Opinion polling for the 2026 Russian legislative election

In the run up to the 2026 Russian legislative election, various organisations carried out opinion polling to gauge voting intention in Russia. The results of these polls are displayed in this article. Polls were conducted only for the 225 seats elected on the party list. Another 225 deputies are elected directly in single member constituencies, where the party can obtain a completely different result.

The date range for these opinion polls are from the 2021 Russian legislative election, held on 17–19 September, until the time next election will be held.

Graphical summary

Pre-campaign

United Russia

CPRF

LDPR

SRZP

New People

Pre-campaign polls

Opinion polls conducted prior to the campaign and the announcement of the list of participating parties. Parties with more than 5% support of the whole electorate (enough to enter State Duma while not adjusting for likely voters) are given in bold. When a specific poll does not show a data figure for a party, the party's cell corresponding to that poll is shown empty.

2024

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	LDPR	SRZP	NP	RPPSJ	Yabloko	CR	Greens	Rodina	RPFJ	GA	CP	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size														Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
21–27 Nov	Levada Center	1,600	42	10	8	4	4	32											32
22–24 Nov	FOM	1,500	45	8	8	2	4	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	–	16	12	37
18–24 Nov	WCIOM	11,200	36.0	9.7	10.0	4.1	6.8	11.2									8.6	12.1	26.0
15–17 Nov	FOM	1,500	44	9	10	3	3	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	–	13	13	34
11–17 Nov	WCIOM	11,200	36.2	9.7	10.4	3.9	6.3	11.1									9.2	11.9	25.8
8–10 Nov	FOM	1,500	43	9	8	3	4	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	–	18	12	34
5–10 Nov	WCIOM	9,600	36.5	9.9	10.1	3.6	6.0	10.3									10.1	12.2	26.4
1–3 Nov	FOM	1,500	48	7	11	3	3	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	–	16	7	37
28 Oct–3 Nov	WCIOM	11,200	38.2	9.7	9.4	4.2	6.1	10.7									8.5	11.8	28.5
24–30 Oct	Levada Center	1,617	42	9	9	3	3	34											33
25–27 Oct	FOM	1,500	43	8	10	3	3	2	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	–	16	12	33
21–27 Oct	WCIOM	11,200	36.0	9.8	10.3	3.7	7.0	11.1									9.2	11.5	25.7
18–20 Oct	FOM	1,500	44	7	10	3	3	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	–	15	12	34
14–20 Oct	WCIOM	11,200	35.6	10.0	10.6	4.3	7.1	10.3									9.0	11.8	25.0
11–13 Oct	FOM	1,500	44	7	10	3	3	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	–	16	12	34
7–13 Oct	WCIOM	11,200	36.2	9.5	9.8	3.6	7.0	10.7									9.4	12.5	26.4
4–6 Oct	FOM	1,500	46	8	10	4	3	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	–	16	9	36
30 Sep–6 Oct	WCIOM	11,200	35.8	10.0	10.0	3.8	6.5	11.0									8.7	12.7	25.8
27–29 Sep	FOM	1,500	43	7	10	3	3	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	–	15	14	33
23–29 Sep	WCIOM	11,200	36.5	10.0	10.1	4.0	6.2	10.3									9.1	12.6	26.4
20–22 Sep	FOM	1,500	44	9	10	2	3	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	–	13	14	34
16–22 Sep	WCIOM	11,200	35.1	9.8	11.4	3.6	6.9	10.6									8.5	12.5	23.7
13–15 Sep	FOM	1,500	44	8	9	4	3	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	–	15	12	35
9–15 Sep	WCIOM	11,200	35.0	9.8	11.0	3.8	7.0	10.8									8.3	12.5	24.0
6–8 Sep	FOM	1,500	47	9	9	3	4	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	–	16	8	38
2–8 Sep	WCIOM	11,200	35.9	8.9	10.1	3.8	6.9	10.8									9.4	12.8	25.8
30 Aug–1 Sep	FOM	1,500	43	7	8	2	4	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	–	17	16	35
26 Aug–1 Sep	WCIOM	11,200	34.9	9.2	10.0	3.9	7.0	10.5									9.9	13.0	24.9
22–28 Aug	Levada Center	1,619	40	9	9	2	4	36											31
23–25 Aug	FOM	1,500	44	8	10	2	3	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	–	16	12	34
19–25 Aug	WCIOM	11,200	34.5	10.4	9.8	3.5	7.0	10.8									10.1	12.4	24.1
16–18 Aug	FOM	1,500	45	7	10	3	3	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	–	17	10	35
12–18 Aug	WCIOM	11,200	36.8	9.2	9.2	3.6	6.1	10.1									10.7	12.6	27.6
9–11 Aug	FOM	1,500	44	9	9	3	3	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	–	18	8	35
5–11 Aug	WCIOM	11,200	37.4	9.1	9.3	3.5	5.8	10.5									10.4	12.5	28.1
2–4 Aug	FOM	1,500	47	8	8	2	2	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	–	18	11	39
29 Jul–4 Aug	WCIOM	11,200	37.5	9.7	9.1	3.6	6.4	9.8									10.1	12.4	27.8
26–28 Jul	FOM	1,500	49	8	8	3	3	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	–	15	11	41
22–28 Jul	WCIOM	11,200	36.5	10.0	9.3	4.2	5.9	10.7									9.8	12.4	26.5
19–21 Jul	FOM	1,500	45	9	9	4	4	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	–	16	9	36
15–21 Jul	WCIOM	11,200	37.5	10.1	9.5	3.5	5.7	9.4									10.8	11.9	27.4
12–14 Jul	FOM	1,500	47	8	9	3	3	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	–	17	8	38
8–14 Jul	WCIOM	11,200	38.6	9.7	8.6	3.7	5.9	10.0									10.4	11.8	28.9
5–7 Jul	FOM	1,500	46	8	8	3	3	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	–	16	12	38
1–7 Jul	WCIOM	11,200	39.2	9.3	9.1	3.5	6.0	9.6									10.0	12.1	29.9
28–30 Jun	FOM	1,500	47	8	8	3	3	2	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	–	13	12	39
24–30 Jun	WCIOM	11,200	37.9	9.6	9.0	3.6	6.3	9.6									10.3	12.1	28.3
21–23 Jun	FOM	1,500	49	8	9	3	4	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	–	15	9	40
17–23 Jun	WCIOM	11,200	40.5	8.9	8.8	3.7	6.4	9.5									9.4	11.5	31.6
14–16 Jun	FOM	1,500	48	8	8	3	3	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	–	15	9	40
10–16 Jun	WCIOM	11,200	40.6	9.7	9.0	3.4	6.1	9.4									9.3	11.1	30.9
7–9 Jun	FOM	1,500	51	7	8	2	2	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	–	15	10	43
3–9 Jun	WCIOM	11,200	41.4	8.7	9.4	3.6	6.5	9.2									8.7	11.0	32.0
31 May–2 Jun	FOM	1,500	47	8	10	2	3	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	–	15	10	37
27 May–2 Jun	WCIOM	11,200	40.6	9.2	8.8	3.9	6.8	9.1									9.3	10.8	31.4
23–29 May	Levada Center	1,601	46	9	8	2	3	32											37
24–26 May	FOM	1,500	48	9	8	3	4	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	–	15	9	39
20–26 May	WCIOM	11,200	40.3	9.0	9.4	3.7	6.6	10.0									9.1	10.5	30.9
17–19 May	FOM	1,500	50	7	9	3	2	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	–	16	9	41
13–19 May	WCIOM	11,200	40.2	8.7	9.5	3.6	6.5	9.9									9.2	11.0	30.7
6–12 May	WCIOM	11,200	41.4	9.3	9.1	3.4	6.8	9.7									8.7	10.0	32.1
3–5 May	FOM	1,500	49	7	8	2	4	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	15	11	41
29 Apr–5 May	WCIOM	11,200	40.3	9.1	8.8	3.2	7.1	9.6									9.2	11.1	31.2
26–28 Apr	FOM	1,500	50	7	8	3	4	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	15	8	42
22–28 Apr	WCIOM	11,200	40.9	8.8	8.6	3.4	7.4	8.8									10.1	10.6	32.1
19–21 Apr	FOM	1,500	46	8	8	3	4	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	–	16	9	38
15–21 Apr	WCIOM	11,200	41.9	8.7	7.6	3.6	7.3	9.1									9.3	11.1	33.2
19 Apr	Party of Growth merges into New People.

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	LDPR	SRZP	NP	RPPSJ	Yabloko	CR	Greens	Rodina	RPFJ	GA	PG	CP	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size															Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
12–14 Apr	FOM	1,500	54	6	8	2	3	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	15	9	46
8–14 Apr	WCIOM	11,200	40.4	9.0	8.5	3.9	8.3	9.3										8.8	10.2	31.4
5–7 Apr	FOM	1,500	50	7	8	3	4	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	16	8	42
1–7 Apr	WCIOM	11,200	41.6	8.7	8.2	3.4	7.8	8.5										10.0	10.4	32.9
29–31 Mar	FOM	1,500	54	7	6	2	3	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	–	16	10	47
25–31 Mar	WCIOM	11,200	42.6	8.9	7.7	3.0	7.6	9.2										9.5	10.0	33.7
21–27 Mar	Levada Center	1,628	47	10	7	3	4	29												37
22–25 Mar	FOM	1,500	52	7	7	2	4	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	–	19	7	45
18–24 Mar	WCIOM	11,200	41.6	9.4	7.9	3.3	8.3	8.5										9.7	10.0	32.2
15–17 Mar	The 2024 Russian presidential election is held, Putin wins.
11–17 Mar	WCIOM	11,200	44.0	8.4	8.3	3.4	7.3	7.9										10.8	8.5	35.6
8–10 Mar	FOM	1,500	51	6	9	3	4	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	18	6	42
4–10 Mar	WCIOM	11,200	43.1	8.8	8.6	2.8	7.0	7.8										11.1	9.1	34.3
1–3 Mar	FOM	1,500	53	7	8	2	3	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	–	17	6	45
26 Feb–3 Mar	WCIOM	11,200	42.6	7.9	8.9	3.4	7.2	8.6										10.6	9.1	33.7
21–28 Feb	Levada Center	1,601	48	9	7	3	4	29												39
22–27 Feb	Russian Field	1,625	38	10	10	3	6	–	4	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	13	13	28
23–25 Feb	FOM	1,500	48	8	10	2	4	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	17	6	38
19–25 Feb	WCIOM	11,200	43.4	8.2	8.8	3.2	5.8	9.0										10.7	9.1	34.6
16–18 Feb	FOM	1,500	52	7	7	3	4	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	17	5	45
16 Feb	Alexei Navalny dies while serving a 19-year prison sentence
9–11 Feb	FOM	1,500	54	8	8	3	3	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	15	5	46
5–11 Feb	WCIOM	11,200	42.7	8.8	8.3	3.6	5.0	9.1										10.7	10.0	33.9
2–4 Feb	FOM	1,500	49	7	7	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	–	17	9	42
29 Jan–4 Feb	WCIOM	11,200	42.7	8.5	8.2	3.7	5.0	9.2										10.8	10.2	34.2
25–31 Jan	Levada Center	1,621	47	9	7	4	3	30												38
26–28 Jan	FOM	1,500	48	9	8	4	3	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	17	7	39
22–28 Jan	WCIOM	11,200	43.3	8.6	8.3	4.0	4.8	9.4										10.9	9.1	34.7
19–21 Jan	FOM	1,500	49	8	7	4	2	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	16	9	41
15–21 Jan	WCIOM	11,200	44.4	8.7	8.5	4.0	4.2	8.9										10.6	9.2	35.7
11–19 Jan	Russian Field	1,600	35.1	8.6	11.8	4.2	8.0	–	5.9	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	3.2	10.3	11.8	23.3
12–14 Jan	FOM	1,500	50	7	7	3	3	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	15	10	43
9–14 Jan	WCIOM	9,600	43.7	7.7	8.7	3.7	4.6	9.7										10.3	10.0	35.0
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		49.82	18.93	7.55	7.46	5.32	2.45	1.34	1.27	0.91	0.80	0.77	0.64	0.52	0.15	–		(48.28)	30.89

2023

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	LDPR	SRZP	NP	RPPSJ	Yabloko	CR	Greens	Rodina	RPFJ	GA	PG	CP	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size															Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
25–30 Dec	WCIOM	9,600	42.9	8.3	8.0	4.8	4.3	10.0										10.4	9.6	34.6
22–24 Dec	FOM	1,500	49	7	7	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	–	15	12	42
18–24 Dec	WCIOM	11,200	42.2	8.8	8.6	4.4	4.5	9.3										10.7	9.9	33.4
15–17 Dec	FOM	1,500	48	7	8	3	2	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	–	15	11	40
11–17 Dec	WCIOM	11,200	42.0	9.8	8.3	4.4	4.7	10.0										9.7	9.3	32.2
8–10 Dec	FOM	1,500	47	9	7	3	2	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	–	14	13	38
4–10 Dec	WCIOM	11,200	40.9	9.4	9.3	4.6	4.7	9.7										10.0	10.0	31.5
1–3 Dec	FOM	1,500	47	8	11	4	3	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	15	7	36
27 Nov–3 Dec	WCIOM	11,200	39.8	10.4	9.2	4.3	5.0	10.1										10.0	9.6	29.4
23–29 Nov	Levada Center	1,625	42	9	8	4	3	34												33
24–26 Nov	FOM	1,500	42	9	9	3	2	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	14	15	33
20–26 Nov	WCIOM	11,200	40.9	9.2	9.2	4.4	4.4	10.6										9.7	9.9	31.7
17–19 Nov	FOM	1,500	43	9	10	3	3	2	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	15	12	33
13–19 Nov	WCIOM	11,200	39.8	9.9	8.8	4.9	4.8	10.0										9.9	10.1	29.9
10–12 Nov	FOM	1,500	45	8	10	2	2	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	–	13	14	35
6–12 Nov	WCIOM	11,200	40.1	10.1	9.5	4.6	4.5	9.7										9.8	10.3	30.0
3–5 Nov	FOM	1,500	46	10	10	4	2	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	–	15	8	36
30 Oct–5 Nov	WCIOM	11,200	39.4	9.6	9.5	4.5	4.8	9.8										9.7	11.1	29.8
27–29 Oct	FOM	1,500	42	10	9	3	3	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	14	12	32
23–29 Oct	WCIOM	11,200	39.1	10.2	9.2	4.4	5.1	10.4										9.2	10.6	28.9
20–22 Oct	FOM	1,500	44	9	9	4	2	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	13	13	35
16–22 Oct	WCIOM	11,200	39.6	9.9	9.5	5.0	4.5	9.8										9.0	11.2	29.7
13–15 Oct	FOM	1,500	43	7	11	2	2	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	13	14	32
9–15 Oct	WCIOM	11,200	40.8	9.9	9.2	4.9	4.4	9.3										8.8	11.0	30.9
6–8 Oct	FOM	1,500	42	8	10	4	3	2	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	14	13	32
2–8 Oct	WCIOM	11,200	39.2	10.6	9.8	4.8	4.2	10.1										8.3	11.6	28.6
29 Sep–1 Oct	FOM	1,500	42	9	10	3	2	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	–	13	14	32
25 Sep–1 Oct	WCIOM	11,200	38.5	10.5	9.5	5.1	4.7	9.7										8.5	11.9	28.0
21–27 Sep	Levada Center	1,600	37	11	10	4	3	35												26
15–17 Sep	FOM	1,500	41	8	12	4	3	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	13	13	29
11–17 Sep	WCIOM	11,200	39.2	10.6	9.0	4.9	5.1	9.9										8.4	11.2	28.6
15–17 Sep	FOM	1,500	41	8	9	3	3	2	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	14	16	32
11–17 Sep	WCIOM	11,200	38.4	10.3	10.0	5.2	4.6	9.9										8.9	11.2	28.1
7–10 Sep	FOM	1,500	43	9	10	4	3	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	13	10	33
4–10 Sep	WCIOM	11,200	38.0	10.5	9.1	5.0	5.0	10.1										10.1	10.5	27.5
2–10 Sep	Russian Field	1,596	32.3	11.0	13.4	7.3	8.3	–	4.7	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1.8	9.1	11.7	18.9
1–3 Sep	FOM	1,500	41	8	8	3	3	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	–	17	14	33
28 Aug–3 Sep	WCIOM	11,200	37.6	11.1	9.6	5.1	4.4	10.0										9.5	10.7	26.5
24–30 Aug	Levada Center	1,600	33	9	10	4	3	41												23
25–27 Aug	FOM	1,500	43	8	9	3	3	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	15	13	34
23 Aug 2023	Wagner Group plane crash including leader Yevgeny Prigozhin died in a crash
21–27 Aug	WCIOM	11,200	37.7	10.4	9.2	4.9	4.5	10.1										9.9	11.4	27.3
18–20 Aug	FOM	1,500	39	8	10	3	2	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	–	17	15	29
14–20 Aug	WCIOM	11,200	37.1	10.2	9.7	4.9	4.7	9.5										10.7	11.3	26.9
11–13 Aug	FOM	1,500	44	9	10	4	2	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	17	8	34
7–13 Aug	WCIOM	11,200	37.7	10.2	9.0	5.0	4.5	9.8										10.4	11.5	27.5
1–9 Aug	CIPKR	1,000	40	11	10	5	3	–	4	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	9	10	4	29
4–6 Aug	FOM	1,500	39	10	9	3	3	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	16	14	29
31 Jul–6 Aug	WCIOM	11,200	37.6	9.9	9.3	4.9	4.6	9.7										10.7	11.1	27.7
28–30 Jul	FOM	1,500	41	8	9	4	3	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	15	13	32
24–30 Jul	WCIOM	11,200	37.6	10.4	9.4	4.6	4.6	9.7										10.3	11.1	27.2
21–23 Jul	FOM	1,500	41	9	8	3	3	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	18	14	32
17–23 Jul	WCIOM	11,200	38.5	10.0	9.8	5.3	4.2	9.5										9.9	11.1	28.5
14–16 Jul	FOM	1,500	43	10	10	4	3	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	15	9	33
10–16 Jul	WCIOM	11,200	38.9	9.9	9.2	4.8	4.3	9.5										10.3	11.5	29.0
7–9 Jul	FOM	1,500	42	9	9	3	2	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	15	14	33
3–9 Jul	WCIOM	11,200	37.9	9.3	9.8	4.6	4.5	10.0										11.1	11.2	28.1
30 Jun–2 Jul	FOM	1,500	41	8	11	3	2	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	–	15	13	30
26 Jun–2 Jul	WCIOM	11,200	39.0	9.4	9.0	5.0	4.1	9.2										10.8	11.6	29.6
22–28 Jun	Levada Center	1,634	39	8	9	4	3	37												30
23–25 Jun	FOM	1,500	42	7	10	4	2	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	16	14	32
19–25 Jun	WCIOM	11,200	37.9	10.4	9.2	5.6	4.3	9.1										11.2	10.7	27.5
23–24 Jun	Wagner Group rebellion.
16–18 Jun	FOM	1,500	46	8	10	4	3	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	15	9	36
12–18 Jun	WCIOM	11,200	39.3	10.0	8.6	5.8	4.4	9.9										9.7	10.8	29.3
9–11 Jun	FOM	1,500	41	8	9	3	2	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	16	15	32
5–11 Jun	WCIOM	11,200	38.6	10.2	9.5	5.3	4.3	9.5										10.6	10.5	28.4
2–4 Jun	FOM	1,500	44	9	9	3	3	2	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	15	11	35
29 May–4 Jun	WCIOM	11,200	37.7	10.1	9.5	5.7	4.3	9.4										10.6	11.0	27.6
26–28 May	FOM	1,500	41	8	10	4	3	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	–	18	11	31
22–28 May	WCIOM	11,200	37.9	10.5	9.3	5.8	4.4	9.8										10.9	10.1	27.4
19–21 May	FOM	1,500	43	10	9	5	3	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	–	15	8	33
15–21 May	WCIOM	11,200	37.9	10.4	9.4	5.7	4.7	9.8										10.3	10.1	27.5
13–16 May	Russian Field	1,600	30.2	12.4	10.9	6.8	5.4	–	4.9	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	3.7	10.0	14.7	17.8
12–14 May	FOM	1,500	44	9	9	3	2	2	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	16	10	35
8–14 May	WCIOM	11,200	39.3	10.4	9.3	5.9	4.1	8.5										10.3	10.5	28.9
2–7 May	WCIOM	9,600	39.4	10.8	9.6	5.4	4.1	9.2										9.7	10.7	28.6
28–30 Apr	FOM	1,500	44	8	9	4	3	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	–	15	13	35
24–30 Apr	WCIOM	11,200	39.0	10.2	9.3	5.6	4.3	9.2										9.8	11.0	28.8
20–26 Apr	Levada Center	1,633	39	10	9	5	3	34												29
21–23 Apr	FOM	1,500	46	9	10	4	2	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	–	14	9	36
17–23 Apr	WCIOM	11,200	37.6	10.7	9.5	5.7	4.6	9.8										10.0	10.5	26.9
14–16 Apr	FOM	1,500	42	8	9	3	2	2	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	16	13	33
10–16 Apr	WCIOM	11,200	39.0	10.2	9.3	5.2	4.3	10.2										9.8	10.4	28.8
7–9 Apr	FOM	1,500	42	8	10	3	2	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	17	12	32
3–9 Apr	WCIOM	11,200	39.8	10.3	8.9	5.5	4.7	9.9										9.2	10.2	29.5
31 Mar–2 Apr	FOM	1,500	45	10	8	3	3	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	–	15	10	35
27 Mar–2 Apr	WCIOM	11,200	40.3	9.9	8.3	5.7	4.7	9.3										10.2	10.1	30.4
23–29 Mar	Levada Center	1,633	39	10	7	4	3	37												29
24–26 Mar	FOM	1,500	47	9	9	4	3	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	14	7	38
20–26 Mar	WCIOM	11,200	38.8	10.5	8.8	5.6	4.4	9.5										10.3	10.6	28.3
17–19 Mar	FOM	1,500	45	9	9	4	2	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	16	10	36
13–19 Mar	WCIOM	11,200	39.3	10.7	9.0	5.5	4.4	9.2										10.1	10.3	28.6
10–12 Mar	FOM	1,500	44	10	8	3	3	1	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	–	14	11	34
6–12 Mar	WCIOM	11,200	39.5	10.6	8.4	5.6	4.8	9.2										10.0	10.0	28.9
3–5 Mar	FOM	1,500	45	9	7	3	3	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	–	14	13	36
27 Feb–5 Mar	WCIOM	11,200	38.8	10.3	8.7	5.3	4.4	9.7										10.0	11.1	28.5
24–26 Feb	FOM	1,500	47	9	9	5	2	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	14	9	38
20–26 Feb	WCIOM	11,200	39.2	10.5	8.2	5.6	4.9	9.1										10.6	10.3	28.7
17–19 Feb	FOM	1,500	43	10	8	3	3	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	–	13	14	33
13–19 Feb	WCIOM	11,200	39.1	10.8	8.8	5.7	4.7	9.6										9.3	10.4	28.3
10–12 Feb	FOM	1,500	40	10	7	3	3	2	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	15	15	30
6–12 Feb	WCIOM	11,200	38.6	10.5	8.5	5.3	4.6	9.7										10.5	10.8	28.1
3–5 Feb	FOM	1,500	41	9	8	4	3	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	13	16	32
30 Jan–5 Feb	WCIOM	11,200	37.7	10.9	8.9	5.2	4.5	10.4										9.9	10.9	26.8
26–31 Jan	Levada Center	1,616	37	9	8	5	4	37												28
27–29 Jan	FOM	1,500	44	8	10	5	3	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	–	16	9	34
23–29 Jan	WCIOM	11,200	38.4	10.2	8.0	6.0	4.4	10.6										10.1	10.6	28.2
20–22 Jan	FOM	1,500	44	8	8	3	2	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	–	14	13	36
16–22 Jan	WCIOM	11,200	38.7	11.0	9.1	5.2	4.6	9.6										9.5	10.8	27.7
13–15 Jan	FOM	1,500	42	7	9	3	2	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	–	16	14	33
9–15 Jan	WCIOM	11,200	38.8	10.6	9.2	5.7	3.9	10.2										9.4	10.6	28.2
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		49.82	18.93	7.55	7.46	5.32	2.45	1.34	1.27	0.91	0.80	0.77	0.64	0.52	0.15	–		(48.28)	30.89

2022

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	LDPR	SRZP	NP	RPPSJ	Yabloko	CR	Greens	Rodina	RPFJ	GA	PG	CP	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size															Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
26–30 Dec	WCIOM	8,000	38.4	10.4	9.3	5.7	4.1	10.2										9.2	10.9	28.0
23–25 Dec	FOM	1,500	44	10	8	4	2	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	–	14	13	34
19–25 Dec	WCIOM	11,200	37.2	10.8	9.2	5.7	4.6	10.3										10.0	10.5	26.4
16–18 Dec	FOM	1,500	41	9	11	4	3	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	–	14	13	30
12–18 Dec	WCIOM	11,200	37.3	11.0	9.6	5.4	4.6	9.9										9.8	10.9	26.3
9–11 Dec	FOM	1,500	41	9	8	5	2	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	14	15	32
5–11 Dec	WCIOM	11,200	37.9	10.3	8.3	5.9	4.6	10.5										9.9	11.0	27.6
2–4 Dec	FOM	1,500	42	9	10	3	3	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	–	16	10	32
28 Nov–4 Dec	WCIOM	11,200	37.7	10.7	8.5	6.2	4.9	10.2										9.6	10.8	27.0
24–30 Nov	Levada Center	1,601	36	11	8	4	4	37												25
25–27 Nov	FOM	1,500	43	9	7	3	3	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	13	15	34
21–27 Nov	WCIOM	11,200	38.2	10.4	8.5	6.0	4.9	9.5										9.6	11.2	27.8
18–20 Nov	FOM	1,500	43	9	8	4	3	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	15	14	34
14–20 Nov	WCIOM	11,200	38.8	10.7	8.9	5.6	4.7	10.1										9.7	10.0	28.1
11–13 Nov	FOM	1,500	42	9	9	4	2	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	–	15	14	33
7–13 Nov	WCIOM	11,200	38.5	10.4	8.9	5.6	4.6	9.2										10.3	11.2	28.1
6–9 Nov	INSOMAR	1,600	37	11	8	5	4	35												26
4–6 Nov	FOM	1,500	44	9	8	4	2	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	15	12	35
31 Oct–6 Nov	WCIOM	11,200	40.4	10.3	8.1	5.4	4.7	9.5										9.6	10.5	30.1
28–30 Oct	FOM	1,500	41	9	8	4	3	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	–	14	16	32
24–30 Oct	WCIOM	11,200	40.3	9.9	8.9	6.1	4.2	9.7										9.3	10.3	30.4
21–23 Oct	FOM	1,500	43	9	8	4	2	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	–	14	14	34
17–23 Oct	WCIOM	11,200	40.6	11.1	8.6	5.9	4.5	9.5										8.7	9.8	29.5
14–16 Oct	FOM	1,500	47	8	8	3	2	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	13	14	39
10–16 Oct	WCIOM	11,200	41.0	10.1	8.2	5.8	4.8	9.1										9.0	10.5	30.9
7–9 Oct	FOM	1,500	43	10	8	5	3	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	–	15	10	33
3–9 Oct	WCIOM	11,200	41.0	10.1	9.1	5.3	4.3	8.9										9.4	10.2	30.9
30 Sep–2 Oct	FOM	1,500	46	8	8	3	3	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	–	14	12	38
26 Sep–2 Oct	WCIOM	11,200	41.6	10.0	8.6	5.6	4.1	9.5										9.4	10.1	31.6
30 Sep	Russia annexes part of southeastern Ukraine.
22–28 Sep	Levada Center	1,631	36	11	9	4	3	37												25
23–25 Sep	FOM	1,500	41	9	7	4	3	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	–	14	15	32
19–25 Sep	WCIOM	11,200	40.9	11.0	8.1	5.8	4.0	9.7										8.7	10.4	29.9
16–18 Sep	FOM	1,500	42	9	8	3	3	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	14	15	33
12–18 Sep	WCIOM	11,200	41.0	10.9	7.8	5.5	4.2	9.3										9.0	10.7	30.1
9–11 Sep	FOM	1,500	43	10	10	4	3	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	15	9	33
5–11 Sep	WCIOM	11,200	40.7	10.3	7.5	5.8	4.1	9.8										10.0	10.4	30.4
2–4 Sep	FOM	1,500	40	10	9	3	3	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	18	12	30
29 Aug–4 Sep	WCIOM	11,200	39.4	10.3	8.3	6.2	4.2	9.7										10.2	10.4	29.1
26–28 Aug	FOM	1,500	41	10	7	4	2	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	16	14	31
22–28 Aug	WCIOM	11,200	40.2	10.2	8.1	5.7	4.8	9.4										10.1	10.2	30.0
19–21 Aug	FOM	1,500	40	10	8	4	2	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	16	13	30
15–21 Aug	WCIOM	11,200	39.9	10.7	8.6	5.4	4.3	9.9										10.0	10.0	29.2
12–14 Aug	FOM	1,500	44	10	10	4	2	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	13	11	34
8–14 Aug	WCIOM	11,200	40.0	11.3	7.8	5.4	4.4	9.9										10.1	9.8	28.7
5–7 Aug	FOM	1,500	42	10	8	4	3	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	13	13	32
1–7 Aug	WCIOM	11,200	40.7	10.8	7.5	5.7	4.2	9.7										9.7	10.3	29.9
29–31 Jul	FOM	1,500	42	8	8	4	3	1	2	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	14	14	34
25–31 Jul	WCIOM	11,200	40.3	10.6	7.9	5.5	4.4	9.6										10.2	10.3	29.7
21–27 Jul	Levada Center	1,617	40	10	8	5	3	34												30
22–24 Jul	FOM	1,500	41	9	8	3	4	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	15	14	32
18–24 Jul	WCIOM	11,200	41.4	10.3	7.5	5.8	4.3	9.7										9.9	9.6	31.1
15–17 Jul	FOM	1,500	45	10	8	4	2	1	2	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	14	10	35
11–17 Jul	WCIOM	11,200	40.0	10.8	7.6	5.8	4.4	9.6										10.1	10.3	29.2
8–10 Jul	FOM	1,500	44	11	8	4	3	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	–	12	13	33
4–10 Jul	WCIOM	11,200	40.5	11.3	8.2	5.7	4.5	9.8										8.8	9.8	29.2
1–3 Jul	FOM	1,500	42	9	8	3	3	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	–	15	14	33
27 Jun–3 Jul	WCIOM	11,200	40.6	10.8	7.8	5.3	4.4	9.7										9.7	10.1	29.8
23–29 Jun	Levada Center	1,628	38	11	9	4	4	34												27
24–26 Jun	FOM	1,500	42	11	8	4	2	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	13	14	31
20–26 Jun	WCIOM	11,200	41.0	11.1	7.9	5.6	4.9	9.6										9.4	9.1	29.9
17–19 Jun	FOM	1,500	44	9	8	4	3	1	2	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	–	17	9	35
13–19 Jun	WCIOM	11,200	41.6	10.2	7.6	5.7	4.7	9.9										9.6	9.2	31.4
10–12 Jun	FOM	1,500	44	10	9	3	2	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	12	14	34
6–12 Jun	WCIOM	11,200	40.9	10.7	8.5	6.5	5.0	9.1										9.3	9.6	30.2
3–5 Jun	FOM	1,500	44	10	8	4	3	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	–	13	13	34
30 May–5 Jun	WCIOM	11,200	41.7	10.4	7.9	5.7	4.7	9.7										9.4	9.4	31.3
26–31 May	Levada Center	1,634	38	11	7	4	4	36												27
27–29 May	FOM	1,500	41	10	10	3	3	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	12	15	31
23–29 May	WCIOM	11,200	40.7	10.9	8.0	5.9	4.7	9.6										9.6	9.3	29.8
23–26 May	Russian Field	–	36.0	10.3	7.1	5.4	4.1	–	3.4	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	3.8	13.7	14.8	25.7
20–22 May	FOM	1,500	46	10	10	5	2	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	14	7	36
16–22 May	WCIOM	11,200	41.2	11.2	8.4	5.7	4.5	8.8										9.7	9.1	30.0
13–15 May	FOM	1,500	41	9	9	4	3	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	12	14	32
10–15 May	WCIOM	9,600	40.5	10.7	8.7	5.6	4.6	9.7										10.0	9.0	29.8
2–8 May	WCIOM	11,200	39.9	11.3	8.7	5.3	4.9	9.5										10.1	8.7	28.6
29 Apr–1 May	FOM	1,500	42	9	11	3	3	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	11	14	31
25 Apr–1 May	WCIOM	11,200	41.2	11.2	8.5	5.9	4.8	9.1										10.2	7.8	30.0
21–27 Apr	Levada Center	1,616	40	10	8	4	5	33												30
22–24 Apr	FOM	1,500	45	10	9	4	3	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	–	15	8	35
18–24 Apr	WCIOM	11,200	40.6	11.4	8.9	5.2	4.5	10.2										10.0	7.8	29.2
15–17 Apr	FOM	1,500	45	9	9	4	2	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	12	13	36
11–17 Apr	WCIOM	11,200	40.4	10.3	9.4	5.8	5.0	9.0										11.3	7.5	30.1
8–10 Apr	FOM	1,500	42	8	11	5	2	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	–	13	13	31
4–10 Apr	WCIOM	11,200	42.5	11.1	8.8	5.6	4.8	8.4										10.7	6.5	31.4
6 Apr	Liberal Democratic Party of Russia leader Vladimir Zhirinovsky dies.^[1]
1–3 Apr	FOM	1,500	44	9	8	4	3	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	14	13	35
28 Mar–3 Apr	WCIOM	11,200	42.2	11.2	7.7	5.4	4.4	9.2										11.0	7.3	31.0
24–30 Mar	Levada Center	1,632	54	15	13	6	5	1	0	1	1	0	1	–				–		39
25–27 Mar	FOM	1,500	45	10	8	5	3	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	15	9	35
21–27 Mar	WCIOM	11,200	41.0	11.2	8.5	5.8	4.6	9.2										11.0	7.1	29.8
18–20 Mar	FOM	1,500	43	11	8	4	3	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	–	13	12	32
14–20 Mar	WCIOM	11,200	41.8	11.1	7.9	5.4	4.9	8.8										11.4	7.4	30.7
11–13 Mar	FOM	1,500	41	10	8	3	3	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	16	14	31
7–13 Mar	WCIOM	11,200	40.0	11.8	7.2	6.3	5.2	8.6										11.3	8.0	28.2
4–6 Mar	FOM	1,500	44	10	8	3	3	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	13	13	34
28 Feb–6 Mar	WCIOM	11,200	39.4	11.7	7.4	5.2	5.1	9.4										12.1	7.9	27.7
25–27 Feb	FOM	1,500	41	12	7	5	4	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	–	14	10	29
21–27 Feb	WCIOM	11,200	36.0	13.0	7.2	5.8	5.9	9.8										11.1	9.2	23.0
24 Feb	Beginning of Russian invasion of Ukraine
21 Feb	Russia officially recognizes independence of Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic
17–21 Feb	Levada Center	1,618	31	13	8	5	4	1	1	0	1	0	0	0				36		18
18–20 Feb	FOM	3,000	32	14	8	4	5	2	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	–	14	14	18
14–20 Feb	WCIOM	11,200	30.3	16.0	7.2	6.5	6.9	10.7										10.9	9.6	14.3
11–13 Feb	FOM	3,000	31	14	8	4	5	2	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	–	13	17	17
7–13 Feb	WCIOM	11,200	30.6	15.7	7.7	6.6	7.1	10.3										9.7	10.1	14.9
4–6 Feb	FOM	3,000	33	14	8	5	5	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	–	14	13	19
31 Jan–6 Feb	WCIOM	11,200	30.6	15.3	8.2	6.2	7.1	10.5										10.4	9.7	15.3
28–30 Jan	FOM	3,000	34	15	8	6	5	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	–	14	11	19
24–30 Jan	WCIOM	11,200	30.7	15.6	7.8	6.5	6.7	10.0										10.3	10.3	15.1
21–23 Jan	FOM	3,000	32	15	9	5	4	2	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	14	14	17
17–23 Jan	WCIOM	11,200	30.6	16.3	8.0	6.4	7.2	10.6										9.6	9.4	14.3
14–16 Jan	FOM	1,500	31	13	9	4	4	2	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	–	15	17	18
10–16 Jan	WCIOM	11,200	31.1	16.6	7.2	6.6	7.3	10.2										10.0	9.3	14.5
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		49.82	18.93	7.55	7.46	5.32	2.45	1.34	1.27	0.91	0.80	0.77	0.64	0.52	0.15	–		(48.28)	30.89

2021

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	LDPR	SRZP	NP	RPPSJ	Yabloko	CR	Greens	Rodina	RPFJ	GA	PG	CP	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size															Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
27–30 Dec	WCIOM	11,200	30.5	17.4	6.9	6.9	7.2	10.7										9.0	9.9	13.1
24–26 Dec	FOM	3,000	30	15	7	5	5	2	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	12	17	15
20–26 Dec	WCIOM	11,200	29.8	18.1	7.5	7.0	7.4	10.7										8.8	9.1	11.7
16–22 Dec	Levada Center	1,640	27	15	8	5	5	1	1	0	1	0	1	0				36		12
17–19 Dec	FOM	3,000	31	15	7	5	5	1	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	–	12	18	16
13–19 Dec	WCIOM	11,200	29.5	17.9	7.1	6.7	7.7	9.8										9.6	9.9	11.6
10–12 Dec	FOM	3,000	32	15	8	5	6	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	–	13	14	17
6–12 Dec	WCIOM	11,200	27.7	18.1	7.4	6.5	7.9	10.6										9.5	10.4	9.6
3–5 Dec	FOM	3,000	32	16	9	5	6	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	14	11	16
29 Nov–5 Dec	WCIOM	11,200	28.3	18.2	7.7	6.9	8.6	10.1										8.7	9.8	10.1
4 Dec	Dmitry Medvedev is re-elected as the leader of the United Russia^[2]
25 Nov–1 Dec	Levada Center	1,600	26	13	8	4	5	1	1	0	1	0	1	0				40		13
26–28 Nov	FOM	3,000	31	15	9	5	6	2	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	13	14	16
22–28 Nov	WCIOM	11,200	28.6	18.0	7.8	6.9	8.1	10.2										8.9	9.3	10.6
19–21 Nov	FOM	3,000	30	15	8	5	6	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	12	16	15
15–21 Nov	WCIOM	11,200	29.2	18.6	7.6	6.9	8.2	10.1										8.7	8.8	10.6
12–14 Nov	FOM	3,000	30	15	9	5	6	1	2	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	–	12	14	15
8–14 Nov	WCIOM	11,200	28.9	18.7	7.9	6.5	8.1	10.8										8.5	9.3	10.2
5–7 Nov	FOM	3,000	31	15	10	6	7	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	–	13	11	16
1–7 Nov	WCIOM	11,200	30.2	17.7	7.4	6.6	7.8	10.7										8.9	9.1	12.5
29–31 Oct	FOM	3,000	31	16	9	6	6	2	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	–	12	13	15
25–31 Oct	WCIOM	11,200	28.6	19.4	8.1	7.1	8.7	9.9										8.0	8.7	9.2
21–27 Oct	Levada Center	1,636	29	14	8	5	5	1	1	0	1	0	2					7	23	15
22–24 Oct	FOM	3,000	29	17	8	6	6	2	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	–	11	16	12
18–24 Oct	WCIOM	11,200	29.8	19.4	7.3	6.9	8.5	11.1										7.9	7.7	10.4
15–17 Oct	FOM	3,000	30	18	9	6	6	1	1	1	2	0	0	0	0	0	–	12	13	12
11–17 Oct	WCIOM	11,200	30.1	19.8	7.7	6.0	8.6	10.4										7.7	8.5	10.3
4–10 Oct	WCIOM	11,200	29.8	20.2	7.5	6.3	8.6	11.1										6.9	8.1	9.6
27 Sep–3 Oct	WCIOM	11,200	29.8	20.2	7.3	6.1	8.4	11.0										7.7	8.1	9.6
20–26 Sep	WCIOM	11,200	29.5	23.3	7.6	6.4	8.4	9.8										6.9	6.9	6.2
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		49.82	18.93	7.55	7.46	5.32	2.45	1.34	1.27	0.91	0.80	0.77	0.64	0.52	0.15	–		(48.28)	30.89

Regional polls and elections

Altai Republic

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	SRZP	LDPR	NP	Rodina	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size							Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
6–8 Sep 2024	Regional election	–	53.84	13.63	5.70	18.17	3.57	1.65	3.43	–	(54.39)	35.30
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		38.50	30.09	8.85	7.85	4.92	0.55	9.24		(53.81)	8.41

Amur Oblast

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	LDPR	NP	SRZP	CR	Yabloko	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size								Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
5–17 Aug 2023	CIPKR	499	43	12	10	6	4	3	2	4	7	9	31
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		34.32	26.55	14.17	7.04	5.54	2.28	0.55	9.55		(58.35)	7.77

Arkhangelsk Oblast

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	LDPR	SRZP	NP	Rodina	Greens	CR	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size									Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
8–10 Sep 2023	Regional election	–	50.18	10.92	14.88	8.99	5.21	1.74	2.10	3.47	–	–	(71.98)	35.30
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		32.21	18.70	12.92	11.17	9.86	1.18	1.02	0.91	12.03		(58.42)	13.51

Bashkortostan

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	LDPR	NP	SRZP	Greens	Rodina	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size								Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
10 Sep 2023	Regional election	–	68.92	11.71	7.73	3.41	7.39	^[a]	^[a]	–	–	(48.37)	57.21
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		66.61	14.74	8.67	2.79	2.62	0.47	0.26	3.84		(27.21)	51.87

Bryansk Oblast

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	LDPR	SRZP	NP	Rodina	CR	CP	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size									Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
6–8 Sep 2024	Regional election	–	68.69	8.35	13.28	3.51	2.46	0.86	1.41	^[a]	–	–	(42.78)	55.41
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		64.32	13.70	8.60	4.97	2.33	0.88	0.70	0.19	4.31		(31.35)	50.62

Buryatia

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	NP	LDPR	SRZP	CR	Yabloko	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size								Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
10 Sep 2023	Regional election	–	60.84	17.08	8.29	6.16	4.71	–	–	–	–	(63.74)	43.76
16–20 Feb 2023	CIPKR	472	38	14	4	4	2	1	1	9	15	12	24
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		42.63	26.74	11.22	5.74	3.56	1.26	0.41	8.44		(55.03)	15.89

Irkutsk Oblast

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	NP	LDPR	SRZP	CR	Yabloko	RPFJ	CP	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size										Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
8–10 Sep 2023	Regional election	–	54.60	15.47	7.34	9.62	7.06	–	–	1.33	0.98	–	–	(75.79)	39.13
1–20 Aug 2023	Russian Field	8,800	38.6	9.8	8.0	9.5	3.8	1.6	–	0.6	0.9	–	23.5	–	28.8
21–27 Jun 2023	CIPKR	486	33	11	7	10	4	1	4	–	–	6	15	9	22
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		35.53	27.81	9.81	8.58	6.67	1.40	0.86	0.76	0.26	8.32		(63.01)	7.72

Ivanovo Oblast

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	LDPR	SRZP	NP	RPPSJ	Yabloko	CR	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size									Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
8–10 Sep 2023	Ragional election	–	65.39	9.86	10.08	4.06	3.90	^[a]	–	^[a]	–	–	(66.13)	55.31
10–15 Feb 2023	CIPKR	502	30	14	8	4	4	–	4	1	11	14	10	16
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		36.24	26.74	9.38	7.63	5.90	3.44	1.81	1.43	7.43		(61.74)	8.22

Kabardino-Balkaria

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	SRZP	LDPR	Greens	NP	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size							Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
8 Sep 2024	Regional election	–	65.71	12.90	10.38	5.08	5.06	0.75	–	–	(26.27)	52.81
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		79.20	16.69	2.90	0.35	0.15	0.07	0.64		(14.22)	62.51

Kalmykia

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	NP	SRZP	RPPSJ	LDPR	RPFJ	PG	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size									Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
8–10 Sep 2023	Regional election	–	64.17	13.33	8.37	5.23	^[a]	3.62	1.56	0.77	–	–	(57.99)	50.84
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		39.52	25.97	12.23	5.86	3.64	3.44	0.89	0.18	8.27		(49.99)	13.55

Karachay-Cherkessia

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	SRZP	LDPR	CP	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size						Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
6–8 Sep 2024	Regional election	–	65.14	12.74	11.80	5.11	5.05	–	–	(31.93)	52.40
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		80.06	13.02	2.01	1.88	0.52	2.51		(10.64)	67.04

Kemerovo Oblast — Kuzbass

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	LDPR	SRZP	NP	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size						Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
8–10 Sep 2023	Regional election	–	69.42	8.87	9.30	5.41	5.36	–	–	(19.30)	60.12
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		70.75	9.35	6.24	5.69	1.85	6.612		(26.49)	61.40

Khabarovsk Krai

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	CPRF	UR	LDPR	NP	SRZP	RPPSJ	CR	Rodina	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size									Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
6–8 Sep 2024	Regional election	–	12.59	45.93	16.75	5.35	7.32	4.07	2.01	0.89	–	–	(67.17)	29.18
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		26.51	24.51	16.18	7.72	6.46	5.74	1.75	0.87	10.26		(55.69)	2.0

Khakassia

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	NP	LDPR	SRZP	RPPSJ	CR	Yabloko	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size									Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
8–10 Sep 2023	Regional election	–	36.41	39.11	3.99	7.17	3.33	3.17	2.85	–	–	–	(60.48)	2.70
19–24 Aug 2023	CIPKR	511	33	27	2	7	2	–	2	1	4	11	11	6
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		33.36	29.85	9.85	8.02	6.58	2.90	1.91	0.64	9.79		(62.45)	3.51

Krasnodar Krai

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	SRZP	LDPR	NP	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size						Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
9–11 Sep 2022	Regional election	–	70.80	10.76	5.78	6.63	4.86	–	–	(46.69)	35.51
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		60.98	15.52	6.34	5.60	4.67	6.89		(13.39)	45.46

Mari El

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	CPRF	UR	LDPR	SRZP	NP	RPPSJ	CR	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size								Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
6–8 Sep 2024	Regional election	–	11.57	61.23	8.65	4.86	4.35	4.12	3.77	–	–	(61.28)	49.66
23–30 Aug 2024	Russian Field	1,800	12.3	33.2	11.5	2.9	5.4	3.3	1.0	0.8	20.5	8.8	20.9
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		36.30	33.43	7.49	6.48	6.15	2.64	1.21	6.30		(53.89)	2.87

Moscow

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	SRZP	NP	LDPR	Yabloko	RPPSJ	Greens	RPFJ	GA	Rodina	PG	CR	CP	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size															Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
3–5 Aug 2023	Russian Field	1,000	42.9	7.6	4.7	5.5	8.2	3.4	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.2	10.9	15.1	34.7
9–21 Jun 2023	CIPKR	500	26	11	5	5	6	6	–	–	–	–	–	–	3	–	13	14	11	15
12–13 May 2023	Russian Field	1,000	45.2	8.5	5.1	4.3	8.6	4.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.6	12.2	10.7	36.6
24–26 Aug 2022	Russian Field	2,000	37.1	9.9	3.1	6.0	10.3	2.5	0.5	0.8	0.5	1.7	1.2	0.7	1.3	0.6	0.1	12.5	9.2	26.8
10–12 Aug 2022	Russian Field	2,000	37.5	9.4	4.6	5.0	8.2	2.9	1.1	0.8	1.0	1.5	0.4	0.6	1.1	1.2	0.4	12.2	11.1	28.1
27–29 Jul 2022	Russian Field	2,000	34.9	8.8	3.4	4.0	10.9	3.2	1.6	0.7	0.7	0.9	0.7	0.5	1.3	0.9	0.5	13.2	12.7	24.0
13–15 Jul 2022	Russian Field	2,000	32.9	10.1	4.6	4.2	9.0	2.9	1.2	1.1	1.1	0.8	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.8	0.7	12.7	13.2	22.8
29 Jun–1 Jul 2022	Russian Field	2,000	34.0	8.0	3.8	4.8	11.3	3.2	2.0	0.9	1.0	1.6	0.7	1.0	1.0	0.8	1.4	12.9	11.2	22.7
15–17 Jun 2022	Russian Field	2,000	36.5	9.5	3.8	4.7	10.4	3.9	1.4	1.2	0.7	1.0	0.8	0.6	1.4	0.9	1.1	10.2	10.7	26.1
4–6 Jun 2022	Russian Field	2,000	36	8	4	6	11	4	2	1	1	1	1	–	1	–	1	9	12	25
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		36.97	22.67	7.34	7.09	7.08	4.90	2.85	2.40	1.97	1.75	1.22	1.11	1.10	0.27	–		(49.74)	14.30

Nenets Autonomous Okrug

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	CPRF	UR	LDPR	SRZP	Greens	CR	Rodina	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size								Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
8–10 Sep 2023	Regional election	–	24.76	43.94	9.93	4.51	2.95	5.71	5.67	–	–	(62.35)	35.30
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		31.98	29.06	11.19	7.97	2.00	1.58	1.20	15.02		(57.39)	2.92

North Ossetia–Alania

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	SRZP	LDPR	Rodina	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size						Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
10–11 Sep 2022	Regional election	–	67.88	12.35	14.27	1.57	2.26	–	–	(31.03)	53.61
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		71.12	11.49	10.54	1.43	0.73	4.69		(13.39)	59.63

Oryol Oblast

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	SRZP	LDPR	NP	CR	Yabloko	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size								Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
28 Jul–2 Aug 2023	CIPKR	441	29	17	3	12	8	1	2	10	8	10	12
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		38.83	21.86	10.16	8.80	5.99	1.94	0.77	11.65		(50.01)	16.97

Penza Oblast

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	LDPR	SRZP	NP	RPPSJ	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size							Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
9–11 Sep 2022	Regional election	–	74.91	8.53	5.59	3.30	2.88	3.51	–	–	(49.05)	66.38
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		56.22	17.24	7.50	6.09	4.89	2.24	5.82		(42.48)	38.98

Rostov Oblast

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	LDPR	SRZP	NP	CR	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size							Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
8–10 Sep 2023	Regional election	–	68.28	11.47	6.92	4.81	3.79	3.27	–	–	(57.22)	56.81
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		51.59	20.19	6.97	6.42	5.17	1.39	8.27		(51.20)	31.40

Ryazan Oblast

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	LDPR	SRZP	NP	RPPSJ	Rodina	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size								Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
14–19 Aug 2022	Russian Field	2,084	42.6	9.1	10.1	8.5	7.3	2.5	2.2	1.0	9.4	5.9	32.5
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		47.79	19.99	9.13	8.22	5.89	2.63	0.54	5.81		(51.97)	27.80

Sakha

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	CPRF	UR	NP	SRZP	LDPR	Rodina	CP	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size								Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
8–10 Sep 2023	Regional election	–	13.16	54.36	14.17	9.39	5.39	1.02	^[a]	–	–	(51.70)	40.19
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		35.15	33.22	9.87	8.19	5.14	0.34	0.24	7.85		(48.77)	1.93

Sakhalin Oblast

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	NP	LDPR	SRZP	RPPSJ	CR	Rodina	RPFJ	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size										Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
9–11 Sep 2022	Regional election	–	47.20	14.25	8.89	9.19	5.14	6.70	2.55	0.72	1.46	–	–	(70.33)	32.95
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		35.73	28.63	9.07	8.89	5.20	2.71	1.86	0.94	0.88	6.09		(60.06)	7.1

Saratov Oblast

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	LDPR	SRZP	NP	CR	Rodina	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size								Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
9–11 Sep 2022	Regional election	–	60.50	14.35	9.24	6.79	3.54	2.96	1.61	–	–	(46.31)	46.15
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		59.84	20.74	5.15	4.10	2.85	1.04	0.46	5.82		(44.29)	39.10

Smolensk Oblast

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	LDPR	SRZP	NP	RPPSJ	CR	Greens	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size									Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
8–10 Sep 2023	Regional election	–	57.39	9.83	11.25	4.32	4.21	4.56	4.05	1.13	–	–	(66.32)	46.14
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		39.94	22.81	11.25	7.58	5.97	3.44	1.79	0.76	6.46		(58.13)	17.13

Sverdlovsk Oblast

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	SRZP	LDPR	NP	RPPSJ	Yabloko	CR	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size									Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
30 Aug–3 Sep 2022	Russian Field	1,033	39.3	10.6	6.6	8.2	8.3	1.9	1.7	1.1	2.0	14.2	5.3	28.7
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		34.71	21.31	12.85	8.59	8.23	3.08	2.13	2.02	7.08		(51.53)	13.40

Tatarstan

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	LDPR	SRZP	NP	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size						Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
8 Sep 2024	Regional election	–	76.75	10.54	4.41	3.27	4.21	–	–	(28.42)	66.21
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		79.01	9.64	2.82	2.69	1.01	4.83		(21.08)	69.37

Tula Oblast

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	SRZP	LDPR	NP	RPPSJ	CR	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size								Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
6–8 Sep 2024	Regional election	–	58.71	13.20	7.57	9.74	4.16	4.45	^[a]	–	–	(50.53)	45.51
24–29 Aug 2024	Russian Field	1,800	40.9	6.6	4.9	9.8	6.2	5.8	–	1.5	14.8	8.9	31.1
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		52.88	16.85	7.49	6.61	5.44	3.09	1.20	6.44		(46.83)	36.03

Tuva

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	SRZP	NP	LDPR	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size						Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
8 Sep 2024	Regional election	–	80.01	5.47	3.29	5.41	5.04	–	–	(41.14)	74.54
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		85.34	4.20	3.00	2.28	1.82	3.36		(16.72)	81.14

Udmurtia

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	LDPR	SRZP	NP	RPPSJ	GA	Rodina	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size									Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
9–11 Sep 2022	Regional election	–	51.07	15.56	13.64	6.06	4.14	4.68	1.17	0.68	–	–	(60.21)	35.51
15–20 Aug 2022	INSOMAR	1,000	53	14	11	6	3	13						39
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		35.63	25.31	9.64	9.19	7.37	4.41	0.82	0.81	6.82		(52.55)	10.32

Ulyanovsk Oblast

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	LDPR	NP	SRZP	CR	Yabloko	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size								Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
8–10 Sep 2023	Regional election	–	49.91	15.96	13.56	4.48	5.15	7.52	–	–	–	(65.35)	33.95
20–25 Aug 2023	CIPKR	538	35	17	11	3	3	1	3	6	10	12	18
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		39.03	33.14	7.40	5.36	5.00	1.71	0.54	7.82		(54.12)	5.89

Vladimir Oblast

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	LDPR	SRZP	NP	RPPSJ	CR	Yabloko	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size									Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
8–10 Sep 2023	Regional election	–	55.47	14.02	10.39	6.63	4.83	6.06	^[a]	–	–	–	(75.27)	41.45
1–5 Sep 2022	CIPKR	505	32	14	10	5	3	–	3	2	7	10	14	18
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		37.64	25.94	9.42	7.78	7.31	3.09	1.11	1.05	6.66		(62.11)	11.70

Volgograd Oblast

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	LDPR	SRZP	NP	RPPSJ	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size							Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
6–8 Sep 2024	Regional election	–	52.44	12.44	12.99	5.50	5.17	5.12	–	–	(38.30)	36.00
17–26 Aug 2024	Russian Field	1,500	33.8	10.0	10.3	4.3	6.1	4.2	1.1	16.3	13.7	23.5
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		58.43	14.77	11.12	5.77	3.01	2.11	4.79		(35.03)	43.66

Yaroslavl Oblast

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	SRZP	LDPR	NP	RPPSJ	CR	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size								Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
8–10 Sep 2023	Regional election	–	46.60	11.27	11.19	11.14	7.39	5.62	4.50	–	–	(72.65)	35.33
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		29.72	22.74	19.20	8.97	7.86	2.94	1.20	7.37		(56.60)	6.98

Zabaykalsky Krai

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	LDPR	NP	SRZP	CR	Rodina	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size								Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
8–10 Sep 2023	Regional election	–	56.94	9.85	15.64	4.12	6.29	2.03	2.01	–	–	(46.31)	41.30
17–19 Sep 2021	Election result		38.66	20.00	12.15	9.36	8.34	1.92	0.66	8.91		(60.65)	18.66

Occupied territories of Ukraine

Four Ukrainian oblasts – Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, and Zaporizhzhia were unilaterally annexed by Russia on 30 September 2022 after internationally unrecognized referendums held days prior, which were organized by Russian occupation authorities in territories where hostilities were ongoing and much of the population had fled.^[3]

Donetsk People's Republic

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	LDPR	SRZP	NP	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size						Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
1–2 Aug 2023	WCIOM	1,000	69	3	7	3	1	0	17	0	62

Kherson Oblast

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	LDPR	SRZP	NP	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size						Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
1–2 Aug 2023	WCIOM	1,000	68	6	3	3	1	0	19	0	62

Luhansk People's Republic

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	LDPR	SRZP	NP	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size						Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
1–2 Aug 2023	WCIOM	1,000	73	4	6	2	1	0	14	0	67

Zaporizhzhia Oblast

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	UR	CPRF	LDPR	SRZP	NP	Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size						Others	Undecided	Abstention	Lead
1–2 Aug 2023	WCIOM	1,000	80	3	2	3	1	0	11	0	77

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Only constituencies

References

^ Steele, Jonathan (2022-04-06). "Vladimir Zhirinovsky obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 2022-04-06.
^ "Дмитрий Медведев переизбран председателем "Единой России"". RG.RU. 6 December 2021. Retrieved 2021-12-10.
^ Walker, Shaun (23 September 2022). "'Referendums' on joining Russia under way in occupied Ukraine". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2022. So-called "referendums" are under way in areas of Ukraine occupied by Russian troops, with residents told to vote on proposals for the four Ukrainian regions to declare independence and then join Russia.

[only-constituencies-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Only constituencies

[1] Steele, Jonathan (2022-04-06). "Vladimir Zhirinovsky obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 2022-04-06.

[2] "Дмитрий Медведев переизбран председателем "Единой России"". RG.RU. 6 December 2021. Retrieved 2021-12-10.

[4] Walker, Shaun (23 September 2022). "'Referendums' on joining Russia under way in occupied Ukraine". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2022. So-called "referendums" are under way in areas of Ukraine occupied by Russian troops, with residents told to vote on proposals for the four Ukrainian regions to declare independence and then join Russia.

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