Oscar Reutersvärd (29 November 1915 – 2 February 2002) was a Swedish graphic artist, who in 1934 pioneered the art of 3D drawings that may initially appear feasible, yet cannot be physically constructed. He is sometimes described as "the father of the impossible figure", although there are much older examples, e.g. Hogarth's Satire on False Perspective.
Oscar Reutersvärd | |
|---|---|
 Oscar Reutersvärd with two of his friends | |
| Born | 29 November 1915 |
| Died | 2 February 2002 (aged 86) |
| Nationality | Swedish |
| Notable work | Impossible figures |
Biography
editBorn on 29 November 1915 in Stockholm, Sweden, he reportedly suffered from dyslexia and had difficulty estimating the distance and size of objects. But his family was artistic, and encouraged his painting and sculpture efforts at home.[1]
Work
editReutersvärd's originality appeared early in his career—at the age of 18. In 1934, the school student created a figure, the "impossible triangle", composed of a series of cubes in perspective. "the triangle at first seems like the simple geometrical shape with which all schoolchildren are familiar. However, as the eye tries to follow its outlines, the triangle abruptly becomes a dizzying experience as its bottom link plays havoc with the brain's intuitive knowledge of physical laws." according to World of Mathematics, 2006, published by Thomson Gale. This very triangle was chosen in 1982 by the government of Sweden as the subject of a 25 öre postage stamp. In 1937, he created his first impossible stairs, and the concept that would lead to the impossible fork. Subsequently, he focused on academics. In 1958, he read the now classic article by Lionel and Roger Penrose on impossible objects,[2] which included the triangle and staircase that the British father and son team had developed independently. One artist inspired by the Penrose article was M.C. Escher—who produced two prints of impossible buildings in 1961 and 1962. The application of the concepts he originated over 20 years prior, by serious mathematicians and artists, rekindled Reutersvärd's interest. By 1963, he had created several new and original impossible figures, and was featured by a gallery in Stockholm.[1]
He would create his figures with India ink on Japanese rice paper, drawing freehand, without a ruler or any mechanical device. He generally used "Japanese perspective, where all parallel lines remain parallel and do not meet at points of visual convergence."[3] The shaky lines, often exacerbated by working on the ten hour train ride between Stockholm and Lund, is obvious in some of his pictures.[1] Figures were frequently colored with Japanese colored chalk.[1] In comparing his work to that of the much more famous artist of the impossible, M. C. Escher, it can be observed that Escher builds inhabited worlds around impossible objects, whereas Reutersvärd's designs generally consist of pure geometric forms.
Reutersvärd produced more than 2,500 figures. In the late 1960s, several books were published featuring his work, and he attracted a following, with many international gallery exhibitions. Through the 1980s and 1990s, he continued to develop impossible figures, filling many notebooks. Finally, in the mid 1990s, his work was prominently commissioned for several public buildings in Sweden, and the National Museum of Sweden and Museum of Modern Art of Stockholm both displayed his work.[1]
Today both mathematicians and psychologists[4] use his drawings as templates for studying visual perception.[5]
In addition to his development of impossible figures, he was a designer of many public works in Sweden, including large sculptures, mazes and architectural features.
Oscar Reutersvärd gave at the Conference Incontri con la matematica (Mathematical Conference held annually, since 1986, in Castel San Pietro Terme, Bologna, Italy) the ability to use his figures for the publications annually made for the Conference.
Swedish postage stamps
editReutersvärd's achievements were honoured in 1982 by a series of three Swedish postage stamps. The stamps were engraved by Czesław Słania, based on watercolours by Reutersvärd. They remained in circulation for only about two years, after which they were withdrawn when the postage rate was changed. The Swedish government had the unused stamps destroyed; these scarce items are now eagerly sought collectibles.[1]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f Seckel, Al (2004). Masters of Deception: Escher, Dalí & the Artists of Optical Illusion. Foreword by Douglas R. Hofstadter. New York: Sterling. pp. 261–283. ISBN 1-4027-0577-8.
- ^ Penrose, Lionel; Penrose, Roger (February 1958). "Impossible Objects: A Special Type of Visual Illusion". British Journal of Psychology. 49 (1): 31–33.
- ^ Gullberg, Jan (1997). Mathematics: From the Birth of Numbers. New York–London: W.W. Norton. pp. 374–375. ISBN 0-393-04002-X.
- ^ Peterzell, David (5 October 2008). UCSD Psych 3/102 Impossible Figures Reutersvard – via YouTube.
- ^ Danesi, Marcel (2004). The Puzzle Instinct: The Meaning of Puzzles in Human Life. Indiana University Press. pp. 82–83. ISBN 0-253-21708-3.
External links
edit- "Sweden 1982–1985". Homepage Cz.Slania's Engravings. (The stamps include three with designs by Reutersvärd.)
- "Art of Reutersvard". Illusion Works.
- Jason Mathews. "Oscar Reutersvärd". Handyman's Garage.
- "Oscar Reutersvärd". Impossible World.
- Bruno D'Amore. "O. Reutersvärd". Incontri con la Matematica. First published 2000. (in Italian)