Wikipedia

Sarandë

(Redirected from Onchesmos)

Sarandë (Albanian: [saˈɾandə]; Albanian definite form: Saranda; Greek: Άγιοι Σαράντα, romanized: Ágioi Saránta) is a city in the Republic of Albania and the seat of Sarandë Municipality. Geographically, the city is located on an open sea gulf of the Ionian Sea within the Mediterranean Sea. Stretching along the Albanian Ionian Sea Coast, Sarandë has a Mediterranean climate with over 300 sunny days a year.

Sarandë
Άγιοι Σαράντα
Municipality
Top to bottom, left to right: View of Sarandë, Lëkurësi Castle, Promenade of Sarandë, Islets of Ksamil, Butrint National Park and View from the Lëkurësi Castle
Flag of Sarandë
Flag
Official logo of Sarandë
Emblem
Sarandë is located in Albania
Sarandë
Sarandë
Coordinates: 39°52.5′N 20°0.6′E / 39.8750°N 20.0100°E / 39.8750; 20.0100
Country Albania
CountyVlorë
Government
 • MayorOltion Çaçi (PS)
Area
 • Municipality70.13 km2 (27.08 sq mi)
Population
 (2011)
 • Municipality
20,227
 • Municipality density290/km2 (750/sq mi)
 • Municipal unit
17,233
Demonym(s)Albanian: Sarandiot (m), Sarandiote (f)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal Code
9701–9703
Area Code(0)85
Websitebashkiasarande.gov.al

In ancient times, the city was known as Onchesmus or Onchesmos and was a port-town of Chaonia in ancient Epirus. It owes its modern name to the nearby Byzantine monastery of the Forty Saints (Agioi Saranda) by which it became known from the High Middle Ages. Sarandë today is known for its deep blue Mediterranean waters. Near Sarandë are the remains of the ancient city of Butrint, a UNESCO World Heritage site. In recent years, Sarandë has seen a steady increase in tourists, many of them coming by cruise ships. Visitors are attracted by the natural environment of Sarandë and its archaeological sites. Sarandë is inhabited by a majority of ethnic Albanians, and also has a minority Greek community and as such has been considered one of the two centers of the Greek minority in Albania.[1][2]

Etymology

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Saranda is named after the Byzantine monastery of the Agioi Saranda, meaning the "Forty Saints" in Greek, in honor of the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste.[3] Under Ottoman rule, the town in the Turkish language became known as Aya Sarandi and then Sarandoz. Owing to Venetian influence in the region, it often appeared under its Italian name Santi Quaranta on Western maps.[4] This usage continued even after the establishment of the Principality of Albania, owing to the first Italian occupation of the region. During the Italian occupation of Albania in World War II, Benito Mussolini changed the name to Porto Edda, in honor of his eldest daughter.[5][6] Following the restoration of Albanian independence, the city reverted to its Albanian name Saranda.[7]

History

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Early history

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Due to the archaic features found in the Ancient Greek name of the city: Onchesmus (Ancient Greek: Ὄγχεσμος) and the toponyms of the surrounding region it appears that the site was part of a proto-Greek area in late 3rd-early 2nd millennium BC.[8] Bronze Age tools typical of Mycenaean Greece have been unearthed in Sarandë which date c. 1400-1100 BC.[9] In antiquity the city was known by the name of Onchesmus or Onchesmos (Greek: Ονχεσμός) and was a port-town of Chaonia in ancient Epirus, opposite the northwestern point of Corcyra, and the next port upon the coast to the south of Panormus.[10][11] It was inhabited by the ancient Greek tribe of the Chaonians.[12][13] Onchesmos flourished as the port of the Chaonian capital Phoenice[14][15] (modern-day Finiq). It seems to have been a place of importance in the time of Cicero, and one of the ordinary points of departure from Epirus to Italy, as Cicero calls the wind favourable for making that passage an Onchesmites.[16] According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus the real name of the place was the Port of Anchises (Ἀγχίσου λιμήν), named after Anchises, the father of Aeneas;[17] and it was probably owing to this tradition that the name Onchesmus assumed the form of Anchiasmus or Anchiasmos (Greek: Αγχιασμός) under the Byzantine Empire.[18][19]

Saranda, then under the name of Onchesmos, is held to be the site of Albania's first synagogue, which was built in the 4th[20] or 5th century. It is thought that it was built by the descendants of Jewish captives who arrived on the southern shores of Albania around 70 CE,[21] during the First Jewish–Roman War. Onchesmos' synagogue was supplanted by a church in the 6th century.[20]

The city was probably raided by the Ostrogoths in 551 CE,[22] while during this period it became also the target of piratic raids by Gothic ships.[23] In a medieval chronicle of 1191 the settlement appears to be abandoned, while its former name (Anchiasmos) isn't mentioned any more. From that year, the toponym borrows the name of the nearby Orthodox basilica church of Agioi Saranta, erected in the 6th century, ca. 1 km (0.6 mi) southeast of the modern town.[22]

Modern history

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In the early 19th century during the rule of Ali Pasha, British diplomat William Martin Leake reported that there existed a small settlement under the name Skala or Skaloma next to the harbor.[24] Following the Ottoman administrative reform of 1867, a müdürluk (independent unit) of Sarandë consisting of no other villages was created within the kaza (district) of Delvinë.[25] Sarandë in the late Ottoman period until the Balkan Wars (1912–1913) consisted of only a harbour being a simple commercial station without permanent residents or any institutional community organisation.[25] The creation of the Saranda müdürluk was related to the desires of Ottoman authorities to upgrade the port and reduce the economic dependence of the area on Ioannina and Preveza.[25] In 1878, a Greek rebellion broke out, with revolutionaries taking control of Sarandë and Delvinë. This was suppressed by Ottoman troops, who burned twenty villages in the region.[26] One of the earliest photographs of Saranda dates from 3 March 1913 and shows Greek soldiers in the main street during the course of the Second Balkan War.[27] Saranda was an important city in the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus.[27]

 
Italian occupied Sarandë in 1917

Greek troops occupied it during the Balkan Wars. Later, the town was included in the newly formed Albanian state on 17 December 1913 under the terms of the Protocol of Florence.[28] The decision was rejected by the local Greek population, and as the Greek army withdrew to the new border, the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus was established. In May 1914, negotiations were started in Sarandë between representative of the provisional government of Northern Epirus and that of Albania which continued in nearby Corfu and ended up with the recognition of the Northern Epirote autonomy inside the newly established Albanian state.[29]

It was then occupied by Italy between 1916 and 1920 as part of the Italian Protectorate on southern Albania.[30] Throughout 1926–1939 of the interwar period, Italy financed extensive improvements to the harbour at Sarandë.[31] A small Romanian Institute was established in 1938. Sarandë was again occupied by Italian forces in 1939, and was a strategic port during the Italian invasion of Greece. During this occupation, it was called "Porto Edda" in honor of the eldest daughter of Benito Mussolini.

During the Greco-Italian War, the city came under the control of the advancing Greek forces, on 6 December 1940. The capture of this strategic port further accelerated the Greek penetration to the north.[32] As a result of the German invasion in Greece in April 1941, the town returned to Italian control. On 9 October 1944 the town was captured by a group of British commandos under Brigadier Tom Churchill and local partisans of LANÇ under Islam Radovicka. The actions of the British troops was viewed with suspicion by LANÇ as they suspected that the British would occupy the town to use as a base and provide aid to their allies in the Greek resistance in the area as British documents indicated that EDES forces also joined the operation. However, the British troops soon withdrew from the region, leaving the region to the Albanian communist forces.[33]

As part of the People's Republic of Albania (1945-1991) policies a number of Muslim Albanians were settled from northern Albania in the area and local Christians are no longer the only community in Saranda.[34] During this period as a result of the atheistic campaign launched by the state the church of Saint Spyridon in the harbor of the city was demolished. After the restoration of democracy in Albania (1991) a small shrine was erected at the place of the church.[34]

In 1992, during the escalation of violence against ethnic Greek communities in southern Albania, incidents included the burning down of Greek shops in the city harbour and vandalization of the Omonoia organization offices (the latter being the political party of the Greeks in the country).[35]

During the 1997 Albanian civil unrest, units comprised by the local Greek minority were able to achieve the first military success for the opposition through the capture of a government tank.[36]

Geography

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Part of the Albanian Riviera, Sarandë is situated on the arch-shaped bay of Sarandë between the Gormarti and Berdeneshi Hills and the Albanian Ionian Sea Coast in southwestern Albania.[37] Sarandë Municipality is encompassed in Vlorë County as part of the Southern Region of Albania and consists of the adjacent administrative units of Ksamil and Sarandë.[38][39][40] Its total area is 58.96 km2.[38][41]

Climate

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Sarandë has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) as of the Köppen climate classification.[42]

Climate data for Sarandë
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 13.5
(56.3) 		14
(57) 		16
(61) 		21
(70) 		24
(75) 		30
(86) 		33.5
(92.3) 		33.5
(92.3) 		29
(84) 		23.2
(73.8) 		20
(68) 		14.5
(58.1) 		22.7
(72.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 5
(41) 		6
(43) 		8
(46) 		10
(50) 		13
(55) 		19
(66) 		21
(70) 		21
(70) 		18
(64) 		12.6
(54.7) 		9.5
(49.1) 		7
(45) 		12.5
(54.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 120
(4.7) 		122
(4.8) 		100
(3.9) 		80
(3.1) 		53
(2.1) 		20
(0.8) 		14
(0.6) 		16
(0.6) 		70
(2.8) 		125
(4.9) 		180
(7.1) 		175
(6.9) 		1,075
(42.3)
Average precipitation days 8 8 8 7 5 2 1 2 6 7 9 10 73
Average relative humidity (%) 74 73 74 74 65 55 52 57 67 74 75 75 68
Mean daily sunshine hours 6.0 6.7 8.1 9.6 10.8 11.9 12.7 11.9 9.7 7.7 6.3 5.9 8.9
Source: [42][better source needed][unreliable source?]

Economy

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See also: Economy of Albania and Transport in Albania
 
Holland America Eurodam ship in Sarandë
 
The Star Breeze Cruise ship in the Port of Sarandë

Given its coastal access and Mediterranean climate, Sarandë has become an important tourist attraction since the fall of communism in Albania. Saranda as well as the rest of the Albanian Riviera, according to The Guardian, "is set to become the new undiscovered gem of the overcrowded Med."[43] Tourism is thus the major economic resource, while other resources include services, fisheries and construction. The unemployment rate according to the population census of 2008 was 8.32%. It has been suggested that family tourism and seasonal work during the summer period help mitigate the real unemployment rate. Recently, the town has experienced an uncontrolled construction boom which may hamper the city's future tourism potential. Since 2012, the Port of Saranda is undergoing an expansion to accommodate cruise ships at its terminal.

Tourism

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See also: Tourism in Albania

Sarandë is viewed as the unofficial capital of the Albanian Riviera, and can be used as a base for excursions along it.[44]

The region is prosperous with varied attractions and activities relating to nature and wildlife. Notable sights include the ancient archaeological site of Butrint and the Blue Eye Spring. Ksamil is notable for its beaches and islets.[45]

Demography

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During the late Ottoman period until the Balkan Wars (1912–1913) Sarandë consisted of only a harbour and was without permanent residents.[25] In 1912, right after the Albanian Declaration of Independence, the settlement had only 110 inhabitants.[46] At the 1927 census, it had 810 inhabitants, but was not yet a town.[46] In the 1930s, it had a good demographic development, and it is in this period that the first public buildings and the main roads were constructed.[46] In 1957, the city had 8,700 inhabitants and was made the center of a district.[46] The population of Sarandë was exclusively Christian. A Muslim community was settled in the city as part of the resettlement policies during the People's Republic of Albania (1945–1991).[34] The total population is 20,227 (2011 census),[a][47] in a total area of 70.13 km2.[48] The population of the former municipality at the 2011 census was 17,233.[47] The population according to the civil offices, which record all citizens including those living abroad, is 41,173 (2013 estimate).[49]

According to a survey by the Albanian Helsinki Committee, in 1990 Sarandë numbered 17,000 inhabitants, of whom 7,500 belonged to the Greek minority.[50] The members of the Greek minority of the city, prior to the collapse of the socialist regime (1991), were deprived from their minority rights, since Sarandë did not belong to the "minority areas".[51] In fieldwork undertaken by Greek scholar Leonidas Kallivretakis in the area during 1992 noted that Saranda's mixed ethno-linguistic composition (total population in 1992: 17,555) consisted of 8,055 Muslim Albanians, 6,500 Greeks and an Orthodox Albanian population of 3,000.[2] Statistics from the same study showed that, including the surround villages, Sarande commune had a population consisting of 43% Albanian Muslims, 14% Albanian Christians, 41% Greek Christians, and 2% Aromanian Christians.[52] In the early 1990s, the local Orthodox Albanian population mainly voted for political parties of the Greek minority based in the Saranda area.[2]

Sarandë is considered one of the two centers of the Greek minority in Albania, Gjirokastër being the other.[1][53] According to the representatives of the Greek minority 42% of the town's population belong to the local Greek community.[51] Since the 1990s the population of Sarandë has nearly doubled. According to official estimation in 2013, the population of the city is 41,173.[49] According to a survey conducted by the Albanian Committee of Helsinki, in 2001 the Albanian population numbered about 26,500, while Greeks formed the rest with about 3,400 alongside a small number of Vlachs and Roma.[50][54] The city, according to the Albanian Committee of Helsinki, has lost more than half of its ethnic Greeks from 1991 to 2001, because of heavy emigration to Greece.[50] According to official estimates of 2014 the number of the Greek community in the former municipality is 7,920, not to count those who live in the wider current municipality (including additionally 4,207 in Ksamil).[55] Two schools/classes in Greek attended by a total of 217 students existed in the Saranda municipality as of 2014.[56] Other minorities include Aromanians, Roma and Ashkali.

Notable people

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Further information: Category:People from Sarandë

International relations

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See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Albania

Sarandë is twinned with:[57]

Notes

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  1. ^ The municipality of Sarandë consists of the administrative units of Ksamil and Sarandë.[39] The population of the municipality results from the sum of the listed administrative units in the former as of the 2011 Albanian census.

References

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  1. ^ a b Pettifer, James. The Greek Minority in Albania – In the Aftermath of Communism. Conflict Studies Research Center, July 2001 Archived 20 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 1-903584-35-3 – p. 11 "In 1991, Greek shops were attacked in the coastal town of Saranda, home to a large minority population, and inter-ethnic relations throughout Albania worsened" p. 12 "The concentration of ethnic Greeks in and around centres of Hellenism such as Saranda and Gjirokastra could guarantee their election there, but nowhere else in the country is success for an Omonia-based candidate possible."
  2. ^ a b c Kallivretakis, Leonidas (1995). "Η ελληνική κοινότητα της Αλβανίας υπό το πρίσμα της ιστορικής γεωγραφίας και δημογραφίας [The Greek Community of Albania in terms of historical geography and demography." In Nikolakopoulos, Ilias, Kouloubis Theodoros A. & Thanos M. Veremis (eds). Ο Ελληνισμός της Αλβανίας [The Greeks of Albania]. University of Athens. p. 34. "Στα πλαίσια της επιτόπιας έρευνας που πραγματοποιήσαμε στην Αλβανία (Νοέμβριος-Δεκέμβριος 1992), μελετήσαμε το ζήτημα των εθνοπολιτισμικών ομάδων, όπως αυτές συνειδητοποιούνται σήμερα επί τόπου. [As part of the fieldwork we held in Albania (November–December 1992), we studied the issue of ethnocultural groups, as they are realized today on the spot.] "; pp. 42–43. "Οι πιθανοί συνδυασμοί αναδεικνύουν την κομβική θέση των Αλβανών Χριστίανών, γεγονός που έχει γίνει αντιληπτό από μερίδα της μειονοτικής ηγεσίας. [Οι πιθανοί συνδυασμοί αναδεικνύουν την κομβική θέση των Αλβανών Χριστίανών, γεγονός που έχει γίνει αντιληπτό από μερίδα της μειονοτικής ηγεσίας.]"; p. 43. ") Οι περιοχές όπου η ελληνική μειονότητα πλειοψηφεί δεν αποτελούν κατά κανόνα ένα συμπαγές και συνεχές σύνολο αλλά διακόπτονται από παρεμβαλλόμενες αλβανικές κοινότητες. Αυτό είναι κατ' εξοχήν σωστό στην περίπτωση της Χιμάρας, αλλά ισχύει ως ένα βαθμό και στην περίπτωση των Αγίων Σαράντα και του Δελβίνου. Το ίδιο ισχύει και στην περίπτωση των Αγίων Σαράντα, αν και ο Δήμος πέρασε στα χέρια της μειονότητας, χάρις στις ψήφους των Αλβανών Χριστιανών. [The areas where the Greek minority is in the majority are not usually solid and continuous but are interrupted by intervening Albanian communities... The same applies in the case of Saranda, though the municipality passed into the hands of the minority, thanks to the votes of Albanian Christians.]"; p. 51. "Ε Έλληνες, ΑΧ Αλβανοί Ορθόδοξοι Χριστιανοί, AM Αλβανοί Μουσουλμάνοι, Μ Μικτός πληθυσμός.... SARANDE ΣΑΡΑΧΤΙ (ΑΓ. ΣΑΡΑΝΤΑ) 17555 Μ(8055 AM + 6500 Ε + 3000 ΑΧ)."
  3. ^ Zindel, Christian; Lippert, Andreas; Lahi, Bashkim; Kiel, Machiel (2018). Albanien: Ein Archäologie- und Kunstführer von der Steinzeit bis ins 19. Jahrhundert (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 178. ISBN 9783205200109.
  4. ^ E.g., Walker, J. & C. "Turkey II: Containing the Northern Part of Greece." Published 1 November 1829 by Baldwin & Cradock, 47 Paternoster Row, London. (London: Chapman & Hall, 1844). Accessed 24 August 2011.
  5. ^ Murzaku, Ines Angeli (2009). Returning Home to Rome – The Basilian Monks of Grottaferrata in Albania. Analekta Kryptoferris. p. 220. ISBN 978-88-89345-04-7.
  6. ^ Pearson, Owen (2004). Albania and King Zog: independence, republic and monarchy 1908–1939. I.B.Tauris. p. 470. ISBN 978-1-84511-013-0.
  7. ^ E.g., Wojskowe Zaklady Kartograficzne. Pergamon World Atlas. "Albania, Greece." Pergamon Press, Ltd. & P.W.N. Poland 1967. Sluzba Topograficzna W.P. Accessed 24 August 2011.
  8. ^ Georgiev, Vladimir Ivanov (1981). Introduction to the History of the Indo-European Languages. Publishing House of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. pp. 156, 158. ISBN 978-953-51-7261-1. The proto-Greek region... of Archaic Greek origin... Ογ-χεσμός... ανα-χωνυμι.
  9. ^ Bejko, Lorenc (2002). "Mycenaean Presence and Influence in Albania". Greek Influence Along the East Adriatic Coast. Kniževni Krug: 12. ISBN 9789531631549. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  10. ^ Strabo, The Geography, Book VII, Chapter 7.5: "...these mountains one comes to Onchesmus, another harbor, opposite which lie the western extremities of Corcyraea."
  11. ^ Ptolemy. The Geography. Vol. 3.14.2.
  12. ^ Hammond, N.G.L. Philip of Macedon. London, UK: Duckworth, 1994. "Epirus was a land of milk and animal products...The social unit was a small tribe, consisting of several nomadic or semi-nomadic groups, and these tribes, of which more than seventy names are known, coalesced into large tribal coalitions, three in number: Thesprotians, Molossians and Chaonians...We know from the discovery of inscriptions that these tribes were speaking the Greek language (in a West-Greek dialect)."
  13. ^ Mancini, Lorenzo; Gamberini, Anna; Aleotti, Nadia (2020). "Sacred Places, Territorial Economy and Cultural Identity in Northern Epirus (Chaonia)". Archaeology and Economy in the Ancient World: 45. doi:10.11588/propylaeum.553. Retrieved 2 November 2021. If the belonging of the Chaonians to Greek culture and ethnicity could hardly be denied by present scholarship, the literary sources of Classical times regarded them as barbarians. This 'peripheral' connotation...
  14. ^ Talbert, Richard J.A. and Bagnall, Roger S. Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, 2000, p. 815. "harbor, cape or town in Epirus between Onchesmos and Bouthroton."
  15. ^ Eidinow, Esther. Oracles, Curses, and Risk Among the Ancient Greeks. Oxford University Press, 2007. ISBN 0-19-927778-8 "Onchesmos was the principal port of Phoinike, the capital of Chaonia,..."
  16. ^ Cic. Att. 7.2
  17. ^ Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Ant. Rom. 1.51
  18. ^ Bowden, William. Epirus Vetus: The Archaeology of a Late Antique Province. London: Duckworth, 2003, ISBN 0-7156-3116-0, p. 14. "Anchiasmos (Onchesmos)"
  19. ^ Hodges, Richard. Saranda – Ancient Onchesmos: A Short History and Guide. Butrint Foundation, 2007. ISBN 99943-943-6-3
  20. ^ a b James K. Aitken; James Carleton Paget (20 October 2014). The Jewish-Greek Tradition in Antiquity and the Byzantine Empire. Cambridge University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-107-00163-3. The remains of a late antique synagogue were discovered in Saranda (ancient Onchesmos)... The synagogue has been dated to the fourth-fifth century. It was supplanted by a Christian church in the sixth century
  21. ^ Ariel Scheib. "Albania Virtual Jewish History Tour".
  22. ^ a b M. V. Sakellariou. Epirus, 4000 years of Greek history and civilization. Ekdotike Athenon. ISBN 978-960-213-371-2, p. 153.
  23. ^ M. V. Sakellariou. Epirus, 4000 years of Greek history and civilization. Ekdotike Athenon. ISBN 978-960-213-371-2, p. 164.
  24. ^ Hodges, Richard (2007). Saranda, Ancient Onchesmos: A Short History and Guide. Migjeni Publishing House. p. 16. ISBN 9789994394364.
  25. ^ a b c d Kokolakis, Mihalis (2003). Το ύστερο Γιαννιώτικο Πασαλίκι: χώρος, διοίκηση και πληθυσμός στην τουρκοκρατούμενη Ηπειρο (1820–1913) [The late Pashalik of Ioannina: Space, administration and population in Ottoman ruled Epirus (1820–1913)]. Athens: EIE-ΚΝΕ. p. 204. ISBN 960-7916-11-5. "Ένα ακόμα μουδιρλίκι λειτούργησε στο εσωτερικό του καζά του Δελβίνου ύστερα από τη μεταρρύθμιση του 1867: το μουδιρλίκι των Αγίων Σαράντα. Η ιδιορρυθμία της διοικητικής αυτής μονάδας ήταν ότι δεν υπαγόταν σ' αυτήν κανένα χωριό, παρά μόνο το λιμάνι των Αγίων Σαράντα, το οποίο παρέμεινε μέχρι το τέλος της Τουρκοκρατίας απλός εμπορικός σταθμός, χωρίς μόνιμους κατοίκους και θεσμοθετημένη κοινοτική οργάνωση. Η τοποθέτηση του μουδίρη έχει άμεση σχέση με την επιθυμία των οθωμανικών αρχών να αναβαθμίσουν αυτό το λιμάνι, μειώνοντας την οικονομική εξάρτηση της βορειότερης Ηπείρου από την Πρέβεζα και τα Γιάννενα.
  26. ^ M. V. Sakellariou. Epirus, 4000 years of Greek history and civilization. Ekdotike Athenon. ISBN 978-960-213-371-2, p. 292.
  27. ^ a b Hodges, Richard (July 2007). Saranda – Ancient Onchesmos: A Short History and Guide. Butrint Foundation. p. 17. ISBN 978-9994394364.
  28. ^ Pyrrhus J. Ruches (1965). Albania's Captives. Argonaut.
  29. ^ Kondis, Basil (1976). Greece and Albania: 1908–1914 (Thesis). Thessaloniki: Institute for Balkan Studies, New York University. doi:10.12681/eadd/4724. hdl:10442/hedi/4724. Zographos and Karapanos met at Santi Quaranda with the Commission but upon the request of Zographos the final negotiations took place in the island of Corfu... Protocol of Corfu
  30. ^ Edith Pierpont Stickney. Southern Albania or northern Epirus in European international affairs, 1912–1923 Stanford University Press, 1926.
  31. ^ Rothschild, Joseph (1974). East Central Europe between the Two World Wars. University of Washington Press. p. 360. ISBN 978-0-295-80364-7.
  32. ^ Carr, John (2013). The Defence and Fall of Greece 1940–1941. Pen and Sword. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-1-4738-2830-8. This made the Greek war effort immeasurably easier ... overland route.
  33. ^ Fischer, Bernd J. (1999). Albania at war : 1939–1945. London: Hurst. pp. 232–233. ISBN 978-1-85065-531-2.
  34. ^ a b c Giakoumis, Georgios K. (1996). Monuments of Orthodoxy in Albania. Doukas School. p. 148. ISBN 9789607203090. The Beautiful harbour of Ayii Saranda... In this harbour stood the church of Saint Spyridon, which was demolished under Enver Hoxha. A temporary wooden hut-shrine was erected in its place in 1991. The locals have laid claims to the site in order to rebuilt their church. This is not a straightforward matter, however, because the inhabitants of the town are no longer exclusively Christians. Under the settlement policy pursued by Hoxha, thousands of Muslims were transferred from the north of Albania in order to alter the ethnic composition of the region.
  35. ^ Allcock, John B. (1992). Border and Territorial Disputes. Longman Group. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-582-20931-2. In early 1992 such sentiments were strengthened by an escalation of violence against ethnic Greeks in southern Albanian and of cross-border incidents involving incursions by Albanian marauders. The violence in southern Albania included the burning fown of Greek shops in the port of Sarande and the vandalization of the offices of Omonia, the political party of ethnic Greeks.
  36. ^ Petiffer, James. "The Greek Minority in Albanian in the Aftermath of Communism" (PDF). Retrieved 19 May 2018. The Greek minority in Saranda scored the first military success for the opposition by capturing a government tank on March 6.
  37. ^ "Rraporti Paraprak i Vlerësimit të Ndikimit në Mjedis Furnizimi me Ujë të Pijshëm i Lagjeve "Lugu i Dardhës" dhe "Baba Rexhepi"" (PDF) (in Albanian). National Environment Agency. pp. 24–30. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  38. ^ a b "Pasaporta e Bashkisë Sarandë" (in Albanian). Porta Vendore. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  39. ^ a b "A new Urban–Rural Classification of Albanian Population" (PDF). Instituti i Statistikës (INSTAT). May 2014. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  40. ^ "Law nr. 115/2014" (PDF) (in Albanian). p. 6376. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  41. ^ "Bashkia Sarandë" (in Albanian). Albanian Association of Municipalities (AAM). Archived from the original on 8 December 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  42. ^ a b "Climate: Sarandë". Climate-Data. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  43. ^ 2009's hot new beach destination: Albania, www.guardian.co.uk
  44. ^ "Introducing Saranda". Lonely Planet. Archived from the original on 25 May 2016.
  45. ^ "Welcome to Saranda". Lonely Planet. Archived from the original on 18 February 2019.
  46. ^ a b c d Sarande Municipality. "Historiku i Qytetit" (in Albanian). Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
  47. ^ a b "Population and housing census - Vlorë 2011" (PDF). INSTAT. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  48. ^ "Correspondence table LAU – NUTS 2016, EU-28 and EFTA / available Candidate Countries" (XLS). Eurostat. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  49. ^ a b "Vlora's communes". Retrieved 13 January 2016.
  50. ^ a b c Council of Europe. "Report Submitted by Albania" (PDF). Retrieved 28 July 2010. According to a survey held last year by the Albanian Helsinki Committee, until 1990, the city of Saranda had about 17 thousand inhabitants, with nearly 7,500 of them belonging to Greek national minority.
  51. ^ a b Paik, Charles M. Vance, Yongsun (2006). Managing a global workforce challenges and opportunities in international human resource management. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. p. 682. ISBN 9780765620163.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  52. ^ Kallivretakis, Leonidas (1995). "[permanent dead link] Η ελληνική κοινότητα της Αλβανίας υπό το πρίσμα της ιστορικής γεωγραφίας και δημογραφίας [The Greek Community of Albania in terms of historical geography and demography[permanent dead link]." In Nikolakopoulos, Ilias, Kouloubis Theodoros A. & Thanos M. Veremis (eds). Ο Ελληνισμός της Αλβανίας [The Greeks of Albania]. University of Athens. Pages: 51
  53. ^ Human rights in post-communist Albania, Fred Abrahams, Human Rights Watch, p.119 "The town of Saranda has an ethnic Greek population large enough to warrant a school, but one still does not exist".
  54. ^ Pettifer, James. The Greek Minority in Albania – In the Aftermath of Communism. Conflict Studies Research Center, July 2001 Archived 20 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 1-903584-35-3 – p. 11, "In 1991, Greek shops were attacked in the coastal town of Saranda, home to a large minority population, and inter-ethnic relations throughout Albania worsened."
  55. ^ "Fourth Report submitted by Albania pursuant to Article 25, paragraph 2 of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Albania. p. 98. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
  56. ^ "Fourth Report submitted by Albania pursuant to Article 25, paragraph 2 of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Albania. p. 75. Retrieved 28 December 2018. In Saranda, there are three kindergartens (Saranda – 29 children, Dermish – 11 children, Aliko – 10 children), attended by 50 children in total. Data indicate that 280 pupils attend the basic education in seven schools of Saranda town: 1)"Adem Sheme" School - 182 pupils; 2)"Lefter Talo" School, Livadhja – 58 pupils; 3)Dermish school– 10 pupils; 4) Dhiver school – 4 pupils; Leshnica school – 3 pupils; Cuka school – 6 pupils; Aliko school – 17 pupils.
  57. ^ "Binjakëzime". bashkiasarande.gov.al (in Albanian). Sarandë. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
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  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Onchesmus". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.

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