The Ottoman–Persian Wars or Ottoman–Iranian Wars were a series of wars between Ottoman Empire and the Safavid, Afsharid, Zand, and Qajar dynasties of Iran (historically known as Persia) through the 16th–19th centuries. The Ottomans consolidated their control of what is today Turkey in the 15th century, and gradually came into conflict with the emerging neighboring Iranian state, led by Ismail I of the Safavid dynasty. The two states were arch rivals, and were also divided by religious grounds, the Ottomans being staunchly Sunni and the Safavids being Shia. A series of military conflicts ensued for centuries during which the two empires competed for control over eastern Anatolia, the Caucasus, and Iraq.
| Ottoman–Persian Wars | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Ottoman–Persian Wars and also Ottoman wars in Asia | |||||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Safavid Empire.svg){kind=small} Afsharid Iran  Qajar Iran Kingdom of Kartli (1578–1588) Kingdom of Kakheti (1578) Principality of Samtskhe (1578, 1582–1587) Principality of Guria (1583–1587) |
 Ottoman Empire Crimean Khanate Kingdom of Imereti Principality of Guria (1578–1583, after 1587) Principality of Mingrelia Principality of Samtskhe (1578–1582)Shaybanids | ||||||||
| Name of the war | Sultan of Ottoman Empire | Shah of Persian Empire | Treaty at the end of the war | Victorious Empire |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Battle of Chaldiran (1514) | Selim I | Ismail I | None | Ottoman Empire |
| War of 1532–1555 | Suleiman I | Tahmasp I | Treaty of Amasya (1555) | Ottoman Empire [1] |
| War of 1578–1590 | Murad III | Mohammad Khodabanda, Abbas I | Treaty of Constantinople (1590) | Ottoman Empire |
| War of 1603–1612 |
Ahmed I | Abbas I | Treaty of Nasuh Pasha | Persian Empire |
| War of 1616–1618 | Ahmed I, Mustafa I, Osman II | Abbas I | Treaty of Serav (1618) | Persian Empire |
| War of 1623–1639 | Murad IV | Abbas I, Safi | Treaty of Zuhab (1639) | Ottoman Empire |
| War of 1730–1735 | Mahmud I | Abbas III | Treaty of Constantinople (1736) | Persian Empire |
| War of 1743–1746 | Mahmud I | Nader Shah | Treaty of Kerden (1746) | Indecisive[2] |
| War of 1775–1776 | Abdulhamid I | Karim Khan Zand | None | Persian Empire[3] |
| War of 1821–1823 | Mahmud II | Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar | Treaty of Erzurum (1823) | Persian Empire |
Among the numerous treaties, the Treaty of Zuhab of 1639 is usually considered as the most significant, as it fixed present Turkey–Iran and Iraq–Iran borders. In later treaties, there were frequent references to the Treaty of Zuhab.[citation needed]
See also
References
- ^ Gábor Ágoston-Bruce Masters:Encyclopaedia of the Ottoman Empire, ISBN 978-0-8160-6259-1, p.280
- ^ Selcuk Aksin Somel (2010), The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire, quote: "This indecisive military conflict resulted in the preservation of the existing borders.", The Scarecrow Press Inc., p. 170
- ^ Fattah, Hala Mundhir (1997). The Politics of Regional Trade in Iraq, Arabia, and the Gulf: 1745–1900. SUNY Press. p. 34. ISBN 9781438402376.
Sources
- Yves Bomati and Houchang Nahavandi,Shah Abbas, Emperor of Persia, 1587–1629, 2017, ed. Ketab Corporation, Los Angeles, ISBN 978-1595845672, English translation by Azizeh Azodi.
- Sicker, Martin (2001). The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 027596891X.