Wikipedia

100 metres at the Olympics

(Redirected from Olympic 100 metres)

The 100 metres at the Summer Olympics has been contested since the first edition of the multi-sport event. The men's 100 metres has been present on the Olympic athletics programme since 1896. The 100 metres is considered one of the blue ribbon events of the Olympics and is among the highest profile competitions at the games. It is the most prestigious 100 metres race at an elite level and is the shortest sprinting competition at the Olympics – a position it has held at every edition except for a brief period between 1900 and 1904, when a men's 60 metres was contested.[1]

100 metres
at the Olympic Games
The 2008 Olympic men's 100 metre final
Overview
SportAthletics
GenderMen and women
Years heldMen: 1896 – 2024
Women: 1928 – 2024
Reigning champion
Men Noah Lyles (USA)
Women Julien Alfred (LCA)

The first Olympic champions were Thomas Burke in the men's category and, 32 years later, Betty Robinson in the women's category. The Olympic records for the event are 9.63 seconds, set by Usain Bolt in 2012, and 10.61 seconds, set by Elaine Thompson-Herah in 2021.[2][3][4] The world records for the event have been equalled or broken during the Olympics on seven occasions in the men's category and on twelve occasions in the women's.[citation needed]

Among the competing nations, the United States has had the most success in this event, having won sixteen golds in the men's race and nine in the women's race. Usain Bolt of Jamaica has won three consecutive titles (2008–16). Five other athletes have won back-to-back titles: Wyomia Tyus (1964–68), Carl Lewis (1984–88), Gail Devers (1992–96), Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce (2008–12), and Elaine Thompson-Herah (2016–20). Merlene Ottey is the only athlete to win three medals without winning gold, with one silver and two bronze medals. Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce is the most decorated athlete in the event, male or female, having won 8 medals.[5][6]

Many athletes that compete in this event also compete individually in the Olympic 200 metres and with their national teams in the Olympic 4×100 metres relay, with Jamaicans Usain Bolt and Elaine Thompson-Herah being the only athletes to do so more than once. Nine men have achieved the 100 metres and 200 metres 'Double' at the same Olympic Games—Archie Hahn (1904), Ralph Craig (1912), Percy Williams (1928), Eddie Tolan (1932), Jesse Owens (1936), Bobby Morrow (1956), Valeriy Borzov (1972), Carl Lewis (1984), and Usain Bolt (2008, 2012, 2016). Four of these men were also members of the winning team in the 4 × 100 meters relay at the same games—Jesse Owens (1936), Bobby Morrow (1956), Carl Lewis (1984), and Usain Bolt (2012, 2016). Three of these men have won a fourth gold medal at the same games—Archie Hahn in the now-defunct 60 metres, and both Jesse Owens and Carl Lewis in the long jump.

Seven women have achieved the 100 metres and 200 metres 'Double' at the same Olympic Games—Fanny Blankers-Koen (1948), Marjorie Jackson (1952), Betty Cuthbert (1956), Wilma Rudolph (1960), Renate Stecher (1972), Florence Griffith-Joyner (1988), and Elaine Thompson-Herah (2016 and 2021). Five of these women were also members of the winning team in the 4 × 100 meters relay at the same games—Fanny Blankers-Koen (1948), Betty Cuthbert (1956), Wilma Rudolph (1960), Florence Griffith Joyner (1988) and Elaine Thompson-Herah (2021). Fanny Blankers-Koen is the only one of these women to win four gold medals at the same games by winning the 80 metres hurdles in 1948.

Competition format

edit
 
Women competing in the first round of the 2012 Summer Olympics
 
The women's 100-metre medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics

The Olympic 100 metres competitions are carried out under standard international rules, as set by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF). The races are segregated by gender, with one for men and one for women.[7] The 100 m is usually held at the beginning of the Olympic athletics programme as this allows athletes to compete in other events held later at the games – many 100 m athletes also compete in the 200 metres and the 4×100 metres relay events.[8]

Traditionally there are four rounds of competition: heats, quarter-finals, semi-finals, and finals. Prior to 1964, finals featured six athletes.[9] For all Olympic competitions from 1964 onwards—allowing for a sufficient number of athletes being present—each race features eight runners.[10] Athletes are seeded by past performance to ensure an even balance of quality across the heats and allow the best runners to progress to the later stages. Usually in the first two rounds the top three runners progress to the next stage. A small number of other athletes also progress as the fastest non-qualifiers (or "fastest losers") through a repechage system. Prior to 2012, the semi-finals stage comprised two races of eight athletes and the top four finishers in each race (regardless of time) were entered into the final.[11]

Several amendments were made to the competition format in 2012. Any participant not in possession of an Olympic qualifying standard time is entered into the preliminary round. Qualifiers in this round progress to the first round proper. The semi-finals stage is divided into three races: the top two progress to the final by right and the two fastest non-qualifiers complete the eight finalists. Changes to the international false start rules were also introduced – any validly recorded reaction time to the starter's pistol of below 0.1 seconds will result in instant disqualification.[11] At the 2004 and 2008 Olympics one false start was allowed per race, with any subsequent false start resulting in disqualification for the offending athletes. At Olympics prior to 2004 each athlete was allowed one false start, with a second false start leading to removal from the field.[12][13]

The top three finishers in the final are awarded a gold, silver, and bronze medal, respectively. If runners cannot be separated by their time (recorded to one hundredth of a second) further analysis is used to distinguish their times to the thousandth of a second. In the 2008 Women's 100 m final the minor medallists Sherone Simpson and Kerron Stewart could not be separated by this method and were both awarded the silver medal.[14] Medal positions in a 100 m race have only been shared on one other occasion in Olympic history: Alajos Szokolyi and Francis Lane were joint third at the 1896 men's final.[15]

Participation

edit

Starting with 15 men from eight nations at the inaugural 1896 Olympic 100 m, participation in the event reached its peak at the 2000 Sydney Games, where 179 male and female athletes from 100 nations were present. The number of competitors and nations in the event has seen an increasing historical trend. This increase has been mostly linear, though participation was affected by the Olympic boycotts of 1976, 1980 and 1984. The linear trend stopped after the 2000 peak and has steadily decreased in subsequent Summer Olympics.[5][6]

Qualifying standards
Year Men "A" Men "B" Women "A" Women "B"
2000 10.27 10.40 11.40 11.60
2004 10.21 10.28 11.30 11.40
2008 10.21 10.28 11.32 11.42
2012 10.18 10.24 11.29 11.38
2016 10.16 — 11.32 —
2020/2021 10.05 — 11.12 —

Men's participation reached its highest at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics, which featured 104 men from 75 nations. Women's participation began in 1928, with 31 women from 13 nations competing, and reached an all-time high at the 2008 Beijing Games, which had 85 women representing 69 nations. The 2008 and 2012 editions reversed the historical gender bias towards male participation, as women outnumbered men at the Olympic 100 m for the first time.[5][6]

As the governing body for the sport of athletics, the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) applies qualifying standards to the competition. This aims to encourage high level performances at the Olympic Games and contain the number of potential entries (the IAAF aims to cap Olympic participation in athletics events at 2000 athletes). There are two types of qualifying standard: the "A" standard and the "B" standard. Each National Olympic Committee (NOC) may enter up to three athletes who have obtained the "A" standard, or one athlete with the "B" standard. If a NOC has no qualifying athletes in any Olympic athletic event, it may enter one non-qualified athlete – the 100 m is a frequent choice for this type of entry given the brevity of the event. Athletes must achieve the qualifying time without wind-assistance at an officially authorised event within a certain time period, which typically begins from the year prior to the Olympics and extends up to three weeks before the games. The IAAF prohibits entrants who do not reach the age of sixteen in that Olympic year, but there is no upper age limit. The IAAF qualifying standards for the 100 m have become progressively more stringent since 2000.[16][17][18][19]

On top of IAAF standards, national governing bodies may apply their own participation restrictions. These principally come in four forms: stricter national qualifying times, reduced time periods for qualifying performances,[20] performances in the event at a national Olympic trials, and decisions of national selection committees. Smaller nations do not typically apply these additional criteria due to the smaller numbers of sprinters eligible to compete. Larger nations, and nations with strong traditions in sprinting, often have long-running histories of Olympic 100 m trials (such as at the United States Olympic Trials). Participation for a country also demands that the athlete hold respective citizenship and is not subject to a competitive ban through anti-doping rules.[21]

World Athletics in 2019 announced that, following the inauguration of their World Rankings platform, that in addition to those who achieved the Olympic standard, placing in the top 32 of the rankings will serve as a qualification method for athletes. (For example, if someone comes 3rd in the 100m finals of their national championships in 10.14, if he is 22nd in the World Rankings, he has qualified for the games).

Year No. of
men 		Nations
(men) 		No. of
women 		Nations
(women) 		Total
athletes 		Total
nations 		Men's champion Women's champion
1896[15] 15 8 — — 15 8   Thomas Burke (USA) —
1900[22] 20 9 — — 20 9   Frank Jarvis (USA) —
1904[23] 11 3 — — 11 3   Archie Hahn (USA) —
1908[24] 60 16 — — 60 16   Reggie Walker (RSA) —
1912[25] 70 22 — — 70 22   Ralph Craig (USA) —
1920[26] 61 23 — — 61 23   Charlie Paddock (USA) —
1924[27] 86 34 — — 86 34   Harold Abrahams (GBR) —
1928[28][29] 81 33 31 13 107 35   Percy Williams (CAN)   Betty Robinson (USA)
1932[30][31] 33 17 20 10 51 19   Eddie Tolan (USA)   Stanisława Walasiewicz (POL)
1936[32][33] 61 30 30 15 91 33   Jesse Owens (USA)   Helen Stephens (USA)
1948[34][35] 61 33 38 21 99 39   Harrison Dillard (USA)   Fanny Blankers-Koen (NED)
1952[36][37] 70 33 56 27 126 41   Lindy Remigino (USA)   Marjorie Jackson (AUS)
1956[38][39] 63 31 34 16 97 34   Bobby Morrow (USA)   Betty Cuthbert (AUS)
1960[9][40] 59 45 31 18 90 50   Armin Hary (EUA)   Wilma Rudolph (USA)
1964[10][41] 71 49 44 27 115 56   Bob Hayes (USA)   Wyomia Tyus (USA)
1968[42][43] 63 42 42 22 105 48   Jim Hines (USA)   Wyomia Tyus (USA)
1972[44][45] 83 55 47 33 130 68   Valeriy Borzov (URS)   Renate Stecher (GDR)
1976[46][47] 61 40 39 22 100 45   Hasely Crawford (TRI)   Annegret Richter (FRG)
1980[48][49] 63 41 40 25 103 46   Allan Wells (GBR)   Lyudmila Kondratyeva (URS)
1984[50][51] 80 59 46 33 126 68   Carl Lewis (USA)   Evelyn Ashford (USA)
1988[52][53] 100 69 64 42 164 85   Carl Lewis (USA)   Florence Griffith Joyner (USA)
1992[54][55] 79 66 54 41 133 86   Linford Christie (GBR)   Gail Devers (USA)
1996[56][57] 104 75 56 38 160 89   Donovan Bailey (CAN)   Gail Devers (USA)
2000[58][59] 95 71 84 63 179 100   Maurice Greene (USA) Vacated[60]
2004[61][62] 80 62 63 51 143 89   Justin Gatlin (USA)   Yulia Nestsiarenka (BLR)
2008[63][64] 78 64 85 69 163 96   Usain Bolt (JAM)   Shelly-Ann Fraser (JAM)
2012[65][66] 72 61 79 65 151 92   Usain Bolt (JAM)   Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce (JAM)
2016 84 57 80 56 164 82   Usain Bolt (JAM)   Elaine Thompson (JAM)
2020   Marcell Jacobs (ITA)   Elaine Thompson-Herah (JAM)
2024   Noah Lyles (USA)   Julien Alfred (LCA)
Data notes
  • Numbers do not include non-starting athletes. There have been two Olympic 100 m non-starters: Estonia's Reinhold Saulmann in 1920, and Kim Collins in 2012 – the latter was banned from competing by the St. Kitts and Nevis Olympic Committee for defying their orders and leaving the Olympic camp to stay with his wife.[67]
  • Nations are above defined as the competing Olympic team as opposed to athletes' legal nationalities – the various Unified teams and Independent Olympian teams are thus each treated as one nation at that Olympic Games.

Biological factors

edit

Age

edit

The 100 m requires a high level of athleticism and as a result most of the participants in the Olympics are aged between 18 and 35 – which is roughly contiguous with the period of peak physical fitness in humans.[68] Consequently, the vast majority of participants in the Olympic 100 m fall within this age range.[65][66] As of 2020, the qualification rules prohibit athletes younger than 16 at the end of the year of the Games.[69]

The record for the youngest athlete to participate in the Olympic 100 m is held by Katura Marae, who was 14 when she represented Vanuatu at the 2004 Athens Olympics.[70] Merlene Ottey holds the records for both the oldest participant and the oldest medallist, having won bronze at age 40 in 2000 and reached the Olympic semi-finals four years later. (Ottey is also the most frequent participant having competed in the Olympic 100 m an unrivalled six times from 1984 to 2004).[71] The first women's champion, Betty Robinson in 1928, remains the youngest gold medallist for the event at 16 years old,[72] while a 32-year-old Linford Christie became the oldest 100 m Olympic champion in 1992.[73]

Distinction Male athlete Age Female athlete Age
Youngest champion Reggie Walker 19 years, 4 months, 6 days[74] Betty Robinson 16 years, 11 months, 8 days[72]
Youngest medallist Donald Lippincott 18 years, 7 months, 21 days[75] Betty Robinson 16 years, 11 months, 8 days[72]
Youngest participant Alphonse Yanghat 15 years, 3 months, 27 days[76] Katura Marae 14 years, 8 months, 17 days[70]
Oldest champion Linford Christie 32 years, 3 months, 30 days[73] Fanny Blankers-Koen 30 years, 3 months, 7 days[77]
Oldest medallist Linford Christie 32 years, 3 months, 30 days[73] Merlene Ottey 40 years, 4 months, 14 days[71]
Oldest participant Stefan Burkart 38 years, 10 months, 14 days[78] Merlene Ottey 44 years, 4 months, 11 days[71]

Gender

edit

Since introduction of testing by the IAAF in the early-20th century, female sprinters may be subject to gender verification. This rule was first formally applied to the 100 m at the 1968 Mexico Olympics.[79] No 100 m sprinter has been publicly barred at an Olympic competition. However, there have been historic cases involving two women's medallists: 1932 champion Stanisława Walasiewicz and 1964 bronze medallist Ewa Kłobukowska, both of Poland. Walasiewicz endured accusations during her career due to her appearance, but was never subject to a test.[80] An autopsy following her death in a shooting revealed ambiguous genitalia.[81] Walasiewicz accused Helen Stephens (who beat her in the 1936 final) of being male and, despite there being no relevant rules on the matter, officials performed a physical examination of Stephens' external genitalia and concluded that she was female. Kłobukowska was not tested at the Olympics, thus did not lose her Olympic medals, but was subsequently disqualified at the 1967 European Cup on the basis of having a chromosomal mosaic.[80][82] Intersex athletes are restricted from competition in the 100 m without having undergone surgery and hormonal therapy, as a result of the 2003 Stockholm consensus ruling by the IOC.[83]

Race

edit
See also: Race and sports
 
Runners in the men's 100-metre final at the 2012 Summer Olympics

Olympic 100 m medallists in the early phase of the Modern Olympic Games were principally white, Western sprinters of European descent, largely reflecting the euro-centric make up of the nations that took part and the ideological environment of racial segregation at the time. As the Olympic competition began to attract wider international participation, athletes with African heritage began to reach and eventually dominate the 100 m Olympic podium, particularly African-Americans and Afro-Caribbeans.[84]

Eddie Tolan became the first non-white winner of the event in 1932 and this signified the start of a prolonged period of success by black male sprinters; since 1932 only five men's Olympic champions in the event have not had significant African heritage. The women's event was dominated by runners of European descent until Wilma Rudolph won the title in 1960. Soviet and German women returned to the podium in the period from 1972 to 1980, but since then African-American and Jamaican women have won the great majority of 100 m medals.[84] Dominance in the men's event has been particularly pronounced from 1984 to 2016, during which time in a span of almost 40 years all the men's Olympic 100 m finalists have been of African heritage.[85]

In the 2020 Olympics, Chinese sprinter Su Bingtian ran 9.83 in his semi-final heat and became the first athlete without African heritage to reach the final since 1980 within the span of 40 years, setting an unofficial fastest 60 metres split record en route. 9.83 is also the second-fastest semi-final time and made him the fifth-fastest man in the history of 100 metres at the Olympics, behind Usain Bolt, Yohan Blake, Justin Gatlin and Marcel Jacobs. Most commentators attribute this statistical discrepancy to genetic rather than to cultural factors.[86][87][88]

Doping

edit

All athletes who participate in the Olympic 100 m competition are subject to the World Anti-Doping Code—the IAAF and International Olympic Committee (IOC) are both signatories. Mandatory in-competition drug testing was introduced at the 1968 Summer Olympics.[89]

One of the most prominent cases of doping at the Olympics, and in sport as a whole, occurred during the 1988 Seoul Olympics. Ben Johnson entered the race as the reigning 100 metres world record holder and won the Olympic final, raising his arm in victory, in a new world record of 9.79 seconds to much fanfare. Soon after being awarded the gold medal the results of his post-race drug test revealed his urine contained traces of stanozolol (a banned steroid).[90] Johnson later admitted to doping, but he and his coach Charlie Francis still claimed he had his drink spiked at the Olympics, as Johnson was taking a different type of steroid at the time.[91] The positive test had long-lasting effects on public perception of the sport and advanced the case for more stringent drug testing. The Canadian government launched an investigation into drugs in sport, known as the Dubin Inquiry, the following year.[92] The 1988 Olympic men's 100 metres final has been referred to as "the dirtiest race in history", as only two of the eight finalists remained free of doping issues during their careers.[93]

Ekaterini Thanou, the 2000 women's silver medallist, was barred from the 2004 Athens Olympics after failing to attend a pre-competition drugs test (her third consecutive missed test). The Greek sprinter and her teammate Kostas Kenteris were convicted of staging a motorcycle crash to avoid the test, but this was overturned on appeal. Her doping ban remained as they admitted to having missed the tests.[94] Tameka Williams was banned from competing in the 100 m at the 2012 Olympics when, at the Olympic village, she admitted to the Saint Kitts and Nevis management team that she had been ingesting a banned substance.[95] Bulgaria's Tezdzhan Naimova had her 2008 Olympic performance annulled and received a two-year ban after it was proved that she had tampered with her drug test a month prior to the competition.[96]

Another high-profile doping case involved the 2000 Olympic women's 100 m champion Marion Jones, though no doping infractions occurred during the Olympics. Having been one of the stars of the games—she won three gold and two bronze medals in track and field events—Jones was later implicated in doping through the BALCO scandal. She lied to federal agents and a grand jury during questioning around the scandal, but later admitted in 2007 to using Tetrahydrogestrinone (THG) during the period of her Olympic success.[97] The IOC annulled all her Olympic results, including her 100 m title. Given that the 2000 women's runner-up Ekaterini Thanou had herself been banned for drug usage, the IOC chose not to upgrade her to the gold medal position, but rather leave the position vacant.[98] Working around the dilemma, the IOC decided to raise bronze medallist Tayna Lawrence to joint silver and fourth-placed Merlene Ottey to the bronze medal position.[99]

In spite of the relatively few occasions in which 100 m sprinters have failed doping tests at the Olympics, numerous Olympic sprinters have been banned outside the competition or implicated otherwise, including many medallists. Two-time Olympic champion Carl Lewis had a positive drug test for stimulants at the US Olympic trials. The United States Olympic Committee accepted his claim of inadvertent use, since a dietary supplement he ingested was found to contain "Ma huang", the Chinese name for Ephedra (ephedrine is known to help weight loss).[100] The 1992 Olympic champion Linford Christie was banned for nandrolone later in his career.[101] Angel Guillermo Heredia accused the 2000 Olympic champion Maurice Greene of doping; Greene admitted meeting Heredia but claimed it was common for him to pay for "stuff" for other members of his training group, and reiterated that he had never used banned drugs.[102][103] Justin Gatlin, the men's gold medallist in 2004, served a doping suspension both before and after his Olympic win, and returned to the podium at the 2012 Olympics.[104] The men's runner-up in 2012, Yohan Blake, was banned for consuming a stimulant in 2009.[105]

On the women's side, the Olympic 100 m was affected by state-sponsored doping in East Germany. Stasi documents released after the fall of the Berlin Wall revealed extensive drug usage by Olympic sprinters, including the 1976 and 1980 silver medallists Renate Stecher and Marlies Göhr, as well as the 1988 bronze medallist Heike Drechsler.[106][107] Shelly-Ann Fraser, twice Olympic champion, received a six-month ban in 2010 for taking a prohibited narcotic for pain relief.[108] A similar system was in place in the Soviet Union with major revelations concerning the Soviet state-sponsored doping program in preparation for the 1984 Olympics coming to light in 2016.[109] The 2008 runner-up Sherone Simpson was banned in 2013 after a positive test for a stimulant and two-time bronze medallist Veronica Campbell-Brown failed a test for a diuretic that same year.[110] A fourth Jamaican medallist, Merlene Ottey, received a ban for the steroid nandrolone in 1999 but this was rescinded on appeal due to laboratory errors.[111][112]

Medal summary

edit

Men

edit
Games Gold Silver Bronze
edit
1896 Athens
details 		Thomas Burke
  United States 		Fritz Hofmann
  Germany 		Francis Lane
  United States
Alajos Szokolyi
  Hungary
1900 Paris
details 		Frank Jarvis
  United States 		Walter Tewksbury
  United States 		Stan Rowley
  Australia
1904 St. Louis
details 		Archie Hahn
  United States 		Nathaniel Cartmell
  United States 		William Hogenson
  United States
1908 London
details 		Reggie Walker
  South Africa 		James Rector
  United States 		Robert Kerr
  Canada
1912 Stockholm
details 		Ralph Craig
  United States 		Alvah Meyer
  United States 		Donald Lippincott
  United States
1920 Antwerp
details 		Charley Paddock
  United States 		Morris Kirksey
  United States 		Harry Edward
  Great Britain
1924 Paris
details 		Harold Abrahams
  Great Britain 		Jackson Scholz
  United States 		Arthur Porritt, Baron Porritt
  New Zealand
1928 Amsterdam
details 		Percy Williams
  Canada 		Jack London (athlete)
  Great Britain 		Georg Lammers
  Germany
1932 Los Angeles
details 		Eddie Tolan
  United States 		Ralph Metcalfe
  United States 		Arthur Jonath
  Germany
1936 Berlin
details 		Jesse Owens
  United States 		Ralph Metcalfe
  United States 		Tinus Osendarp
  Netherlands
1948 London
details 		Harrison Dillard
  United States 		Barney Ewell
  United States 		Lloyd LaBeach
  Panama
1952 Helsinki
details 		Lindy Remigino
  United States 		Herb McKenley
  Jamaica 		McDonald Bailey
  Great Britain
1956 Melbourne
details 		Bobby Morrow
  United States 		Thane Baker
  United States 		Hector Hogan
  Australia
1960 Rome
details 		Armin Hary
  United Team of Germany 		Dave Sime
  United States 		Peter Radford
  Great Britain
1964 Tokyo
details 		Bob Hayes
  United States 		Enrique Figuerola
  Cuba 		Harry Jerome
  Canada
1968 Mexico City
details 		Jim Hines
  United States 		Lennox Miller
  Jamaica 		Charles Greene
  United States
1972 Munich
details 		Valeriy Borzov
  Soviet Union 		Robert Taylor
  United States 		Lennox Miller
  Jamaica
1976 Montreal
details 		Hasely Crawford
  Trinidad and Tobago 		Don Quarrie
  Jamaica 		Valeriy Borzov
  Soviet Union
1980 Moscow
details 		Allan Wells
  Great Britain 		Silvio Leonard
  Cuba 		Petar Petrov
  Bulgaria
1984 Los Angeles
details 		Carl Lewis
  United States 		Sam Graddy
  United States 		Ben Johnson
  Canada
1988 Seoul
details 		Carl Lewis
  United States 		Linford Christie
  Great Britain 		Calvin Smith
  United States
1992 Barcelona
details 		Linford Christie
  Great Britain 		Frankie Fredericks
  Namibia 		Dennis Mitchell
  United States
1996 Atlanta
details 		Donovan Bailey
  Canada 		Frankie Fredericks
  Namibia 		Ato Boldon
  Trinidad and Tobago
2000 Sydney
details 		Maurice Greene
  United States 		Ato Boldon
  Trinidad and Tobago 		Obadele Thompson
  Barbados
2004 Athens
details 		Justin Gatlin
  United States 		Francis Obikwelu
  Portugal 		Maurice Greene
  United States
2008 Beijing
details 		Usain Bolt
  Jamaica 		Richard Thompson
  Trinidad and Tobago 		Walter Dix
  United States
2012 London
details 		Usain Bolt
  Jamaica 		Yohan Blake
  Jamaica 		Justin Gatlin
  United States
2016 Rio de Janeiro
details 		Usain Bolt
  Jamaica 		Justin Gatlin
  United States 		Andre De Grasse
  Canada
2020 Tokyo
details 		Marcell Jacobs
  Italy 		Fred Kerley
  United States 		Andre De Grasse
  Canada
2024 Paris
details 		Noah Lyles
  United States 		Kishane Thompson
  Jamaica 		Fred Kerley
  United States

Multiple medallists

edit
Rank Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total
1 Usain Bolt   Jamaica (JAM) 2008–2016 3 0 0 3
2 Carl Lewis   United States (USA) 1984–1988 2 0 0 2
3 Justin Gatlin   United States (USA) 2004–2016 1 1 1 3
4 Linford Christie   Great Britain (GBR) 1988–1992 1 1 0 2
5 Valeriy Borzov   Soviet Union (URS) 1972–1976 1 0 1 2
Maurice Greene   United States (USA) 2000–2004 1 0 1 2
7 Ralph Metcalfe   United States (USA) 1932–1936 0 2 0 2
Frankie Fredericks   Namibia (NAM) 1992–1996 0 2 0 2
9 Lennox Miller   Jamaica (JAM) 1968–1972 0 1 1 2
Ato Boldon   Trinidad and Tobago (TRI) 1996–2000 0 1 1 2
Fred Kerley   United States (USA) 2020–2024 0 1 1 2
12 Andre De Grasse   Canada (CAN) 2016–2020 0 0 2 2

Medals by country

edit
RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1  United States (USA)17151042
2  Great Britain (GBR)4239
3  Jamaica (JAM)3418
4  Canada (CAN)2057
5  Trinidad and Tobago (TRI)1214
6  Soviet Union (URS)1012
7  Italy (ITA)1001
  South Africa (RSA)1001
  United Team of Germany (EUA)1001
10  Cuba (CUB)0202
  Namibia (NAM)0202
12  Germany (GER)0123
13  Portugal (POR)0101
14  Australia (AUS)0022
15  Barbados (BAR)0011
  Bulgaria (BUL)0011
  Hungary (HUN)0011
  Netherlands (NED)0011
  New Zealand (NZL)0011
  Panama (PAN)0011
Totals (20 entries)31293191

Women

edit
Games Gold Silver Bronze
edit
1928 Amsterdam
details 		Betty Robinson
  United States 		Fanny Rosenfeld
  Canada 		Ethel Smith
  Canada
1932 Los Angeles
details 		Stanisława Walasiewicz
  Poland 		Hilda Strike
  Canada 		Wilhelmina von Bremen
  United States
1936 Berlin
details 		Helen Stephens
  United States 		Stanisława Walasiewicz
  Poland 		Käthe Krauß
  Germany
1948 London
details 		Fanny Blankers-Koen
  Netherlands 		Dorothy Manley
  Great Britain 		Shirley Strickland
  Australia
1952 Helsinki
details 		Marjorie Jackson
  Australia 		Daphne Hasenjäger
  South Africa 		Shirley Strickland de la Hunty
  Australia
1956 Melbourne
details 		Betty Cuthbert
  Australia 		Christa Stubnick
  United Team of Germany 		Marlene Mathews
  Australia
1960 Rome
details 		Wilma Rudolph
  United States 		Dorothy Hyman
  Great Britain 		Giuseppina Leone
  Italy
1964 Tokyo
details 		Wyomia Tyus
  United States 		Edith McGuire
  United States 		Ewa Kłobukowska
  Poland
1968 Mexico City
details 		Wyomia Tyus
  United States 		Barbara Ferrell
  United States 		Irena Szewińska
  Poland
1972 Munich
details 		Renate Stecher
  East Germany 		Raelene Boyle
  Australia 		Silvia Chivás
  Cuba
1976 Montreal
details 		Annegret Richter
  West Germany 		Renate Stecher
  East Germany 		Inge Helten
  West Germany
1980 Moscow
details 		Lyudmila Kondratyeva
  Soviet Union 		Marlies Göhr
  East Germany 		Ingrid Auerswald
  East Germany
1984 Los Angeles
details 		Evelyn Ashford
  United States 		Alice Brown
  United States 		Merlene Ottey
  Jamaica
1988 Seoul
details 		Florence Griffith Joyner
  United States 		Evelyn Ashford
  United States 		Heike Drechsler
  East Germany
1992 Barcelona
details 		Gail Devers
  United States 		Juliet Cuthbert
  Jamaica 		Irina Privalova
  Unified Team
1996 Atlanta
details 		Gail Devers
  United States 		Merlene Ottey
  Jamaica 		Gwen Torrence
  United States
2000 Sydney
details 		Vacant[113] Ekaterini Thanou
  Greece 		Merlene Ottey
  Jamaica
Tayna Lawrence
  Jamaica
2004 Athens
details 		Yulia Nestsiarenka
  Belarus 		Lauryn Williams
  United States 		Veronica Campbell
  Jamaica
2008 Beijing
details 		Shelly-Ann Fraser
  Jamaica 		Sherone Simpson
  Jamaica 		none awarded
Kerron Stewart
  Jamaica
2012 London
details 		Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce
  Jamaica 		Carmelita Jeter
  United States 		Veronica Campbell-Brown
  Jamaica
2016 Rio de Janeiro
details 		Elaine Thompson
  Jamaica 		Tori Bowie
  United States 		Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce
  Jamaica
2020 Tokyo
details 		Elaine Thompson-Herah
  Jamaica 		Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce
  Jamaica 		Shericka Jackson
  Jamaica
2024 Paris
details 		Julien Alfred
  Saint Lucia 		Sha'Carri Richardson
  United States 		Melissa Jefferson
  United States

Multiple medallists

edit
Rank Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total
1 Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce   Jamaica (JAM) 2008–2020 2 1 1 4
2 Wyomia Tyus   United States (USA) 1964–1968 2 0 0 2
Gail Devers   United States (USA) 1992–1996 2 0 0 2
Elaine Thompson-Herah   Jamaica (JAM) 2016–2020 2 0 0 2
4 Stanisława Walasiewicz   Poland (POL) 1932–1936 1 1 0 2
Renate Stecher   East Germany (GDR) 1972–1976 1 1 0 2
Evelyn Ashford   United States (USA) 1984–1988 1 1 0 2
7 Merlene Ottey   Jamaica (JAM) 1984–2000 0 1 2 3
8 Shirley Strickland   Australia (AUS) 1948–1952 0 0 2 2
Veronica Campbell-Brown   Jamaica (JAM) 2004–2012 0 0 2 2

Medals by country

edit
RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1  United States (USA)98320
2  Jamaica (JAM)46616
3  Australia (AUS)2136
4  East Germany (GDR)1225
5  Poland (POL)1124
6  West Germany (FRG)1012
7  Belarus (BLR)1001
  Netherlands (NED)1001
  Saint Lucia (LCA)1001
  Soviet Union (URS)1001
11  Canada (CAN)0213
12  Great Britain (GBR)0202
13  Greece (GRE)0101
  South Africa (RSA)0101
  United Team of Germany (EUA)0101
16  Cuba (CUB)0011
  Germany (GER)0011
  Italy (ITA)0011
  Unified Team (EUN)0011
Totals (19 entries)22252269

Overall

edit

Medals by country

edit
RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1  United States (USA)25221158
2  Jamaica (JAM)710724
3  Great Britain (GBR)34310
4  Canada (CAN)22610
5  Australia (AUS)2158
6  Soviet Union (URS)2013
7  East Germany (GDR)1225
8  Trinidad and Tobago (TRI)1214
9  Poland (POL)1124
10  South Africa (RSA)1102
  United Team of Germany (EUA)1102
12  Italy (ITA)1012
  Netherlands (NED)1012
  West Germany (FRG)1012
15  Belarus (BLR)1001
  Saint Lucia (LCA)1001
17  Cuba (CUB)0213
18  Namibia (NAM)0202
19  Germany (GER)0134
20  Greece (GRE)0101
  Portugal (POR)0101
22  Barbados (BAR)0011
  Bulgaria (BUL)0011
  Hungary (HUN)0011
  New Zealand (NZL)0011
  Panama (PAN)0011
  Unified Team (EUN)0011
Totals (27 entries)515351155

Olympic record progression

edit

The best time for the 100 m set during Olympic competition is known as the Olympic record. To count as an official record, the race and the equipment used must adhere to IAAF international rules. Hand-timed results were the standard until 1975, when fully automatic timing (FAT) became the preferred method for officially measuring athletes' times. Further to this wind conditions must be measured and any time achieved with a wind speed of over 2.0 metres per second in a direction behind the athlete is treated as wind-assisted and cannot be taken for an Olympic record mark.[114]

Since the first men's Olympic record of 12.2 seconds by Frank Lane in 1896, the record has been broken 13 times and matched 24 times. Twenty-eight men have been holder (or co-holder) of the record. Usain Bolt is the current record holder with 9.63, set in 2012. Further to this standing men's world record for the 100 m has been equalled five times in Olympic competition and improved twice (by Carl Lewis in 1988 with 9.92 and by Bolt in 2008 with 9.69). Ben Johnson's time of 9.79 was annulled before it was ratified as either an Olympic or world record.[114]

Since the initial women's Olympic record of 13.0 seconds was set by Anni Holdmann in 1928, it has been broken 18 times and equalled 17 further times. The standing women's 100 m world record has been improved five times during Olympic competition and equalled seven times.[114]

The tables below refer to hand-timing for races held prior to the 1972 Summer Olympics and to fully automatic times after that point, when they became the standard for the Olympics.[114] Hand-timed results that matched the Olympic record are treated as equalling the mark, with the exception of any athletes that matched that time but finished behind another athlete in their race.

Men

edit
See also: Men's 100 metres world record progression
 
In the 1896 Summer Olympics, Thomas Curtis of the United States (pictured) tied Grantley Goulding of the United Kingdom in setting the first Olympic 100-metre record, completing the race in 12.2 seconds.
 
After Ben Johnson's disqualification, Carl Lewis's time of 9.92 was established as the Olympic and world record time.
Time Athlete Nation Games Round Date
12.2 Francis Lane   United States (USA) 1896 Heat 1 1896-04-06
12.2 Thomas Curtis   United States (USA) 1896 Heat 2 1896-04-06
11.8 Tom Burke   United States (USA) 1896 Heat 3 1896-04-06
11.4 Arthur Duffey   United States (USA) 1900 Heat 1 1900-06-14
11.4 Walter Tewksbury   United States (USA) 1900 Heat 2 1900-06-14
10.8 =WR Frank Jarvis   United States (USA) 1900 Heat 3 1900-06-14
10.8 =WR Walter Tewksbury   United States (USA) 1900 Semi-final 2 1900-06-14
10.8 James Rector   United States (USA) 1908 Heat 15 1908-07-20
10.8 Reggie Walker   South Africa (RSA) 1908 Semi-final 1 1908-07-20
10.8 James Rector   United States (USA) 1908 Semi-final 3 1908-07-20
10.8 Reggie Walker   South Africa (RSA) 1908 Final 1908-07-20
10.8 David Jacobs   Great Britain (GBR) 1912 Heat 10 1912-07-06
10.6 Donald Lippincott   United States (USA) 1912 Heat 16 1912-07-06
10.6 Harold Abrahams   Great Britain (GBR) 1924 Quarter-final 4 1924-07-06
10.6 Harold Abrahams   Great Britain (GBR) 1924 Semi-final 2 1924-07-07
10.6 Harold Abrahams   Great Britain (GBR) 1924 Final 1924-07-07
10.6 Percy Williams   Canada (CAN) 1928 Quarter-final 4 1928-07-29
10.6 Robert McAllister   United States (USA) 1928 Semi-final 1 1928-07-30
10.6 Jack London   United States (USA) 1928 Semi-final 2 1928-07-30
10.6 Arthur Jonath   Germany (GER) 1932 Heat 3 1932-07-31
10.4 Eddie Tolan   United States (USA) 1932 Quarter-final 1 1932-07-31
10.3 =WR Eddie Tolan   United States (USA) 1932 Final 1932-08-01
10.3 Jesse Owens   United States (USA) 1936 Heat 1 1936-08-02
10.3 Harrison Dillard   United States (USA) 1948 Final 1948-07-31
10.3 Bobby Joe Morrow   United States (USA) 1956 Quarter-final 1 1956-11-23
10.3 Ira Murchison   United States (USA) 1956 Quarter-final 2 1956-11-23
10.3 Bobby Joe Morrow   United States (USA) 1956 Semi-final 2 1956-11-24
10.2 Armin Hary   West Germany (FRG) 1960 Quarter-final 2 1960-08-31
10.2 Armin Hary   West Germany (FRG) 1960 Final 1960-08-31
10.0 =WR Bob Hayes   United States (USA) 1964 Final 1964-10-15
10.0 A Hermes Ramírez   Cuba (CUB) 1968 Quarter-final 2 1968-10-13
10.0 A Charlie Greene   United States (USA) 1968 Quarter-final 4 1968-10-13
10.0 A Jim Hines   United States (USA) 1968 Semi-final 1 1968-10-14
9.9 A =WR Jim Hines   United States (USA) 1968 Final 1968-10-14
9.92 WR[nb3] Carl Lewis   United States (USA) 1988 Final 1988-09-24
9.84 WR Donovan Bailey   Canada (CAN) 1996 Final 1996-07-27
9.69 WR Usain Bolt   Jamaica (JAM) 2008 Final 2008-08-16
9.63 Usain Bolt   Jamaica (JAM) 2012 Final 2012-08-05
  • nb3 Carl Lewis's time of 9.92 seconds in the 1988 Olympic final was initially second to Ben Johnson's 9.79, but Johnson was disqualified soon after due to a failed drug test.[114]

Women

edit
See also: Women's 100 metres world record progression
 
Wilma Rudolph's time of 11.3 in 1960 was an Olympic and world record time.
 
Irena Szewińska's time of 11.1 seconds stood as the Olympic record for one day.
 
In 2021, Elaine Thompson-Herah ran 10.61 s to break Florence Griffith Joyner's 1988 Olympic record of 10.62 s.
Time Athlete Nation Games Round Date
13.0 Anni Holdmann   Germany (GER) 1928 Heat 1 1928-07-30
12.8 Erna Steinberg   Germany (GER) 1928 Heat 2 1928-07-30
12.8 Kinue Hitomi   Japan (JPN) 1928 Heat 3 1928-07-30
12.8 Leni Junker   Germany (GER) 1928 Heat 4 1928-07-30
12.8 Leni Schmidt   Germany (GER) 1928 Heat 6 1928-07-30
12.6 Fanny Rosenfeld   Canada (CAN) 1928 Heat 7 1928-07-30
12.6 Ethel Smith   Canada (CAN) 1928 Heat 9 1928-07-30
12.4 Fanny Rosenfeld   Canada (CAN) 1928 Semi-final 1 1928-07-30
12.4 Betty Robinson   United States (USA) 1928 Semi-final 2 1928-07-30
12.2 WR Betty Robinson   United States (USA) 1928 Final 1928-07-31
12.2 Marie Dollinger   Germany (GER) 1932 Heat 1 1932-08-01
11.9 WR Stanisława Walasiewicz   Poland (POL) 1932 Heat 2 1932-08-01
11.9 =WR Stanisława Walasiewicz   Poland (POL) 1932 Semi-final 2 1932-08-01
11.9 =WR Stanisława Walasiewicz   Poland (POL) 1932 Final 1932-08-02
11.9 Fanny Blankers-Koen   Netherlands (NED) 1948 Final 1948-08-02
11.9 Catherine Hardy   United States (USA) 1952 Heat 7 1952-07-21
11.6 Marjorie Jackson   Australia (AUS) 1952 Heat 8 1952-07-21
11.6 Marjorie Jackson   Australia (AUS) 1952 Quarter-final 1 1952-07-21
11.5 =WR Marjorie Jackson   Australia (AUS) 1952 Semi-final 1 1952-07-22
11.5 =WR Marjorie Jackson   Australia (AUS) 1952 Final 1952-07-22
11.5 Marlene Mathews   Australia (AUS) 1956 Heat 2 1956-11-24
11.4 Betty Cuthbert   Australia (AUS) 1956 Heat 3 1956-11-24
11.3 =WR Wilma Rudolph   United States (USA) 1960 Semi-final 1 1960-09-02
11.2 =WR Wyomia Tyus   United States (USA) 1964 Quarter-final 1 1964-10-15
11.2 A Wyomia Tyus   United States (USA) 1968 Heat 1 1968-10-14
11.2 A Margaret Bailes   United States (USA) 1968 Heat 2 1968-10-14
11.2 A Barbara Ferrell   United States (USA) 1968 Heat 6 1968-10-14
11.1 A =WR Barbara Ferrell   United States (USA) 1968 Quarter-final 1 1968-10-14
11.1 A =WR Irena Szewińska-Kirszenstein   Poland (POL) 1968 Quarter-final 4 1968-10-14
11.0 A WR Wyomia Tyus   United States (USA) 1968 Final 1968-10-15
11.07 WR Renate Stecher   East Germany (GDR) 1972 Quarter-final 1 1972-09-01
11.05 Annegret Richter   West Germany (FRG) 1976 Quarter-final 1 1976-07-24
11.01 WR Annegret Richter   West Germany (FRG) 1976 Semi-final 1 1976-07-25
10.97 Evelyn Ashford   United States (USA) 1984 Final 1984-08-05
10.88 Florence Griffith Joyner   United States (USA) 1988 Heat 7 1988-09-24
10.88 Evelyn Ashford   United States (USA) 1988 Quarter-final 2 1988-09-24
10.62 Florence Griffith Joyner   United States (USA) 1988 Quarter-final 3 1988-09-24
10.61 Elaine Thompson-Herah   Jamaica (JAM) 2021 Final 2021-07-31

Finishing times

edit

The Olympic 100 m is the most prestigious competition for the distance and it attracts elite level, international competitors. The winner of the race is occasionally referred to as "the world's fastest" man or woman, reflecting the high level of the competition and the quality of performances.[115][116] As of February 2014, the current Olympic records of 9.63 for men and 10.62 seconds for women rank as the second and third fastest times in history, for men and women respectively.[117][118] The standard of performances at the Olympics has progressed in line with the discipline as a whole and the times in the final often rank highly in the end-of-season lists.[119][120][121] National records and personal bests are frequently improved at the event by sprinters from large and small nations alike, as most elite athletes aim to reach peak race fitness for the Olympics.[122][123]

The 2024 men's final was the fastest 100-meter race in history, collectively: all eight men ran under 9.91 seconds. [124] The 2012 women's final was, collectively, the fastest women's 100 m race ever: seven of the eight finalists ran 11 seconds or faster for the first time, with Veronica Campbell-Brown becoming the fastest ever bronze medallist with her time of 10.81 seconds and Tianna Madison becoming the fastest non-medallist with her time of 10.85 seconds.[118]

Top ten fastest Olympic times

edit
  • H – time recorded in the heats
  • QF – time recorded in the quarter-finals
  • SF – time recorded in the semi-finals

Note: Florence Griffith-Joyner ran 10.54 (+3.0) and 10.70 (+2.6) in the finals and semifinals of the 100m at the 1988 Seoul Olympics, however, both were over the legal wind speed limit of +2.0 m/s.

Best time for place

edit
  • Florence Griffith-Joyner ran 10.54 to win the final of the 1988 Olympic Games, but the wind was over the legal limit (+3.0)

Intercalated Games

edit

The 1906 Intercalated Games were held in Athens and at the time were officially recognised as part of the Olympic Games series, with the intention being to hold a games in Greece in two-year intervals between the internationally held Olympics. However, this plan never came to fruition and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) later decided not to recognise these games as part of the official Olympic series. Some sports historians continue to treat the results of these games as part of the Olympic canon.[127]

At this event a men's 100 m was held and 1904 Olympic champion Archie Hahn of the United States won the race. Another American, Fay Moulton, was the runner-up and Australian Nigel Barker was the bronze medallist.[128]

Games Gold Silver Bronze
1906 Athens
details 		  Archie Hahn (USA)   Fay Moulton (USA)   Nigel Barker (AUS)

Non-canonical Olympic events

edit

In addition to the main 1900 Olympic men's 100 metres, two further 100 m events were held that year. A handicap race attracted 32 athletes from 10 countries and was won by Edmund Minahan, an American semi-finalist in the main 100 m competition, which had taken place five days earlier.[129] A 100 m event for professionals only was held several weeks later. Four entrants are known and the winner was Edgar Bredin, a British former world record holder.[130][131]

A 100 m professionals handicap race is also believed to have been held in 1900. In 1904 a 100-yard dash handicap race was contested and an American, C. Hastedt, was the victor.[132]

These events are no longer considered part of the official Olympic history of the 100 m or the athletics programme in general. Consequently, medals from these races have not been assigned to nations on the all-time medal tables.[132]

Cultural impact

edit
 
Usain Bolt's 2008 Olympic victory received global media coverage

The 100 metres is typically considered one of the blue ribbon Olympic track and field events, and of the Olympic Games as a whole.[133] The Olympic 100 m finals, particularly the men's, are among the most popular events from any sport at the Olympics – the 2012 Olympic men's 100 metres final was the most watched event at the London Games by British audiences (with 20 million television viewers)[134] while in the United States that event was the third-most viewed Olympic clip.[135]

The high-profile nature of 100 m Olympic finals in some countries has served to encourage participation in sport among the wider public, particularly in short sprinting. Successive generations of athletes cite previous 100 m Olympic champions as the reason for their entering the sport.[136] The history of the event has had particular impact for African-American athletes: Jesse Owens' Olympic 100 m gold was an early example of a black American achieving success on an international stage while Wilma Rudolph's 1960 win inspired many black American women.[137][138] Owens' 100 m victory at the 1936 Berlin Olympics (one of four gold medals he won over seven days at the games) helped challenge notions of white supremacy that were popular during that era.[139][140]

1996 Olympic 100 metre champion Donovan Bailey from Canada had his billing as "World's Fastest Man" questioned by the American media, who instead promoted 1996 Olympic 200 metre and 400 metre champion Michael Johnson from the United States. After much sparring between the two athletes and media of their respective countries, an unsanctioned 150-metre race was held at the SkyDome in Toronto to settle the matter, with Bailey winning while Johnson pulled up injured, and they earned $1.5 million and $500,000, respectively.

The Olympic 100 metres has been covered by several film documentaries. Chariots of Fire, a 1981 historical drama focusing on Harold Abrahams' victory at the 1924 Paris Olympics, is among the most prominent. The film won four Academy Awards,[141] is often listed among polls for the best sports and Olympics films.,[142][143] and was ranked 19th in the British Film Institute's 100 Best British Films[144] Wilma Rudolph was a central figure in The Grand Olympics (Italian: La grande olimpiade), an academy-Award nominated documentary about the 1960 Rome Olympics, where Rudolph's 100 m feats earned her the nickname La Gazzella Negra (The Black Gazelle).[145][146] The 1988 Olympic final, featuring Ben Johnson and Carl Lewis has been the topic of documentaries, including ESPN's "9.79*" from the 30 for 30 series,[147] as well as non-fiction books, such as Richard Moore's The Dirtiest Race in History.[100]

Across the sport of track and field, Olympic 100 m champions have often featured on Athlete of the Year lists. Carl Lewis (1984), Evelyn Ashford (1984), Florence Griffith-Joyner (1988), Usain Bolt (2008) and Elaine Thompson-Herah (2021) were chosen as Track & Field News Athlete of the Year in the year of their Olympic victories.[148] Lewis, Griffith-Joyner, Bolt and Thompson-Herah were also awarded the title of IAAF World Athlete of the Year for their Olympic feats.[149]

See also

edit

References

edit
Olympic record progressions
Specific
  1. ^ "Athletics Men's 60 metres Medalists". SR/Olympic Sports. Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  2. ^ Hayward, Paul (6 August 2012). "Usain Bolt wins men's 100m Olympic final in 9.58 seconds to seal legacy". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  3. ^ Rosenbaum, Mike. "Women's Olympic Records". About.com Track & Field. Archived from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  4. ^ "Olympic Games Records". World Athletics. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  5. ^ a b c "Athletics Men's 100 metres Medalists". SR/Olympic Sports. Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  6. ^ a b c "Athletics Women's 100 metres Medalists". SR/Olympic Sports. Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  7. ^ "Competition Rules 2012-2013" (PDF). IAAF Competition Rules (Centenary ed.). International Association of Athletics Federations: 130. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2014.
  8. ^ "Athletics - Technical". Team GB. British Olympic Association. Archived from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
  9. ^ a b Athletics at the 1960 Summer Games: Men's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  10. ^ a b Athletics at the 1964 Summer Games: Men's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  11. ^ a b 100m competition format. London 2012 (archived). Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  12. ^ Sprint rule well received. BBC Sport (2003-01-16). Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  13. ^ Hinnen, Jerry (2012-07-24). IAAF adjusts false start rule ahead of the Olympics. CBS Sports. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  14. ^ Landells, Steve (2008-08-17). Women's 100m - FINAL. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  15. ^ a b Athletics at the 1896 Summer Games: Men's 100 metres. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-01-31.
  16. ^ The XXIX Olympic Games - Beijing, China - 8/24 August 2008. IAAF (2008-02-05). Retrieved on 2014-01-31.
  17. ^ Sydney 2000 Olympics Entry Standards. IAAF (1999-06-08). Retrieved on 2014-01-31.
  18. ^ Olympic Games, Athens. IAAF (2008-02-05). Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  19. ^ Entry Standards for London Olympics. IAAF (2011-04-15). Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  20. ^ Qualifying Standards. USATF. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  21. ^ Athlete Selection Procedure Form for the Olympic Games. United States Olympic Committee (2012). Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  22. ^ Athletics at the 1900 Paris Summer Games: Men's 100 metres. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-01-31.
  23. ^ Athletics at the 1904 Summer Games: Men's 100 metres. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-01-31.
  24. ^ Athletics at the 1908 Summer Games: Men's 100 metres. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-01-31.
  25. ^ Athletics at the 1912 Summer Games: Men's 100 metres. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-01-31.
  26. ^ Athletics at the 1920 Summer Games: Men's 100 metres. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-01-31.
  27. ^ Athletics at the 1924 Summer Games: Men's 100 metres. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-01-31.
  28. ^ Athletics at the 1928 Summer Games: Men's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  29. ^ Athletics at the 1928 Summer Games: Women's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  30. ^ Athletics at the 1932 Summer Games: Men's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  31. ^ Athletics at the 1932 Summer Games: Women's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  32. ^ Athletics at the 1936 Summer Games: Men's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  33. ^ Athletics at the 1936 Summer Games: Women's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  34. ^ Athletics at the 1948 Summer Games: Men's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  35. ^ Athletics at the 1948 Summer Games: Women's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  36. ^ Athletics at the 1952 Summer Games: Men's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  37. ^ Athletics at the 1952 Summer Games: Women's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  38. ^ Athletics at the 1956 Summer Games: Men's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  39. ^ Athletics at the 1956 Summer Games: Women's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  40. ^ Athletics at the 1960 Summer Games: Women's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  41. ^ Athletics at the 1964 Summer Games: Women's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  42. ^ Athletics at the 1968 Summer Games: Men's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  43. ^ Athletics at the 1968 Summer Games: Women's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  44. ^ Athletics at the 1972 Summer Games: Men's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  45. ^ Athletics at the 1972 Summer Games: Women's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  46. ^ Athletics at the 1976 Summer Games: Men's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  47. ^ Athletics at the 1976 Summer Games: Women's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  48. ^ Athletics at the 1980 Summer Games: Men's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  49. ^ Athletics at the 1980 Summer Games: Women's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  50. ^ Athletics at the 1984 Summer Games: Men's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  51. ^ Athletics at the 1984 Summer Games: Women's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  52. ^ Athletics at the 1988 Summer Games: Men's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  53. ^ Athletics at the 1988 Summer Games: Women's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  54. ^ Athletics at the 1992 Summer Games: Men's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  55. ^ Athletics at the 1992 Summer Games: Women's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  56. ^ Athletics at the 1996 Summer Games: Men's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  57. ^ Athletics at the 1996 Summer Games: Women's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  58. ^ Athletics at the 2000 Summer Games: Men's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  59. ^ Athletics at the 2000 Summer Games: Women's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  60. ^ Olympic Women's 100 metres medallists. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved on 2014-01-31.
  61. ^ Athletics at the 2004 Summer Games: Men's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  62. ^ Athletics at the 2004 Summer Games: Women's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  63. ^ Athletics at the 2008 Summer Games: Men's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  64. ^ Athletics at the 2008 Summer Games: Women's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  65. ^ a b Athletics at the 2012 Summer Games: Men's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  66. ^ a b Athletics at the 2012 Summer Games: Women's 100 metres. Sports Reference.. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  67. ^ Olympics athletics: Kim Collins 'dropped for visiting wife'. BBC Sport (2012-08-04). Retrieved on 2014-01-31.
  68. ^ Bongard, Vanina, et al. (2007-06-23). Effects of age and gender on physical performance. AGE (American Aging Association). Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  69. ^ "Qualification System – Games of the XXXII Olympiad – Athletics". IAAF.
  70. ^ a b Katura Marae. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  71. ^ a b c Merlene Ottey-Page. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  72. ^ a b c Betty Robinson. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  73. ^ a b c Linford Christie. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  74. ^ Reggie Walker. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  75. ^ Donald Lippincott. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  76. ^ Alphonse Yanghat. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  77. ^ Fanny Blankers-Koen. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  78. ^ Stefan Burkart. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  79. ^ Saner, Emine (2008-07-30). The gender trap. The Guardian. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  80. ^ a b Richie, Robert, et al (2008-08-01). Intersex and the Olympic Games. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (vol. 101 no. 8 395-399). Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  81. ^ Augustyn, Adam (2012-04-13). Stanisława Walasiewicz. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  82. ^ Heggie, Vanessa (2012-08-02). Sex testing and the Olympics: myths, rumours and confirmation bias. The Guardian. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  83. ^ Sch 12.11.03 Statement of the Stockholm consensus on sex reassignment in sports. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  84. ^ a b Sears, Edward Seldon (2001). Running Through the Ages (pg. 178-183). McFarland. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  85. ^ Syed, Matthew (2012-08-09). Genetic research shows athletic skill is not a black and white issue. The Australian/The Times. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  86. ^ Entine, Jon (2012-08-12). The DNA Olympics -- Jamaicans Win Sprinting 'Genetic Lottery' -- and Why We Should All Care. Forbes Magazine. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  87. ^ Is it wrong to note 100m winners are always black?. BBC Sport. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  88. ^ Moore, Matthew (2010-07-12). Centre of gravity theory for dominance of black sprinters and white swimmers. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  89. ^ Rosenbaum, Mike. Drug Testing Scandals: Olympic Sprint Controversies Archived 3 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine. About Track and Field. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  90. ^ Weinberg, Rick. ESPN.com - ESPN 25 - 53: Johnson flunks drug test, loses gold medal . ESPN. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  91. ^ Francis, Charlie (1991). Speed Trap. St. Martins Press. ISBN 0-312-04877-7.
  92. ^ Ormsby, Mary & Hall, Joseph (2008-09-24). Ben Johnson scandal still haunts track world. The Toronto Star. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  93. ^ Crompton, Sarah (2012-10-12). Forgotten heroes who rose above the scandal of drugs. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  94. ^ Macur, Juliet (2011-09-06). Peculiar Doping Case Takes Another Twist. The New York Times. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  95. ^ London 2012 Olympics: Sprinter Tameka Williams sent home over drugs. The Scotsman (2012-07-30). Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  96. ^ Doping Rule Violation. IAAF (2009-02-18). Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  97. ^ Bond, David (2007-10-06). Marion Jones finally confesses to steroid use. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  98. ^ Marion Jones. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  99. ^ Katerina Thanou denied Marion Jones' Olympic 100m gold. BBC Sport (2009-12-08). Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  100. ^ a b Pye, Steven (2013-10-21). Ben Johnson, Carl Lewis and the drama of the Dirtiest Race in History. The Guardian. Retrieved on 2014-01-31.
  101. ^ Milmo, Cahal (2000-08-22). BBC drops Linford Christie after drugs ban is confirmed . The Independent. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  102. ^ Wilson, Duff (17 April 2008). "I.A.A.F. Seeks an Explanation From Greene About Drug Allegations". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
  103. ^ "Maurice Greene denies link to doping scandal". The Daily Telegraph. 14 April 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
  104. ^ Gatlin's Doping Ban Reduced to 4 Years . The New York Times (2008-01-02). Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  105. ^ Jamaican athletes fail drug tests. BBC Sport (2009-07-24). Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  106. ^ Franke, Werner & Berendonk, Brigitte (1997). "Hormonal doping and androgenization of athletes: a secret program of the German Democratic Republic government Archived 14 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine". Proceedings of the Doping in Sport Symposium. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  107. ^ Brigitte Berendonk: Doping documents - From Scientific Research to Cheating. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1991, ISBN 3-540-53742-2, p. 122, Fig 6
  108. ^ Six-month ban for sprint champion Shelly-Ann Fraser. BBC Sport (2010-10-06). Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  109. ^ The Soviet Doping Plan: Document Reveals Illicit Approach to '84 Olympics The New York Times
  110. ^ Riach, James (2014-01-06). Jamaica's Sherone Simpson faces anti-doping panel after positive test. The Guardian. Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  111. ^ IOC hit back in Ottey doping case. BBC Sport (2000-07-13). Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  112. ^ Ottey cleared to run again. BBC Sport (2000-07-03). Retrieved on 2014-02-01.
  113. ^ Marion Jones admitted to having taken performance enhancing drugs prior to the 2000 Summer Olympics. She relinquished her medals to the United States Olympic Committee, and the International Olympic Committee formally stripped her of her medals.
    100 metres
    1. not awarded
    2.   Ekaterini Thanou 11.12 and   Tayna Lawrence 11.18
    3.   Merlene Ottey 11.19
    The IOC did not initially decide to regrade the results, as silver medalist Ekaterini Thanou had herself been subsequently involved in a doping scandal in the run-up to the 2004 Summer Olympics. After two years of deliberation, in late 2009 the IOC decided to upgrade Lawrence and Ottey to silver and bronze respectively, and leave Thanou as a silver medallist, with the gold medal withheld.
  114. ^ a b c d e Mallon, Bill (2012). TRACK & FIELD ATHLETICS - OLYMPIC RECORD PROGRESSIONS[permanent dead link]. Track and Field News. Retrieved on 2014-01-26.
  115. ^ Coffey, Wayne (2012-08-06). Jamaica's Usain Bolt retains his title as world's fastest man as he blows past the field to win 100-meter gold in 9.63 seconds. New York Daily News. Retrieved on 2014-02-04.
  116. ^ Longman, Jere (2012-08-05). In Fastest Field Ever, the World's Fastest Man Proves It Again. The New York Times. Retrieved on 2014-02-04.
  117. ^ 100 Metres - men - senior - outdoor. IAAF (2014-02-04). Retrieved on 2014-02-04.
  118. ^ a b 100 Metres - women - senior - outdoor. IAAF (2014-02-04). Retrieved on 2014-02-04.
  119. ^ 100 Metres - men - senior - outdoor - 2012. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-02-04.
  120. ^ 100 Metres - men - senior - outdoor - 2008. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-02-04.
  121. ^ 100 Metres - men - senior - outdoor - 2004. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-02-04.
  122. ^ Results The XXX Olympic Games GREAT BRITAIN & N.I. London, GREAT BRITAIN & N.I. 27 JUL 2012 - 12 AUG 2012 100 Metres - women Heats Summary. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-02-04.
  123. ^ Results The XXX Olympic Games GREAT BRITAIN & N.I. London, GREAT BRITAIN & N.I. 27 JUL 2012 - 12 AUG 2012 100 Metres - men Heats Summary. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-02-04.
  124. ^ "Paris 2024 Men's 100m Final Results".
  125. ^ a b "Men's 100m".
  126. ^ a b "Women's 100m".
  127. ^ 1906 Athina Summer Games. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-01-26.
  128. ^ Athletics at the 1906 Athina Summer Games: Men's 100 metres. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-01-26.
  129. ^ Athletics at the 1900 Paris Summer Games: Men's 100 metres, Handicap. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-03-22.
  130. ^ Athletics at the 1900 Paris Summer Games: Men's 100 metres, Professionals. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-03-22.
  131. ^ Athletics at the 1896 Athina Summer Games: Men's 400 metres. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-03-22.
  132. ^ a b Olympic Games (Men). GBR Athletics. Retrieved on 2014-03-22.
  133. ^ London 2012 Athletics Archived 8 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved on 2014-01-26.
  134. ^ Plunkett, John (2012-08-13). Top 10 Olympics TV events: opening and closing ceremonies dominate. The Guardian. Retrieved on 2014-01-26.
  135. ^ London Olympics on NBC is Most-Watched Television Event in U.S. History . NBC Press Box (2012-08-14). Retrieved on 2014-01-26.
  136. ^ Whitney, Susan (1996-07-21). 'GRACE AND GLORY' GIVES GIRLS EXAMPLES OF GOLD. Deseret News. Retrieved on 2014-01-31.
  137. ^ Harvey, Randy (1994-11-13). Olympic Legend Wilma Rudolph Dies : Sports: Triple gold medalist who inspired a generation of women's track stars loses battle with brain cancer at 54.. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved on 2014-01-31.
  138. ^ Horton, Derrin (2013-02-15). LA Dreamers: Our African-American Pioneers – Wilma Rudolph. KTLA5. Retrieved on 2014-01-31.
  139. ^ Jesse Owens. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved on 2014-01-31.
  140. ^ "Jesse Owens and the greatest 45 minutes in sport". International Olympic Committee. 14 July 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  141. ^ Chariots of Fire (1981). The New York Times. Retrieved on 2014-01-31.
  142. ^ The 50 Greatest Sports Movies. Empire. Retrieved on 2014-01-31.
  143. ^ Mitchell, Houston (2012-02-20). The 10 best sports movies of all time, No. 10: 'Chariots of Fire'. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved on 2014-01-31.
  144. ^ The BFI's 100 Best British Films. British Pictures. Retrieved on 2014-01-31.
  145. ^ La Grande Olimpiade (1961). The New York Times. Retrieved on 2014-01-31.
  146. ^ Rome celebrates 50th anniversary of hosting the 1960 Olympic Games Archived 19 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Sports Features (2010-08-24). Retrieved on 2014-01-31.
  147. ^ 9.79*. ESPN. Retrieved on 2014-01-31.
  148. ^ History Of T&FN's Athletes Of The Year Archived 11 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Track and Field News. Retrieved on 2014-01-31.
  149. ^ IAF Athletes of the Year. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-31.
edit

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=100_metres_at_the_Olympics&oldid=1253558193"