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Telecommunications in Senegal

(Redirected from Open access in Senegal)

Telecommunications in Senegal include radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet.

In 2012 the country had roughly 338,200 landlines for its 13.0 million inhabitants. A number of cyber cafés are located in the capital, Dakar, and other cities.[1]

Regulation

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Sonatel, Senegal's main telecommunications operator, was privatized in 1997 with France Télécom as the strategic partner. Sonatel continues to dominate the market. Liberalization of some services accompanied privatization. Two companies now provide cellular telephone services, and there is a competitive Internet services market.[1]

An independent regulatory agency for the telecommunications sector, the Agency for Telecommunications and Postal Regulation (ARTP), was created in early 2002. Besides regulating providers of telecommunications services, the agency assigns and controls radio spectrum. The long-awaited telecommunications sector deregulation became effective in July 2004, with the release of a sectoral letter that outlined the IT policy for the coming years. Telecommunications entrepreneurs who had hoped for a sweeping deregulation received a regime of guided deregulation instead.[1]

The Government wants Senegal to be a haven for teleprocessing services, with its advantageous geographic position, relatively good telecommunications infrastructure and relatively low wages. A number of joint venture call centers and the telemarketing businesses have sprung up, most of them servicing the French market.[1]

In 2007, sales generated by the telecommunications sector accounted for more than 7 percent of GDP.[1]

Radio and television

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See also: Television in Senegal
  • Radio stations:
    • Approximately 80 community, public, and private commercial radio stations (2012);[2]
    • 8 AM, 20 FM, and one shortwave stations (2001).
  • Radios: 1.2 million (1997).[needs update]
  • Television stations:
    • State-run Radiodiffusion Television Senegalaise (RTS) operates five main stations at Dakar, Thies, Tambacouda, Ziguinchor, and Louga; there are also numerous relay stations.[3]
    • One (1997).
  • Television sets: 361,000 (1997).[needs update]

Radio is the most important medium of mass information and source of news due to the high illiteracy rate.[2] The BBC World Service (105.6 MHz) and Radio France Internationale are available on FM in Dakar.[4]

Radiodiffusion Télévision Sénégalaise (RTS) and 2sTV are the two main TV channels.[citation needed]

The government maintains control of locally televised information and opinion through RTS. By law, the government holds a majority interest in RTS, and the president directly or indirectly controls selection of all members of the 12-person RTS executive staff. However, in addition to RTS, five privately owned television channels are operating.[2]

Selective government media assistance appears to favor those government and independent outlets more friendly to the administration. The government frequently uses subsidies, and in a few cases threats and intimidation, to pressure the media not to publicize certain issues. The law criminalizes libel, and libel laws are used to block or punish critical reporting and commentary. Occasional incidents of self-censorship by journalists occurred, particularly in government-controlled media.[2]

Senegal is a popular destination for amateur radio operators from Western and European points of origin who participate in "DXpeditions". A DXpedition is essentially a holiday planned for the purpose of making contacts with other amateur radio enthusiasts around the world. These short duration trips also help to promote interest in radio sports among the local residents who might otherwise not have the opportunity to experience radio communications for recreational and experimental purposes. More information may be obtained through the American Radio Relay League at www.arrl.org (K4YZ).

Telephones

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See also: Telephone numbers in Senegal

There are currently four cellular companies: the former Alizé, now Orange owned by Sonatel; Tigo/Sentel(now under the French Free Mobile brand), 75 percent owned by Millicom International Cellular; Hayo/CSU; and Expresso/Sudatel. Orange has roughly two thirds of the cellular market, but Tigo is rapidly gaining market share. In November 2007 a third mobile license was awarded to Sudan's Sudatel for $200 million. The license permits Sudatel to offer fixed line telephone and Internet service (for which Sonatel had a monopoly).[1][5] In 2012 a fourth license was awarded to CSU/Hayo, permitting them to offer mobile, fixed, wifi, and wimax services.

 
The Atlantis-2 cable system. #4 is Dakar, Senegal.

Internet

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Internet service is widely available in Dakar and other towns either by private subscription or through Senegal's extensive network of "telecentres" and Internet cafés. The Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) broadband subscriber base is growing rapidly, though the penetration rate is less than 1 percent.[1]

Internet censorship and surveillance

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There are no government restrictions on access to the Internet, or reports that the government monitors e-mail or Internet chat rooms without appropriate legal authority. Individuals and groups engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet, including by e‑mail.[2] However, in 2023 and 2024, the government shut down all mobile internet access by all poviders several times to prohibit communication during periods of unrest due to trials and imprisonment of Ousmane Sonko (2023) and the suspension and delay of the February 2024 national election (2024).

The constitution and law provide for freedom of speech and press; however, the government limits these rights in practice. Individuals can generally criticize the government publicly or privately without reprisal. The law criminalizes libel, and libel laws are used to block or punish critical reporting and commentary. The constitution and law prohibit arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence, and the government generally respects these prohibitions in practice.[2]

Scholarly communication

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Open access

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Open access to scholarly communication in Senegal is developing.[16][17] The Consortium des Bibliothèques de l'Enseignement Supérieur du Sénégal (academic library consortium) and the Association Sénégalaise des Bibliothécaires, Archivistes et Documentalistes (professional society) have signed the Budapest Open Access Initiative.[18]

The French Ministry of Foreign Affairs funded in 2004–2007 the creation of scholarly publishing platforms in Africa ("Système d’information scientifique et technique"),[19] which led to the 2006 launch of SIST Sénégal.[20][21] According to UNESCO, the Bibliothèque SIST Sénégal is one of two open access repositories in Senegal, the other being Biens Culturels Africains at the Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire.[22]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g "Senegal Country Commercial Guide 2008" (PDF). U.S. Commercial Service. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2010.   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "Senegal", Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 18 April 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
  3. ^ World Radio and Television Handbook 2010. Oxford, UK: WRTH Publications, Ltd. 2010.
  4. ^ "Senegal profile", BBC News, 23 March 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
  5. ^ Communication from the Senegalese regulator (ARTP) to the ITU. Retrieved 1 October 2010. Archived 28 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h "Communications: Senegal", World Factbook, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 28 January 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
  7. ^ Dialing Procedures (International Prefix, National (Trunk) Prefix and National (Significant) Number) (in Accordance with ITY-T Recommendation E.164 (11/2010)), Annex to ITU Operational Bulletin No. 994-15.XII.2011, International Telecommunication Union (ITU, Geneva), 15 December 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
  8. ^ ARTP "Rapport trimestriel sur le marché des télécommunications au 30 septembre 2018"
  9. ^ a b Calculated using penetration rate and population data from "Countries and Areas Ranked by Population: 2012" Archived 29 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Population data, International Programs, U.S. Census Bureau, retrieved 26 June 2013
  10. ^ "Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000–2012", International Telecommunication Union (Geneva), June 2013, retrieved 22 June 2013
  11. ^ "Fixed (wired)-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012", Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, International Telecommunication Union. Retrieved on 29 June 2013.
  12. ^ "Active mobile-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012", Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, International Telecommunication Union. Retrieved on 29 June 2013.
  13. ^ Select Formats Archived 13 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Country IP Blocks. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Site is said to be updated daily.
  14. ^ Population, The World Factbook, United States Central Intelligence Agency. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Data are mostly for 1 July 2012.
  15. ^ Cheung, Gordon C. K. (12 March 2009). Intellectual Property Rights in China: Politics of Piracy, Trade and Protection. Routledge. ISBN 9781134217885.
  16. ^ Diéyi Diouf (2008), Les revues sénégalaises en ligne: Quelques expériences concrètes (in French), Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa  
  17. ^ Peter Suber (ed.). "(Senegal)". Open Access Tracking Project. Harvard University. OCLC 1040261573. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
  18. ^ "Signatures". Budapest Open Access Initiative. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
  19. ^ SIST: Pour la science en Afrique (PDF) (in English and French). Ministère des Affaires étrangères et européennes. 2007. ISBN 978-2-87614-641-9 – via Agritrop.  
  20. ^ "SIST Sénégal est en ligne". Sist-sciencesdev.net (in French). Archived from the original on 8 December 2007. Sist.sn
  21. ^ Florence Piron; et al. (2017). "Le libre accès vu d'Afrique francophone subsaharienne" [Open access seen from francophone Sub-Saharan Africa]. Revue française des sciences de l'information et de la communication (in French) (11). ISSN 2263-0856 – via Revues.org.  
  22. ^ "Senegal". Global Open Access Portal. Paris: UNESCO. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
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