Acephate is an organophosphate foliar and soil insecticide of moderate persistence with residual systemic activity of about 10–15 days at the recommended use rate. It is used primarily for control of aphids, including resistant species, in vegetables (e.g. potatoes, carrots, greenhouse tomatoes, and lettuce) and in horticulture (e.g. on roses and greenhouse ornamentals). It also controls leaf miners, caterpillars, sawflies, thrips, and spider mites in the previously stated crops as well as turf, and forestry. By direct application to mounds, it is effective in destroying imported fire ants.
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| Preferred IUPAC name
Dimethyl N-acetylphosphoramidothioate | |
| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| ChEBI | |
| ChEMBL | |
| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.045.659 |
| KEGG | |
PubChem CID
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| UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| C4H10NO3PS | |
| Molar mass | 183.16 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | colourless to white solid |
| Density | 1.35 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | 88–90 °C (190–194 °F; 361–363 K) |
| 79 g/100 mL | |
| Solubility | very soluble in acetone soluble in ethanol |
| Vapor pressure | 2x10−6 mmHg |
| Pharmacology | |
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| Hazards | |
| GHS labelling:[1] | |
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| Warning | |
| H302 | |
| P264, P270, P301+P312, P330, P501 | |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Acephate is sold as a soluble powder, as emulsifiable concentrates, as pressurized aerosol, and in tree injection systems and granular formulations.
As of 2012, the EPA no longer allows the usage of acephate on green beans grown in the United States.[2]
Toxicology
editIt is considered non-phytotoxic on many crop plants. Acephate and its primary metabolite, methamidophos, are toxic to Heliothis spp. that are considered resistant to other organophosphate insecticides. Acephate emits toxic fumes of various oxides of phosphorus, nitrogen, and sulfur when heated to decomposition. Symptoms of exposure to acephate include a slight irritation of eyes and skin.
The U.S. annually uses 4–5 million pounds of acephate.[3]
The EU classifies Acephate as an Annex III substance, meaning that it meets the requirements to be considered a health and environmental hazard. [4]
References
edit- ^ "Acephate". PubChem. Archived from the original on 2021-03-07. Retrieved 2021-03-17.
- ^ "Food and Pesticides". 21 February 2013. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
- ^ "Acephate Facts" (PDF). Retrieved 2024-07-03.
- ^ "Substance Information - ECHA". echa.europa.eu. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
- U.S. EPA Office of Pesticide Programs.
- Extension Toxicology Network. Pesticide Information Profiles.
- Cooperative Extension Offices of Cornell University, Oregon State University, the University of Idaho, and the University of California at Davis.
- Institute for Environmental Toxicology, Michigan State University.