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Ozymandias

(Redirected from Ozymandias, King of Kings)
This article is about the poem by Shelley. For the poem by Smith, see Ozymandias (Smith). For the Egyptian pharaoh, see Ramesses II. For other uses, see Ozymandias (disambiguation).

"Ozymandias" (/ˌɒzɪˈmændiəs/ OZ-im-AN-dee-əs)[1] is a sonnet written by the English Romantic poet Percy Bysshe Shelley. It was first published in the 11 January 1818 issue of The Examiner[2] of London. The poem was included the following year in Shelley's collection Rosalind and Helen, A Modern Eclogue; with Other Poems,[3] and in a posthumous compilation of his poems published in 1826.[4]

Ozymandias
by Percy Bysshe Shelley
Shelley's "Ozymandias" in The Examiner
First published in11 January 1818
CountryEngland
LanguageModern English
FormSonnet
MeterLoose iambic pentameter
Rhyme schemeABABACDCEDEFEF
PublisherThe Examiner
Full text
Ozymandias (Shelley) at Wikisource

The poem was created as part of a friendly competition in which Shelley and fellow poet Horace Smith each created a poem on the subject of Egyptian pharaoh Ramesses II under the title of Ozymandias, the Greek name for the pharaoh. Shelley's poem explores the ravages of time and the oblivion to which the legacies of even the greatest men are subject.

Origin

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The statue fragment known as the Younger Memnon in the British Museum

Shelley began writing the poem "Ozymandias" in 1817, after the British Museum acquired the Younger Memnon, a head-and-torso fragment of a statue of Ramesses II removed by Italian archeologist Giovanni Battista Belzoni from the Ramesseum, the mortuary temple of Ramesses II at Thebes.[5] Although the Younger Memnon did not arrive in London until 1821[6][5] and Shelley likely never saw the statue,[7] the reputation of the statue fragment had preceded its arrival to Western Europe. Retrieval of the 7.25-short-ton (6.58 t; 6,580 kg) fragment had been a goal at least as far back as a failed 1798 attempt by Napoleon Bonaparte.[8]

Shelley, who had explored similar themes in his 1813 work Queen Mab, was also influenced by Constantin François de Chassebœuf's book Les Ruines, ou méditations sur les révolutions des empires (The Ruins, or a Survey of the Revolutions of Empires), first published in an English translation in 1792.[9]

Writing, publication and text

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Publication history

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The banker and political writer Horace Smith spent the Christmas season of 1817–1818 with Percy and Mary Shelley. At this time, members of their literary circle would sometimes challenge each other to write competing sonnets on a common subject: Shelley, John Keats and Leigh Hunt wrote competing sonnets about the Nile around the same time. Shelley and Smith both chose a passage from the writings of the Greek historian Diodorus Siculus in Bibliotheca historica, which described a massive Egyptian statue and quoted its inscription: "King of Kings Ozymandias am I. If any want to know how great I am and where I lie, let him outdo me in my work." In Shelley's poem, Diodorus becomes "a traveller from an antique land."[10][a][b][c]

Shelley wrote the poem around Christmas in 1817[11]—either in December that year or early January 1818.[12] The poem was printed in The Examiner,[2] a weekly paper published by Leigh's brother John Hunt in London. Hunt admired Shelley's poetry and many of his other works, such as The Revolt of Islam, were published in The Examiner.[13]

 
A fair copy draft (c. 1817) of Shelley's "Ozymandias" in the collection of Oxford's Bodleian Library
 
1817 draft by Percy Bysshe Shelley, Bodleian Library.

Shelley's poem was published on 11 January 1818 under the pen name "Glirastes".[14] The name meant "lover of dormice", dormouse being his pet name for his spouse, author Mary Shelley.[15] Smith's sonnet of the same name was published several weeks later.[16] Shelley's poem appeared on page 24 in the yearly collection, under Original Poetry. It appeared again in Shelley's 1819 collection Rosalind and Helen, A Modern Eclogue; with Other Poems,[17] which was republished in 1876 under the title "Sonnet. Ozymandias" by Charles and James Ollier[3] and in the 1826 Miscellaneous and Posthumous Poems of Percy Bysshe Shelley by William Benbow, both in London.[4]

Text

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I met a traveller from an antique land
Who said: Two vast and trunkless legs of stone
Stand in the desart.[d] Near them, on the sand,
Half sunk, a shattered visage lies, whose frown,
And wrinkled lip, and sneer of cold command,
Tell that its sculptor well those passions read
Which yet survive, stamped on these lifeless things,
The hand that mocked them and the heart that fed:
And on the pedestal these words appear:
"My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings:
Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!"
No thing beside remains. Round the decay
Of that colossal wreck, boundless and bare
The lone and level sands stretch far away.

— Percy Shelley, "Ozymandias", 1819 edition[17]

Analysis and interpretation

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Shelley's "Ozymandias" is a sonnet, written in loose iambic pentameter, but with an atypical rhyme scheme,[19] which violates the Italian sonnet rule that there should be no connection in rhyme between the octave and the sestet.

Two themes of the "Ozymandias" poems are the inevitable decline of rulers and their hubris.[20] In the poem, despite Ozymandias' grandiose ambitions, the power turned out to be ephemeral.

The rhyme scheme reflects the interlocking stories of the poem's four narrative voices, which are its "I", the "traveller" (an exemplar of the sort of travel literature author whose works Shelley would have encountered), the statue's "architect", and the statue's subject himself.[21] The "I met a traveller [who...]" framing of the poem is an instance of the "once upon a time" storytelling device.[19]

Reception and impact

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The poem has been cited as Shelley's best-known[22] and is generally considered one of his best works,[23] though it is sometimes considered uncharacteristic of his poetry.[24] An article in Alif cited "Ozymandias" as "one of the greatest and most famous poems in the English language".[25] Stephens considered that the Ozymandias Shelley created dramatically altered the opinion of Europeans on the king.[26] Donald P. Ryan wrote that "Ozymandias" "stands above" numerous other poems written about ancient Egypt, particularly its fall, and described the sonnet as "a short, insightful commentary on the fall of power".[27]

"Ozymandias" has been included in many poetry anthologies,[23][28] particularly school textbooks, such as AQA's GCSE English Literature Power and Conflict Anthology,[29][30] where it is often included because of its perceived simplicity and the relative ease with which it can be memorized.[24] Several poets, including Richard Watson Gilder and John B. Rosenma, have written poems titled "Ozymandias" in response to Shelley's work.[27]

The influence of the poem can be found in other works, including Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë.[31] It has been translated into Russian, as Shelley was an influential figure in Russia.[32]

Ozymandias gilberti, a giant fossil fish from the Miocene of California that is known only from a few fragmentary remains, was named by David Starr Jordan as an allusion to the poem.[33]

In the AMC drama Breaking Bad, the 14th episode of season 5 is titled "Ozymandias." The episode's title alludes to the collapse of protagonist Walter White's drug empire. Bryan Cranston, who portrayed White, read the poem in its entirety in a teaser for final episodes of the series.[34] The media company Ozy was named after the poem.[35]

Woody Allen used the term "Ozymandias melancholia" in his movies Stardust Memories and To Rome with Love.[36]

The poem is quoted by the A.I. character David in Alien: Covenant predicting the decline and demise of the human empire[37] and referenced in the penultimate episode of Succession.[38] The work is also referenced in Joanna Newsom's song "Sapokanikan".

The poem is quoted by both main characters, Red and Blue, in the Hugo Award-winning novella This Is How You Lose the Time War by Amal el-Mohtar and Max Gladstone. The scene of the "vast and trunkless legs of stone" also appears in the work.[39]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ See footnote 10 at the following source, for reference to the Loeb Classical Library translation of this inscription, by C.H. Oldfather: http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poems/ozymandias, accessed 12 April 2014.
  2. ^ See section/verse 1.47.4 at the following presentation of the 1933 version of the Loeb Classics translation, which also matches the translation appearing here: http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/1C*.html, accessed 12 April 2014.
  3. ^ For the original Greek, see: Diodorus Siculus. "1.47.4". Bibliotheca Historica (in Greek). Vol. 1–2. Immanel Bekker. Ludwig Dindorf. Friedrich Vogel. In aedibus B. G. Teubneri. At the Perseus Project.
  4. ^ Desart was "the regularly accepted spelling of the 18th century" (of desert).[18]

References

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  1. ^ Wells 1990, p. 508.
  2. ^ a b Glirastes 1818, p. 24.
  3. ^ a b Reprinted in Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1876). Rosalind and Helen – Edited, with notes by H. Buxton Forman, and printed for private distribution. London: Hollinger. p. 72.
  4. ^ a b Shelley 1826, p. 100.
  5. ^ a b Chaney 2006, p. 49.
  6. ^ British Museum. Colossal bust of Ramesses II, 'The Younger Memnon'. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  7. ^ Khan 2015, pp. 66, 77.
  8. ^ "Ancient Egypt. Statue of Ramesses II, the 'younger Memnon'. The British Museum. Retrieved 12 April 2021".
  9. ^ Curran.
  10. ^ Siculus, Diodorus. Bibliotheca Historica. 1.47.4.
  11. ^ "King of Kings". The Economist. 18 December 2013. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  12. ^ Mozer 2010, p. 728.
  13. ^ Graham 1925.
  14. ^ Carter 2018.
  15. ^ "Romantic Interests: "Ozymandias" and a Runaway Dormouse | The New York Public Library". Nypl.org. 6 July 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
  16. ^ Stephens 2009, p. 156.
  17. ^ a b Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1819). Rosalind and Helen, a modern eclogue; with other poems. London. p. 92.
  18. ^ "desert". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  19. ^ a b Khan 2015, p. 67.
  20. ^ "MacEachen, Dougald B. CliffsNotes on Shelley's Poems. 18 July 2011". Cliffsnotes.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  21. ^ Khan 2015, pp. 64, 67, 72.
  22. ^ "King of Kings". The Economist. 18 December 2013. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  23. ^ a b Brown 1998, p. 51.
  24. ^ a b Everest 1992, p. 25.
  25. ^ Rodenbeck 2004, p. 121.
  26. ^ Stephens 2009, p. 161.
  27. ^ a b Ryan, Donald P. (2005). "The Pharaoh and the Poet". Kmt. 16 (4): 76–83. ISSN 1053-0827.
  28. ^ Bequette, M. K. (1977). "Shelley and Smith: Two Sonnets on Ozymandias". Keats-Shelley Journal. 26: 29–31. ISSN 0453-4387. JSTOR 30212799.
  29. ^ Pfister 1994, p. 149.
  30. ^ "Question paper: Paper 1P Poetry anthology - June 2022" (PDF). AQA. 14 July 2023.
  31. ^ Regis, Amber K. (2 April 2020). "Interpreting Emily: Ekphrasis and Allusion in Charlotte Brontë's 'Editor's Preface' to Wuthering Heights". Brontë Studies. 45 (2): 168–182. doi:10.1080/14748932.2020.1715052. ISSN 1474-8932. S2CID 216431793.
  32. ^ Wells, David N. (2013). "Shelley in the Transition to Russian Symbolism: Three Versions of 'Ozymandias'". The Modern Language Review. 108 (4): 1221–1236. doi:10.5699/modelangrevi.108.4.1221. ISSN 0026-7937. JSTOR 10.5699/modelangrevi.108.4.1221.
  33. ^ David Starr Jordan (1921). "The fish fauna of the California Tertiary". Stanford University Publications, Biological Sciences. 1 (4): 234–299.
  34. ^ Hoffman-Schwartz, Daniel (July 2015). "On Breaking Bad / 'Ozymandias'". Oxford Literary Review. 37 (1): 163–165. doi:10.3366/olr.2015.0157. ISSN 0305-1498.
  35. ^ Smith, Ben; Robertson, Katie (1 October 2021). "Ozy Media, Once a Darling of Investors, Shuts Down in a Swift Unraveling". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
  36. ^ Yacowar, Maurice (1980). "Reviewed work: Stardust Memories, Woody Allen". Film Criticism. 5 (1): 43–46. JSTOR 44018985.
  37. ^ "'Alien: Covenant' prologue short resurrects some old friends". CNET.
  38. ^ "Succession's Ozymandias Reference Works on Multiple Levels". Den of Geek.
  39. ^ el-Mohtar, Amal; Gladstone, Max (2020). This Is How You Lose the Time War. Saga Press. pp. 7, 14, 191. ISBN 978-1-5344-3099-0.

Bibliography

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Further reading

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  • Rodenbeck, John (2004). "Travelers from an Antique Land: Shelley's Inspiration for 'Ozymandias'". Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics, no. 24 ("Archeology of Literature: Tracing the Old in the New"), 2004, pp. 121–148.
  • Johnstone Parr (1957). "Shelley's 'Ozymandias'". Keats-Shelley Journal, Vol. VI (1957).
  • Waith, Eugene M. (1995). "Ozymandias: Shelley, Horace Smith, and Denon". Keats-Shelley Journal, Vol. 44, (1995), pp. 22–28.
  • Richmond, H. M. (1962). "Ozymandias and the Travelers". Keats-Shelley Journal, Vol. 11, (Winter, 1962), pp. 65–71.
  • Bequette, M. K. (1977). "Shelley and Smith: Two Sonnets on Ozymandias". Keats-Shelley Journal, Vol. 26, (1977), pp. 29–31.
  • Freedman, William (1986). "Postponement and Perspectives in Shelley's 'Ozymandias'". Studies in Romanticism, Vol. 25, No. 1 (Spring, 1986), pp. 63–73.
  • Edgecombe, R. S. (2000). "Displaced Christian Images in Shelley's 'Ozymandias'". Keats Shelley Review, 14 (2000), 95–99.
  • Sng, Zachary (1998). "The Construction of Lyric Subjectivity in Shelley's 'Ozymandias'". Studies in Romanticism, Vol. 37, No. 2 (Summer, 1998), pp. 217–233.
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