Proto-Indo-European pronouns

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Proto-Indo-European pronouns have been reconstructed by modern linguists, based on similarities found across all Indo-European languages. This article lists and discusses the hypothesised forms.

Proto-Indo-European (PIE) pronouns, especially demonstrative pronouns, are difficult to reconstruct because of their variety in later languages.

Grammatical categories

PIE pronouns inflected for case and number, and partly for gender. For more information on these categories, see the article on Proto-Indo-European nominals.

Personal pronouns

PIE had personal pronouns in the first and second person, but not the third person, where demonstratives were used instead. They were inflected for case and number (singular, dual, and plural), but not for gender. The personal pronouns had their own unique forms and endings, and some had two distinct stems; this is most obvious in the first person singular, where the two stems are still preserved, as for instance in English I and me. There were also two varieties for the accusative, genitive and dative cases, a stressed and an enclitic form. Many of the special pronominal endings were later borrowed as nominal endings.

The following tables give the paradigms as reconstructed by Beekes^[1] and by Sihler.^[2]

Beekes' reconstruction of PIE personal pronouns
		First person		Second person
		Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative		*h₁eǵ(oH/Hom)	*uei	*tuH	*iuH
Accusative	stressed	*h₁mé	*nsmé	*tué	*usmé
Accusative	enclitic	*h₁me	*nōs	*te	*uōs
Genitive	stressed	*h₁méne	*ns(er)o-	*teue	*ius(er)o-
Genitive	enclitic	*h₁moi	*nos	*toi	*uos
Dative	stressed	*h₁méǵʰio	*nsmei	*tébʰio	*usmei
Dative	enclitic	*h₁moi	*ns	*toi	?
Instrumental		*h₁moí	?	*toí	?
Ablative		*h₁med	*nsmed	*tued	*usmed
Locative		*h₁moí	*nsmi	*toí	*usmi

Sihler's reconstruction of PIE personal pronouns
		First person			Second person
		Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative		*eǵoH	*weh₁	*we-i	tī̆ (tū̆)	yuh₁ (yūh₁?)	yūs (yuHs?)
Accusative	tonic	m-mé (> mé)	*n̥h₁-wé	*n̥smé	*twé	*uh₁-wé	*usmé
Accusative	enclitic	*me	*nō̆h₁	*nō̆s	*te	*wō̆h₁	*wō̆s
Genitive	tonic	*mé-me		*n̥sóm	*té-we		*usóm
Genitive	enclitic	mos (adj.*)		*nō̆s	tos (adj.*)		*wō̆s
Dative	tonic	*mébhi		*n̥sm-éy	*tébhi		*usm-éy
Dative	enclitic	mey, moy?		*nō̆s	tey, toy		*wō̆s
Ablative		mm-ét (> mét)		*n̥sm-ét	*tw-ét		*usm-ét

Other reconstructions typically differ only slightly from Beekes and Sihler (see for example Fortson 2004^[3]).

Demonstrative pronouns

As for demonstratives, Beekes^[4] tentatively reconstructs a system with only two pronouns: *so "this, that" and *h₁e "the (just named)" (anaphoric, reconstructed as *ei- by Fortson^[5]). He gives the following paradigms:

	Demonstrative pronouns (Beekes)
	Singular			Plural
	Masculine	Neuter	Feminine	Masculine	Neuter	Feminine
Nominative	*so	*tod	*seh₂	*toi	*teh₂	*seh₂i??
Accusative	*tóm	*tod	*teh₂m	*tons	*teh₂	*teh₂ns
Genitive	*(to)sio		*(t)eseh₂s	*tesom?		*tesom?
Ablative	*tosmōd			*toios?
Dative	*tosmōi		*tesieh₂ei	*toimus		*teh₂mus?
Locative	*tosmi		*tesieh₂i	*toisu		*teh₂su?
Instrumental	*toi?		*toi?	*toibʰi		*teh₂bʰi?

Nominative	*h₁e	*(h₁)id	*(h₁)ih₂	*h₁ei	*ih₂	*ih₂es
Accusative	*im	*(h₁)id	*ih₂m	*ins	*ih₂	*ih₂ns
Genitive	*h₁éso		*h₁eseh₂s?	*h₁es(om)
Ablative	*h₁esmōd			*h₁eios?
Dative	*h₁esmōi		*h₁esieh₂ei	*h₁eimus
Locative	*h₁esmi		*h₁esieh₂i	*h₁eisu
Instrumental	*h₁ei?			*h₁eibʰi

Beekes also postulates three adverbial particles, from which demonstratives were constructed in various later languages:

*ḱi "here" (reconstructed as a demonstrative *ḱi- "this" by Fortson^[5])
*h₂en "there" and
*h₂eu "away, again",

	Demonstrative pronouns (Sihler)
	Singular			Plural
	Masculine	Neuter	Feminine	Masculine	Neuter	Feminine
Nominative	*so	*tod	seh₂, sih₂	*toy	*teh₂	*teh₂s
Accusative	*tom	*tod	*teh₂m	*toms	*teh₂	*teh₂ms
Genitive	*tosyo		*tosyeh₂s	*toysō̆m		*teh₂sō̆m
Ablative	*tosmōd		*tosyeh₂s	*toybʰ-		*teh₂bʰ-
Dative	*tosmey		*tosyeh₂ey	*toybʰ-		*teh₂bʰ-
Locative	*tosmi		?	*toysu		*teh₂su
Instrumental	?		?	?		?

Nominative	*is	*id	*ih₂	*eyes	*ih₂	*ih₂es
Accusative	*im	*id	*ih₂m	*ins	*ih₂	*ih₂ms
Genitive	*esyo		*esyeh₂s	*eysom
Ablative	*esmod		*esyeh₂s	*eybʰ-
Dative	*esmey		*esyeh₂ey	*eybʰ-
Locative	*esmi		?	*eysu
Instrumental	?			?

Reflexive pronoun

A third-person reflexive pronoun *s(w)e-, parallel to the first and second person singular personal pronouns, also existed, though it lacked a nominative form:

Reflexive pronoun (Beekes)^[6]
Accusative	*se
Genitive	seue, sei
Dative	sebʰio, soi

Relative pronoun

PIE had a relative pronoun with the stem *(H)yo-.^[7]

Interrogative/indefinite pronoun

There was also a pronoun with the stem *kʷe- / *kʷi- (adjectival *kʷo-) used both as an interrogative and an indefinite pronoun.^[5]^[8]

Interrogative pronoun (Sihler^[9])
	Singular		Plural		Singular			Plural
	Pronominal				Adjectival
	Masc./Fem.	Neuter	Masc./Fem.	Neuter	Masculine	Neuter	Feminine	Masculine	Neuter	Feminine
Nominative	*kʷis	*kʷid	*kʷeyes	*kʷih₂	*kʷos	*kʷod	*kʷeh₂	*kʷoy	*kʷeh₂	*kʷeh₂(e)s
Accusative	*kʷim	*kʷid	*kʷims	*kʷih₂	*kʷom	*kʷod	*kʷeh₂m	*kʷoms	*kʷeh₂	*kʷeh₂ms
Dative	*kʷesmey		*kʷeybh-		*kʷosmey		?	?
Genitive	*kʷesyo		*kʷeysom		*kʷosyo		?	?
Locative	*kʷesmi		*kʷeysu		?		?	?

Pronominal adjectives

Proto-Indo-European possessed few adjectives that had a distinct set of endings, identical to those of the demonstrative pronoun above but differing from those of regular adjectives.^[10] They included at least *ályos "other, another"^[5] (or *h₂élyos?).

Reflexes

Reflexes, or descendants of the PIE reconstructed forms in its daughter languages, include the following.

Type	Reconstruction	Reflexes
1st sg. nom.	*eǵoH	Hitt. ūk, Ved. ahám, Av. azəm, Gk. ἐγω(ν), Lat. ego, Goth. ik,^[11] Eng. I, Gm. ich, Du. ik, Alb. u-në, Bulg. аз\az, Russ. я\ja, Kamviri õc, Carian uk, Osset. æz/æz, Umb. eho, ON ek, Lith. aš, Venet. ego^{[citation needed]}
1st sg. oblique	*me	Ved. mām, Av. mąm, Gk. ἐμέ, Lat. mē,^[11] Eng. mec/me, Gm. mih/mich, Du. mij, Osset./Pers. mæn, Umb. mehe, Ir. mé, Welsh mi, Russ. mne, Alb. mua, Venet. mego^{[citation needed]}
1st pl. nom.	*we-i	Hitt. wēš, Ved. vayám, Av. vaēm, Goth. wit (dual), weis, Toch. was/wes,^[11] Eng. we, Gm. wir, Du. wij, Pers. vayam/?, ON vér, Lith. vedu^{[citation needed]}
1st pl. oblique	*nō̆s	Hitt. anzāš, Gk. νώ (dual), Lat. nōs, Goth. uns, Toch. ñäś (sg.),^[11] Gm. uns, Eng. us, Du. ons, Skr. nas, Av. nō, Pers. amaxām/?, ON oss, okkr, Old Ir. ni, Welsh ni, OPruss. noūson, Lith. nuodu, Pol., Russ. nas, Alb. ne^{[citation needed]}
2nd sg.	tī̆ (tū̆) / *te	Hitt. zīk, Ved. tvám, Av. tū, Gk. σύ, Doric τύ, Lat. tū, Goth. þu, Toch. tu/tuwe, OCS ty^[12] Gm. du, Eng. thou, Pers. tuva/to, Osset. dy, Kashmiri tsū', Kamviri tü, Umb. tu, tui, Osc. tuvai, ON þú, Ir. tú/thú, Welsh ti, Arm. tu/du, OPruss. toū, Pol. ty, Russ. ty, Lith. tu, Ltv. tu, Alb. ti^{[citation needed]}
2nd pl. nom.	*yū(H)s	Ved. yūyám, Av. yūš, Gk. ὑμεῖς, Goth. jūs, Toch. yas/yes,^[12] Eng. gē/ye; ēow/you, Gm. ir/ihr, Du. jij / gij, ON ykkr, yðr, Arm. dzez/dzez/cez, OPruss. ioūs, Lith. jūs, Ltv. jūs, Alb. juve, ju^{[citation needed]}
2nd pl. oblique	*wō̆s	Lat. vōs,^[12] Skr. vas, Av. vō, Umb. uestra, OPruss. wans, Pol. wy, was, Russ. vy, vas,^{[citation needed]} Alb. u
Demonstrative ("this, that")	so (m), se-h₂ (f), *to-d (n)	Ved. sá, sā, tád, Av. hō, hā, tat̰, Gk. ὁ, ἡ, τό, Goth. sa, so, þata, Icel. sá, sú, það, TochB. se, sā, te^[5] Old Eng. se, seo, thæt, Russ. tot, ta, to^{[citation needed]}
Demonstrative ("the just named; this")	h₁e / ei-	Ved. ay-ám, id-ám, Av. īm "him", Lat. is, ea, id, Alb. aì (he, that), ajò (she, that), Goth. is "he"^[5] Skr. it^{[citation needed]}
Demonstrative / adverbial particle	*ḱi(-)	Lat. cis, Eng. he, Gm. heute "on this day, today", OCS sĭ, Lith. šìs,^[5] ON hér, Goth. hita, Eng. it, Gm. hier, Russ. sije^{[citation needed]}
Reflexive	*s(w)e-	Ved. sva-yám, Av. xᵛāi, Gk. ἑ-, Lat. sē, sibi, suus, Old Ir. fa(-dessin), Ir. féin, OCS sę,^[5] Gm. sih/sich, sin/sein, Du. zich, zijn Carian sfes, Lyd. śfa-, Osc. sífeí, Umb. seso, ON sik, sinn, Goth. sik, Arm. ink῾s, OPruss. sien, sin, Lith. savo, Latv. sevi, Russ. sebe, -sja, Alb. vetë, u, Phryg. ve^{[citation needed]}
Relative	*(H)yo-	Ved. yá-, Av. ya-, Gk. ὅ-, Proto-Celtic *yo-^[5]
Interrogative pronoun	kʷi-s (m, f), kʷi-d (n)	Hitt. kuiš, Luw. kuiš, Gk. τίς, Lat. quis, quid, Ir. cia, Eng. hwī/–, OCS čĭto^[5] Lyc. tike, Lyd. qi-, Osset. či, Pers. čiy/ki, Osc. pisi, Umb. púí, svepis, ON hverr, Welsh pwi,^{[citation needed]} Russ. kto, čto, Alb. çë
Interrogative adjective	kʷo-s (m), kʷe-h₂ (f), *kʷo-d (n)	Ved. kás, Av. kō, Gk. ποῦ "where?", pōs "somehow", Goth. ƕas, Lith. kàs, OCS kŭto^[5] Eng. hwā/who; hwæt/what, Gm. hwër/wer, Du. wie / wat, Carian kuo, Kashmiri kus, Kamviri kâča, Lat. qui, quae, quod; Arm. ov, inč῾, Toch. kus/kŭse, Ltv. kas, Pol. kto, Russ. kto, Alb. ku, kush, Phryg. kos^{[citation needed]}
"(an)other"	*alyo-	Gk. ἄλλος, Lat. alius, Goth. aljis, Ir. ail/eile, Toch. ālak/alyek,^[5] Gm. eli-lenti "in another land, expelled" / elend "miserable, wretched",^[13] Eng. elles/else, Lyd. aλaś, Skr. araṇa, Osc. allo, ON elligar, Gaul. alla, Arm. ayl^{[citation needed]}

In the following languages, two reflexes separated by a slash mean:

English: Old English / Modern English
German: Old High German / New High German
Irish: Old Irish / Modern Irish
Persian: Old Persian / Modern Persian
Tocharian: Tocharian A / Tocharian B

Notes

^ Beekes (2011:233)
^ Sihler (1995:389)
^ Fortson (2004:127–9)
^ Beekes (2011:228–229)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Fortson (2004:130)
^ Beekes (2011:234–235)
^ Sihler (1995:^{&#91, page needed&#93,})
^ Sihler (1995:397)
^ Sihler (1995:397–398)
^ Ringe (2006)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Fortson (2004:127)
^ ^a ^b ^c Fortson (2004:128)
^ Grebe (1963:134)

References

Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011), Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, ISBN 978-90-272-1185-9
Fortson, Benjamin W. IV (2004), Indo-European Language and Culture, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 1-4051-0316-7
Grebe, Paul (1963), Duden Etymologie (in German), Mannheim: Bibliographisches Institut, ISBN 3-411-00907-1
Ringe, Don (2006), A Linguistic History of English part 1: From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic
Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-508345-8

External links

The dictionary definition of Category:Proto-Indo-European pronouns at Wiktionary

[1] Beekes (2011:233)

[2] Sihler (1995:389)

[3] Fortson (2004:127–9)

[4] Beekes (2011:228–229)

[Fortson_p130-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Fortson (2004:130)

[6] Beekes (2011:234–235)

[Sihlerpageneeded-7] Sihler (1995:^{&#91, page needed&#93,})

[8] Sihler (1995:397)

[9] Sihler (1995:397–398)

[10] Ringe (2006)

[Fortson_p127-11] Fortson (2004:127)

[Fortson_p128-12] Fortson (2004:128)

[13] Grebe (1963:134)

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