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List of Canada city name etymologies

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This article lists the etymologies of the names of cities across Canada.

Alberta

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City Language of origin Explanation
Airdrie Scottish Gaelic Named for Airdrie, North Lanarkshire, in Scotland. Possibly originally from Gaelic An Àrd Ruigh meaning a level height or high pasture.
Brooks English Named for Noel Edgell Brooks, a Canadian Pacific Railway Divisional Engineer from Calgary. Brooks' name was chosen through a contest in 1904.[1]
Calgary Scottish Gaelic Named for Calgary, Mull, which originated from the Scottish Gaelic "Cala ghearraidh", meaning "beach of the meadow (pasture)". The name was suggested by Colonel James Macleod, Commissioner of the North-West Mounted Police, who had stayed at Calgary Castle.[2][3]
Camrose English There is no factual evidence to explain why the city was named Camrose. It is suspected that it is named after the village of Camrose in Pembrokeshire, South Wales.[4]
Chestermere English Named after Chestermere Lake, a man-made reservoir built in 1880.
Cold Lake English Named after the nearby lake, which was named for its cold and deep water.[5]
Edmonton English Named for Edmonton, London.
Fort Saskatchewan English Named after a fort built by the North-West Mounted Police in 1875.
Grande Prairie French Named for its location, literally it means "great meadow" or "big prairie".
Lacombe French Named for Albert Lacombe, a French-Canadian Roman Catholic Oblate missionary who lived among and evangelized the Cree and Blackfoot First Nations of western Canada.[6]
Leduc French While the city is named after Father Hippolyte Leduc, a French-Canadian priest who served in the area, there is a dispute over how the designation became official. One story is that the settlement was named after Leduc by the Minister of the Interior, Edgar Dewdney. The other story is that the settler who established the local telegraph office, which required a name to be associated with it, decided to name the settlement after the first person to walk through the door of the office, who turned out to be Leduc.[7]
Lethbridge English Named for William Lethbridge.
Lloydminster English Named for George Lloyd, who at the time was the bishop of the Diocese of Saskatchewan.
Medicine Hat English / Blackfoot Translation of Blackfoot Saamis, a type of headdress worn by medicine men.
Red Deer English / Cree Mistranslation into English of the Cree name for the Red Deer River, Waskasoo Seepee, which means "Wapiti River" or "Elk River". North American elk (aka Wapiti) are often confused with European Red Deer.
Spruce Grove English Named after the groves of spruce trees which were common in the area.[8]
St. Albert French Named by Bishop Alexandre-Antonin Taché after Father Albert Lacombe and his patron name saint Albert of Louvain.
Wetaskiwin Cree Translation of the Cree word 'wītaskiwinihk', meaning "the hills where peace was made".[9]

British Columbia

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City Language of origin Explanation
Abbotsford English There is some controversy over the origin of the Abbotsford name.[10] The most commonly cited origin is that John Cunningham Maclure named the land "Abbotsford" after family friend Henry Braithwaite Abbott, the western superintendent of the Canadian Pacific Railway.[11] Maclure's sons later stated that the property had actually been named for Sir Walter Scott's home, Abbotsford, and pronounced it with the accent on ford,[12] while in his later years Maclure himself claimed that the naming had been "a combination of two ideas".[10]
Armstrong English Named for E.C. Heaton Armstrong, a London banker who helped finance the Shuswap and Okanagan Railway in 1892 and local development at the turn of the century.[13]
Burnaby English/Danish Named for Robert Burnaby as the result of a public vote.[14]
Campbell River English Named after the nearby river, which in turn was named by Captain George Henry Richards for Samuel Campbell, the surgeon on board HMS Plumper.[15]
Castlegar Irish Named after Castlegar Estate, near Ahascragh in County Galway, Ireland.[16]
Chilliwack Halq'eméylem Anglicization of the Halq'eméylem word Tcil'Qe'uk, meaning "valley of many streams".[17]
Colwood English Named by Captain Edward Langford for his family farm in Sussex, England.[18]
Coquitlam Coast Salish Anglicization of the word Kwikwetlem, meaning "red fish up the river".[19]
Courtenay English Named after the Courtenay River, which was named after Captain George William Courtenay of HMS Constance, which was stationed in the area.[20]
Cranbrook English Named by Colonel James Baker after his home in Cranbrook, Kent, England.[21]
Dawson Creek English Named after the creek of the same name, which was named after George Mercer Dawson. who led a surveying team through the area in August 1879; a member of the team labelled the creek with Dawson's name.[22]
Delta English Named for its location on the Fraser River delta.[23]
Duncan English Named for William Chalmers Duncan, one of the original settlers of the community.[24]
Enderby English Named after a line in the poem "The High Tide on the Coast of Lincolnshire," by Jean Ingelow: The old mayor climbed the belfry tower, The ringers ran by two, by three; "Pull, if ye never pulled before; Good ringers, pull your best," quoth he. "Play uppe, play uppe, O Boston bells! Ply all your changes, all your swells, Play uppe 'The Brides of Enderby".[25]
Fernie English Named for William Fernie, a miner who founded the city.[26]
Fort St. John English There is no confirmed explanation for the city's name. Some suggest that it received its name as a result of the original fort being founded on the feast day of St John the Baptist. Another story is that the name originates as nothing more than a suggestion by an employee of the Hudson's Bay Company, which renamed the community after rebuilding it due to arson.[27]
Grand Forks English Named for its location at the fork between the Kettle and Granby Rivers.[28]
Greenwood English Named after Robert Wood, one of the original settlers in the area. Greenwood was chosen as an appropriate name given Wood's last name and the presence of green timber in the area.[29]
Kamloops Shuswap Anglicization of the word Tk'əmlúps, meaning "meeting of the waters".[30]
Kelowna Okanagan Named after the Okanagan term for a female grizzly bear. According to myth, the name was inspired by a husky French Canadian settler named Augustus Gillard, who lived in a half-underground dwelling known as a keekwillee. When some passing Indians saw him emerge from his home one morning, they called him "kemxtús" as he resembled a bear exiting its den. The name was brought up as a potential name for the new community, but it was changed to Kelowna as the original name was considered too uncouth.[31]
Kimberley English Named after Kimberley, South Africa, which in turn was named after John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley. The city was named after its counterpart in the hopes that the mining in the area would prove as bountiful as those found in South Africa.[32]
Langford English Named for Captain Edward Langford, who established one of the four Hudson's Bay Company farms in the Victoria area.[33]
Langley English Named after Fort Langley, a fort owned by the Hudson's Bay Company. The fort was named for Thomas Langley, a prominent HBC director[34])
Maple Ridge English Named for the abundance of maple trees in the area.[35]
Merritt English Named for railway promoter William Hamilton Merritt III. The original name of the settlement was Forksdale.[36]
Nanaimo Halq'eméylem Anglicization of the word Sne-ny-mo, meaning "group of many people" and referring to the confederacy of five local bands.[37]
Nelson English Named for Hugh Nelson, fourth Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia.[38]
New Westminster English Named by Queen Victoria after Westminster, England. The original proposed name of the city was Queensborough.[39]
North Vancouver (city) English Named for its geographical location north of Vancouver.
Parksville English Named for Nelson Parks, the postmaster at the time of incorporation.[40]
Penticton Okanagan Anglicization of the word pente-hik-ton, meaning "place where water passes beyond", in reference to the year-round flow of the Okanagan River.[41]
Pitt Meadows English Named after the Pitt River and Pitt Lake, which were possibly named after former British Prime Minister William Pitt.[42]
Port Alberni Spanish Named for Captain Don Pedro de Alberni, a Spanish officer who commanded Fort San Miguel at Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island's west coast from 1790 to 1792.[43]
Port Coquitlam Coast Salish Anglicization of the word Kwikwetlem, meaning "red fish up the river".[44]
Port Moody English Named by Captain George Henry Richards of HMS Plumper for Colonel Richard Clement Moody of the Royal Engineers. Moody was the commissioner of lands and works in the new Colony of British Columbia.[45]
Powell River English Named after the Powell River, which in turn was named after Doctor Israel Wood Powell, who was the Superintendent of Indian Affairs for British Columbia and the first graduate of medicine from McGill University to practice on the west coast.[46]
Prince George English Named after Fort George, a North West Company trading post, which in turn was named by Simon Fraser in honour of King George III.[47]
Prince Rupert English Named for Prince Rupert of the Rhine, the first Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, as the result of an open competition held by the Grand Trunk Railway.[48]
Quesnel English/French Named by Simon Fraser for Jules Maurice Quesnel, one of two North West Company clerks who accompanied him on the expedition where he discovered the Quesnel River.[49]
Revelstoke English Named by the Canadian Pacific Railway in appreciation of Lord Revelstoke, head of Baring Brothers & Co., the British investment bank that helped save the Canadian Pacific Railway from bankruptcy in the summer of 1885.[50]
Richmond English Named by Hugh McRoberts for Richmonds Farm in Australia.
Rossland English Named by Ross Thompson after himself in 1890, after purchasing the land the settlement was to be built on. He originally attempted to name the settlement Thompson, but there was already a town in BC by that name.[51]
Salmon Arm English Named for the southwest arm of Shuswap Lake, which bears the same name. The arm received its name due to its heavy population of salmon; settlers often pitchforked them out of the water and used them for fertilizer on their fields.[52]
Surrey English The city is named after the county of Surrey in England, however the reasoning why is disputed. One story suggests the name arose out of a meeting of settlers, one of which was reminded of Surrey by the countryside. Another story suggests it was named Surrey because it lies south of New Westminster, just as the county of Surrey lies south of Westminster in England.[53]
Terrace English Named by George Little after the terraces which surrounded the Skeena River. The settlement was originally to be named Littleton, however this name was rejected by the post office as there was already a Littleton in New Brunswick.[54]
Trail English Named after the Dewdney Trail, which passed through the area.[55]
Vancouver English, Dutch Named for Captain George Vancouver, an officer of the British Royal Navy.
Vernon English Named for Forbes George Vernon, a pioneer member part of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia for Yale.[56]
Victoria English Named for Queen Victoria.
West Kelowna Okanagan / English Named for its geographical location west of Kelowna.
White Rock English Named for a large white boulder found on the beach near the city, which was used by sailors as a navigational aid. The 486-ton granite boulder was kept white by shellfish-eating seabirds whose guano covered the rock.[57]
Williams Lake English Named for William, a Secwepemc chief whose counsel prevented the Shuswap from joining the Tsilhqot'in in their uprising against the settler population.[58]

Manitoba

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City Language of origin Explanation
Brandon English Named by General Thomas Rosser after the Blue Hills of Brandon, which got their name from Brandon House.[59]
Dauphin French Named after nearby Dauphin Lake, which was named by French Canadian explorer Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye in 1739 in honour of Louis, Dauphin of France.[60]
Flin Flon English Named after the character of Josiah Flintabbatey Flonatin in the novel The Sunless City by J. E. Preston Muddock.[61]
Morden English Named after Alvey Morden, the original owner of the land that the community was established on.[62]
Portage la Prairie French The name is derived from the French word portage, which means to carry a canoe overland between waterways. In this case the "portage" was between the Assiniboine River and Lake Manitoba, over la prairie.[63]
Selkirk English Named after Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk, who helped establish the Red River Colony.
Steinbach German Named after the village in Ukraine, where the city's founders emigrated from. The city's founders spoke Plautdietsch but wrote in High German. The name means "Stone Brook" in German.
Thompson English Named after John F. Thompson, the chairman of Inco Limited. The community was designed as a planned community by the company to house workers for its nearby mining operations.[64]
Winkler German Named after Valentine Winkler, a local politician and business owner.
Winnipeg Cree Western Cree word meaning "muddy waters".[65]

New Brunswick

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City Language of origin Explanation
Bathurst English Named for the British Colonial Secretary, Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst.[66]
Campbellton English Named by Robert Ferguson in honour of Lieutenant Governor Sir Archibald Campbell.
Dieppe French Named in the memory of the 913 Canadians who were killed during the Dieppe Raid in the Second World War.[67]
Edmundston English Named for Lieutenant Governor Sir Edmund Walker Head.[68]
Fredericton English Named for the second son of King George III of Great Britain, Prince Frederick Augustus, Duke of York.
Miramichi Innu Named after the Miramichi River, which is likely derived from the Innu term "Maissimeu Assi", meaning "Mi'kmaq Land".
Moncton English Named for Lieutenant Colonel Robert Monckton, who captured nearby Fort Beauséjour.
Saint John English Named in commemoration of John the Baptist; the Saint John River supposedly was discovered on Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day (June 24).

Newfoundland and Labrador

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City Language of origin Explanation
Corner Brook English Named for a stream which flows through the area into the Humber Arm.[69]
Mount Pearl English Named for James Pearl, who in 1829 was granted the land the city was founded on in recognition of his time in the Royal Navy. He named the estate after himself in 1837, after having originally named it Mount Cochrane in honour of Sir Thomas John Cochrane, the first civil governor of Newfoundland.[70]
St. John's English, Basque or Spanish Named for the feast day of Saint John the Baptist, which was the date of landing by John Cabot. The name by Basque fishermen for the bay of St. John's was similar to the Bay of Pasaia in the Basque region, and one of the fishing towns called St. John (in Spanish, San Juan).

Northwest Territories

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City Language of origin Explanation
Yellowknife Dene Suline / English Named for the Yellowknives Dene First Nation

Nova Scotia

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City Language of origin Explanation
Dartmouth English Named for British Secretary of State for the Colonies William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth.[71]
Halifax English Named for George Montagu-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax, President of the Board of Trade
Sydney English Named for British Home Secretary Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney[72][73]

Nunavut

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City Language of origin Explanation
Iqaluit Inuktitut Inuktitut word meaning "many fish"

Ontario

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City Language of origin Explanation
Barrie English Named for Sir Robert Barrie, who was in charge of the naval forces in Canada and frequently had to portage from Lake Simcoe to Georgian Bay.
Belleville English Named after Lady Arabella Gore, wife of Sir Francis Gore, following a visit by the two to the settlement in 1816. The community was previously known as Singleton's Creek, after an early settler named George Singleton, and Meyer's Creek, after John Walden Meyers.[74][75]
Brampton English Named after Brampton, England, by a settler named John Elliot.[76]
Brant English Named after Mohawk Chief Thayendanegea (also known as Joseph Brant), who allied his people with the British during the American Revolution and ultimately led to them receiving a land grant for the area at the site of the current city.
Brantford English Named after Mohawk Chief Thayendanegea (also known as Joseph Brant), who allied his people with the British during the American Revolution and ultimately led to them receiving a land grant for the area at the site of the current city. The original Mohawk settlement was at a location favourable for landing canoes, which quickly became known as Brant's ford.
Brockville English Named after Sir Isaac Brock in 1812 by the settlement's residents in honour of his service to Upper Canada. The original name, Elizabethtown, had been selected by government officials but was unpopular with residents, who opted to use Brockville until it was officially changed several years later.
Burlington English Named after the nearby bay of the same name (now Hamilton Harbour), which was named in 1792 by Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada John Graves Simcoe in honour of the original name of Bridlington, England.[77]
Cambridge English The city received its name in 1973 following the amalgamation of the towns of Galt, Preston and Hespeler into a single municipality. The name Cambridge originates from Preston's name prior to 1834, Cambridge Mills.[78][79]
Clarence-Rockland English The city received its name in 1998 following the amalgamation of the Clarence Township and the Town of Rockland.
Cornwall English Named after the Duchy of Cornwall.[80]
Dryden English Named after John Dryden, who served as Ontario's Minister of Agriculture in 1895 and founded the settlement as an agricultural community after visiting the area.[81]
Elliot Lake English Named after the neighbouring lake of the same name.
Greater Sudbury English Named for Sudbury, Suffolk in England; "Greater" was added in 2001 when the city of Sudbury was amalgamated with six suburban municipalities.
Guelph English Named to honour Britain's royal family, the Hanoverians, who were descended from the Guelfs, the ancestral family of George IV, the reigning British monarch; thus the nickname The Royal City.
Haldimand County English Named after Sir Frederick Haldimand, the Governor of the Province of Quebec from 1778 to 1786.
Hamilton English Named for George Hamilton, the city's founder.
Kawartha Lakes Anishinaabe Named after the nearby lakes of the same name, which are an Anglicization of the Anishinaabe word Ka-wa-tha, meaning "land of reflections". The name was later changed to Kawartha, which means "bright waters and happy lands".[82]
Kenora Ojibwe / English The name is a portmanteau of the names of the three towns which amalgamated in 1905 to form the present-day city: Keewatin, Norman and Rat Portage.[83]
Kingston English Originally referred to as "the King's Town", the name was shortened to Kingston in 1788.[84][85] The settlement's original name, Cataraqui, likely was derived from an Iroquois word meaning "the place where one hides".[86]
Kitchener English Originally named Berlin thanks to the German heritage of many of its citizens, in 1916 the city changed its name to Kitchener in response to anti-German sentiment during the First World War. The name Kitchener was suggested in honour of British military officer Horatio Herbert Kitchener, who had died that same year.[87] The other options in the referendum were Adanac, Brock, Benton, Corona, and Keowana.
London English Named by John Graves Simcoe in 1826 after London, England.
Markham English Named by John Graves Simcoe after his friend, William Markham, the Archbishop of York.
Mississauga Ojibwe Named for the Mississaugas who originally inhabited the area.
Niagara Falls Iroquois Named after the eponymous waterfalls. There are differing theories as to the origin of the word "Niagara", with one theory suggesting the name is derived from a local tribe named the Niagagarega, and another theory suggesting it is an Anglicization of the word "Ongniaahra", meaning "point of land cut in two".[88][89]
Norfolk County English Named for Norfolk County in England.[90]
North Bay English Named for its geographical location on the shore of Lake Nipissing.
Orillia Spanish The first recorded use of the name Orillia was in 1820 by Sir Peregrine Maitland, then-Lieutenant Governor of Ontario. There is no record as to the meaning of the name, however the most common explanation is that it originates from the Spanish word "orilla", which means the shore of a lake or river.
Oshawa Ojibwe Anglicization of the Ojibwa term "aazhaway", meaning "the cross place".[91][92]
Ottawa Odawa The Ottawa Valley was the traditional home of the Algonquin people (Anishinaabe) who called the Ottawa River the Kichi Sibi or Kichissippi' meaning "Great River" or "Grand River".[93][94][95][96][97] Despite the name of the city, the Ottawa people, another First Nation who lived far to the west along Georgian Bay and Lake Huron never lived in the area, but rather maintained a trade route along the Ottawa River for a relatively short time.[98]
Owen Sound English The area of the present city was named Owen Sound by William Fitzwilliam Owen in 1815 after his older brother, Admiral Edward Owen. The settlement received its current name in 1851. It had previously been known as Sydenham.
Pembroke English Indirectly named after Sidney Herbert, who served as British First Admiralty Secretary from 1841 to 1845. His father was the 11th Earl of Pembroke.
Peterborough English Named after Peter Robinson, a member of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada and the man primarily responsible for the 1825 emigration plans which saw Irish immigrants settle in the area.
Pickering English Named after Pickering, North Yorkshire, England.[99]
Port Colborne English Named in honour of former Lieutenant Governor Sir John Colborne.
Prince Edward County English Named in honour of Prince Edward Augustus, then-commander-in-chief of British North America.
Quinte West French/Mohawk Named for its location on the western end of the Bay of Quinte on Lake Ontario. The name Quinte is derived from the French name "Kenté", which was the name of a French Catholic mission in the area.[100]
Sarnia Latin Named after the Latin term for Guernsey, one of the British Channel Islands.[101]
Sault Ste. Marie French Named for the rapids in the St. Mary's River. The city shares its name with Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, as they were a singular community prior to the establishment of the Canadian-United States border.
St. Catharines English The origins of the name are obscure, but it is thought that the city is named after Catharine Askin Robertson Hamilton, who was the wife of Robert Hamilton, a prominent businessman.[102]
St. Thomas English Named in honour of Thomas Talbot.[103]
Stratford English Named after Stratford-upon-Avon, England.
Temiskaming Shores Algonquin Named after neighbouring Lake Timiskaming, which means "deep waters" in Algonquin. The city received its name in 2004 following the amalgamation of New Liskeard, Haileybury, and Dymond.
Thorold English Named after Sir John Thorold, a former British MP in response to his opposition to war with the United States.[104][105]
Thunder Bay English, French Named for the bay on which the city is located, which was originally labelled Baie du Tonnerre on French maps in the 17th century. The name was chosen by referendum in 1969 with the merger of the cities of Fort William and Port Arthur.
Timmins English Named by Alphonse Paré in 1912 in honour of his uncle Noah Timmins, President of Hollinger Mines.[106]
Toronto Iroquoian Derived from word "tkaronto", meaning "place where trees stand in the water".
Vaughan English Named for Benjamin Vaughan, a British commissioner who signed the peace treaty with the United States in 1783.
Waterloo Dutch Named after Waterloo, Belgium.
Welland English Named after the Welland Canal, which formerly ran directly through downtown Welland. The name Welland is derived from the River Welland in Lincolnshire, England.
Windsor English Named after Windsor, Berkshire, England.
Woodstock English Named by the city's founder, Admiral Henry Vansittart in 1834 after Woodstock, England.[107]

Prince Edward Island

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City Language of origin Explanation
Charlottetown English Named for Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, consort of King George III of Great Britain
Summerside English Named for Summerside House, an inn operated by the son of the settlement's founder.[108]

Quebec

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City Language of origin Explanation
Chicoutimi Innu The name means "The end of the deep water" in the Innu/Montagnais language
Montreal Middle French Named for "Mont Réal", or Mount Royal, a geological feature located within the city. The mountain was named in honour of Francis I of France by Jacques Cartier.[109]
Quebec City Algonquin French transcription of the Algonquin word "kébec", which means "where the river narrows"

Saskatchewan

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City Language of origin Explanation
Estevan English Named after the telegraphic address of George Stephen, first President of the Canadian Pacific Railway.[110]
Humboldt German Named after German explorer Alexander von Humboldt.[111]
North Battleford English The name Battleford originated from a nearby ford of the Battle River. The city is named North Battleford to distinguish it from the town of Battleford, which is located south across the North Saskatchewan River.[112]
Martensville English Named after the Martens family, who founded the city on land which they had previously purchased.[113]
Meadow Lake English Named after the nearby lake, which is the source of the Meadow River.[112]
Melfort English Named by Reginald Beatty, the first European woman to settle in the area, after her family estate in Argyll, Scotland.[114]
Melville English Named for Charles Melville Hays, President of the Grand Trunk Railway and Grand Trunk Pacific Railway.[115]
Prince Albert English Named by James Nisbet in honour of Prince Albert, the husband of Queen Victoria.[112]
Regina Latin Named by Princess Louise, wife of the then-Governor General of Canada the Marquess of Lorne in honour of Queen Victoria; Regina is the Latin word for queen.[112]
Saskatoon Cree Named after the saskatoon berry. The berry's name is an anglicization of the Cree word misâskwatômina, meaning “the fruit of the tree of many branches”.[116]
Swift Current French/Cree Named after the Swift Current Creek, which was originally called Riviere au Couran by the Metis. That name was likely inspired by the Cree name for the South Saskatchewan River, Kisiskâciwan, which means "fast flowing river".[117]
Warman English Named after American journalist Cy Warman, who recorded the construction of the Canadian Northern Railway.[118]
Weyburn English The origin of the city's name is disputed. One story is that the city is named after a worker who supervised the building of the railroad in the area. Another story is the name came from a Scottish man who exclaimed "Wee Burn!" after stumbling upon the Souris River on a hot day.[119]
Yorkton English The name of the city is inspired by the York Farmers' Colonization Company, which led the founding and initial settlement of the community. Originally named York Colony, it was changed to Yorkton in 1884.[120]

Yukon

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City Language of origin Explanation
Whitehorse English Named for the White Horse Rapids, which were said to look like the mane of a white horse.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Delday, Eva (1975). Brooks : between the Red Deer and the Bow. Brooks, Alberta. p. 30. ISBN 0-919212-60-3. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2017-12-25.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^ "Calgary". Archived from the original on 2012-01-11. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
  3. ^ "How Calgary got its name". Sabhal Mòr Ostaig. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
  4. ^ CPG Camrose Archived 2015-08-14 at the Wayback Machine – Camrose History
  5. ^ Cold Lake at The Canadian Encyclopedia, accessed September 1, 2019
  6. ^ Town of Lacombe (February 2007). "History". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-03-08.
  7. ^ "History of Leduc | City of Leduc".
  8. ^ "History of Spruce Grove".
  9. ^ Wetaskiwin Municipal Website[permanent dead link‍] – The Legend of Wetaskwin.
  10. ^ a b Thorburn, Mark (2009). British Columbia Place Names. Dragon Hill Publishing Ltd. p. 336. ISBN 978-1-896124-46-9.
  11. ^ WS Crocket 1905 Abbotsford Adam and Black London History of Abbotsford. M.S.A. Museum
  12. ^ WS Crockett 1905 Abbotsford Adam and Black London[permanent dead link‍]
  13. ^ "Armstrong, British Columbia, Canada". www.britishcolumbia.com. Archived from the original on 12 January 2006. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  14. ^ "Burnaby (city)". BC Geographical Names.
  15. ^ "Campbell River (city)". BC Geographical Names.
  16. ^ Nesteroff, Greg (16 September 2013). "Castlegar named for founder's Irish family estate". nelsonstar.com. Nelson Star.
  17. ^ "Chilliwack (city)". BC Geographical Names.
  18. ^ "Colwood (city)". BC Geographical Names.
  19. ^ Kwikwetlem First Nation: History & Culture Archived 5 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 5 March 2009
  20. ^ "Courtenay (city)". BC Geographical Names.
  21. ^ "Cranbrook (city)". BC Geographical Names.
  22. ^ "First Traveler Through Dawson, 1879". The News, Progress Edition. 27 April 1979. Archived from the original on 2015-05-01. Retrieved 2008-04-16.
  23. ^ "Delta (city)". BC Geographical Names.
  24. ^ "Duncan". BC Geographical Names.
  25. ^ "Enderby". BC Geographical Names.
  26. ^ "Fernie". BC Geographical Names.
  27. ^ "Fort St. John". BC Geographical Names.
  28. ^ "Grand Forks". BC Geographical Names.
  29. ^ "Greenwood". BC Geographical Names.
  30. ^ Tk'emlúps Indian Band, Tk'emlúps History, 2011. Accessed 2011-06-01.
  31. ^ "Kelowna". BC Geographical Names.
  32. ^ "Kimberley". BC Geographical Names.
  33. ^ "About Langford". Archived from the original on 2017-12-28. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
  34. ^ First Fort Langley National in The Langley Story Illustrated
  35. ^ "Maple Ridge". BC Geographical Names.
  36. ^ Akrigg, Helen B. and Akrigg, G.P.V; 1001 British Columbia Place Names; Discovery Press, Vancouver 1969, 1970, 1973, p. 114
  37. ^ "Nanaimo". BC Geographical Names.
  38. ^ "Nelson". BC Geographical Names.
  39. ^ Ormsby, pl 175
  40. ^ "Parksville". BC Geographical Names.
  41. ^ "Penticton (City)". BC Geographical Names.
  42. ^ "Pitt Meadows - History". Archived from the original on 2009-11-23. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
  43. ^ Archer, Christon. "ALBERNI, PEDRO DE". Library and Archives Canada.
  44. ^ "Port Coquitlam (City)". BC Geographical Names.
  45. ^ "Port Moody (City)". BC Geographical Names.
  46. ^ "Powell River (City)". BC Geographical Names.
  47. ^ Runnalls (1946:23)
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Sources

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Further reading

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