ^ "MISS OLIVIA STOKES BURIED.; Funeral in St. Paul's Chapel, Columbia, Her Gift to University" (PDF). The New York Times. December 17, 1927. Retrieved January 21, 2019.
- ^ "MISS STOKES LEFT WEALTH TO CHARITY; Schools and Welfare Groups Here, in Mexico and in China Get Bulk of $3,000,000. BIG BEQUEST TO BARNARD This Gift May Total $1,500,000 -- Many Relatives Also Share in Estate of New York Woman" (PDF). The New York Times. December 25, 1927. Retrieved January 21, 2019.