Edible packaging refers to packaging which is edible and biodegradable.
Edible food packaging
editSeveral manufacturers are developing or producing food packaging that is edible.[2] One example is made based on the seaweed, Eucheuma cottonii.[3][4]
Traditional water containers
editAbout 50 billion single-use plastic water bottles made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) are produced in the United States each year, and most are discarded.[5] According to the National Association for PET Container Resources, the recycling rate for PET has held steady at 31% since 2013.[6]
Polyesters like PET can be broken down through hydrolytic degradation: the ester linkage is cut by a water molecule. The reaction proceeds differently in acidic or alkaline conditions, but works best at temperatures between 200 and 300 °C. Under environmental conditions the process is undetectably slow.[7]
PET is considered to be essentially non-biodegradable, with plastic bottles estimated to take as long as 450 years to decompose.[8] Because of this, other packaging materials are being sought.
Calcium alginate gel
edit
Alginates are the natural product of brown algae and have been used extensively in wound dressing, drug delivery and tissue engineering, as well as food applications.[9][10][11] Sodium alginate is an unbranched copolymer of 1,4-linked-β-d-mannuronate (M) and α-l-guluronate (G) sugars.
Sodium alginate (NaAlg) coagulates when exposed to calcium chloride (CaCl2) and forms calcium alginate (CaAlg2) and sodium chloride (NaCl), according to the following reaction:
2NaAlg + CaCl2 → CaAlg2 + 2NaCl
Safety and biodegradability
editThe biocompatibility of alginate gels has been studied extensively and their safety for consumption is well established.[12][13] As natural polysaccharides resistant to breakdown by human digestive enzymes, alginates are classified as dietary fiber. Although undigested if eaten, an alginate capsule will gradually decompose as the calcium diffuses out of the gel matrix in the reverse of the reaction above.[14]
CaAlg2 + 2NaCl → 2NaAlg + CaCl2
Because it is a single-strand polymer, alginate can be depolymerized (broken into smaller units) by a variety of chemical reactions. Both acid and alkaline mechanisms can break down the linkages between the mannuronate (M) and guluronate (G) monomers. Free radical oxidation is another way the alginate can be degraded in the environment. Many bacterial species produce an enzyme (alginate lyase) which can break the molecule down into single sugar components, which can act as an energy source for the organism.[15]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ OBrien (February 2018). "That's a Wrap: Edible Food Wraps from ARS". USDA Agricultural Research: 22. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
- ^ US US2015/0030775A1, Edwards, ., "ENCLOSING MATERIALS IN NATURAL TRANSPORT SYSTEMS", published 2015
- ^ In race for sustainable alternative to plastic, Indonesia bets on seaweed
- ^ Evoware, the algae based packaging that disappears
- ^ "Why Tap Water Is Better". National Geographic. 13 March 2010. Archived from the original on 9 November 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
- ^ Moore, Rick (13 October 2015). "2014 U.S. PET container recycling rate holds at 31%" (PDF). National Association for PET Container Resources. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 November 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
- ^ Kint*, Darwin (1999). "A review on the potential biodegradability of poly(ethylene terephthalate)". Polymer International. 48 (5): 346–352. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0126(199905)48:5<346::AID-PI156>3.0.CO;2-N.
- ^ "Garbage Decomposition Time | Waste Segregation Guide". www.getwaste.info. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
- ^ Chiu, Chih-Tung; Lee, Jui-Sheng; Chu, Chi-Shung; Chang, Yi-Pin; Wang, Yng-Jiin (12 February 2008). "Development of two alginate-based wound dressings". Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine. 19 (6): 2503–2513. doi:10.1007/s10856-008-3389-2. ISSN 0957-4530. PMID 18266085. S2CID 21846770.
- ^ Tønnesen, Hanne Hjorth; Karlsen, Jan (1 January 2002). "Alginate in Drug Delivery Systems". Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. 28 (6): 621–630. doi:10.1081/DDC-120003853. ISSN 0363-9045. PMID 12149954. S2CID 38054722.
- ^ Alsberg, E.; Anderson, K. W.; Albeiruti, A.; Franceschi, R. T.; Mooney, D. J. (1 November 2001). "Cell-interactive Alginate Hydrogels for Bone Tissue Engineering". Journal of Dental Research. 80 (11): 2025–2029. doi:10.1177/00220345010800111501. ISSN 0022-0345. PMID 11759015. S2CID 38527822.
- ^ Lee, Kuen Yong; Mooney, David J. (1 January 2012). "Alginate: Properties and biomedical applications". Progress in Polymer Science. 37 (1): 106–126. doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.06.003. PMC 3223967. PMID 22125349.
- ^ "CALCIUM ALGINATE - National Library of Medicine HSDB Database". toxnet.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
- ^ Bouhadir, Kamal H.; Lee, Kuen Yong; Alsberg, Eben; Damm, Kelly L.; Anderson, Kenneth W.; Mooney, David J. (1 January 2001). "Degradation of Partially Oxidized Alginate and Its Potential Application for Tissue Engineering". Biotechnology Progress. 17 (5): 945–950. doi:10.1021/bp010070p. ISSN 1520-6033. PMID 11587588. S2CID 19770274.
- ^ Steinbüchel, Alexander (2005). Polysaccharides and Polyamides in the Food Industry. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 222. ISBN 978-3-527-31345-7.