The Painted Hills is a geologic site in Wheeler County, Oregon that is one of the three units of the John Day Fossil Beds National Monument along with Sheep Rock and Clarno. It totals 3,132 acres (12.67 km2) and is located 9 miles (14 km) northwest of Mitchell, Oregon. The Painted Hills are listed as one of the Seven Wonders of Oregon.[1] The layers of color for which the site is named can be traced back to cycling periods of wet and dry climate conditions associated with the transition from the Eocene epoch to the cooler, more temperate Oligocene epoch.[2][3] The different layers of colors are due to the soil being composed of a combination of mudstone, siltstone, shale and lignite.
Geology
editFormation
editThe Painted Hills began to form 35 million years ago when pumice and ash from volcanic eruptions in the Cascade Mountains traveled 100 miles east and settled over the area.[4][5] Once there, the ash and other sediments were mixed by natural processes including the flow of water, growth of plants, and the movement of animals. Over time, this led to oxidation of the ash on the surface. Buried under new layers and deposits, the ash turned into soils by way of compaction and cementation. With more time and weathering, the exterior surfaces of The Painted Hills were worn into clay. Now, they are primarily made of hard claystone layers.[6]
Layers
editThe colors of the Painted Hills come from the combination of elements including Aluminum, Silicon, Iron, Magnesium, Manganese, Sodium, Calcium, Phosphorus, Titanium, Potassium, Oxygen, and Hydrogen, among others, which arrived with the initial ash fall. Originally light in color, the ash mixed with soils and other elements to form the minerals that give the hills colors such as red, yellow, and black.[6]
The alternating red and tan layers within the hills are the result of cycling climate conditions, which were alternately warm and wet or cool and dry for a period of time between 34 and 28 million years ago.[2] As the mild, humid Eocene epoch gave way to the Oligocene, the tropical climate shifted, becoming cooler and drier.[3][4] Red soils came from floodplain deposits during the more tropical periods, and are made up of laterites, or soils rich in iron and aluminum.[7] These rust-colored layers are full of iron and oxygen in the form of iron oxide.[6] The yellow layers are from a drier and cooler time[7] and take on their yellow hue from iron and magnesium oxides.[6]
The darker, black soil is lignite that was once vegetative matter that grew along the floodplain. The grey coloring is mudstone, siltstone, and shale.[8] The black marks on the hills get their color from manganese oxide.[6]
Fossils
editFossils are rare in the Painted Hills. The original deposits of ash arrived irregularly, creating poor conditions for fossilization, and most organic matter decayed. Still, it is possible to find leaf fossils from ancient lake beds throughout the hills.[6] Many of the fossilized leaf impressions that have been found indicate the presence of plants and trees including redwood, cinnamon, fig, and alder, which correspond to the warmer, more humid climate that predominated during the early formation of the hills.[4]
An abundance of fossil remains of early horses, camels, and rhinoceroses in the larger Painted Hills unit makes the area particularly important to vertebrate paleontologists.[9]
Recreation
editThe Painted Hills are listed as one of the Seven Wonders of Oregon.[1] The Painted Hills unit is open year-round with access for all visitors, but recreation can take a toll on the landscape; visitors who step off the trails can disrupt the naturally-occurring mineral layers, and damage the hills' visible features. There are several well-marked trails for visitors,[5] who are encouraged to take a pledge to stay on the trails at all times: 'Don't Hurt the Dirt',[10] and 'Leave No Trace'.[11]
On any given day, depending on the weather and the moisture in the hills, visitors might find variations in the colors of the Painted Hills. Light reflects differently when they are wet, causing the shades of color to vary in brightness and hue.[6]
In 2015, the annual visitor count at the Painted Hills rose from 45,849 to 74,873.[12]
On August 21, 2017, the Great American Eclipse passed directly over the park, allowing visitors a duration of totality of just over 2 minutes, 4 seconds.[13]
Gallery
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Bands of laterite give Painted Hills in the John Day Fossil Beds National Monument near Mitchell, Oregon their colorful appearance.
References
edit- ^ a b "Painted Hills Unit". Travel Oregon. Travel Oregon. Retrieved 2022-04-15.
- ^ a b Oregon Paleo Lands Institute. "Geology, Life and Climate". Oregon Paleo Lands Center.
- ^ a b Bestland, E.A., Hammond, P.E., Blackwell, D.L.S., Kays, M.A., Retallack, G.J., & Stimac, J. (2002). "Geologic Framework of the Clarno Unit, John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, Central Oregon" (PDF).
- ^ a b c Brogan, Phil F. (1972). "The Painted Hills and the Carroll Family". Oregon Historical Quarterly. 73 (3): 258–268. ISSN 0030-4727. JSTOR 20613307.
- ^ a b Patowary, Kaushik. "Painted Hills of Oregon". Amusing Planet. Retrieved 2019-12-04.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Painted Hills Viewpoint" from the John Day Fossil Beds National Monument National Park Service.
- ^ a b "John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, Oregon". U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2006-09-23. Retrieved 2006-12-01.
- ^ "John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, Oregon". U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2006-09-22. Retrieved 2006-12-01.
- ^ Alt, David; Donald W. Hundman (1995). Northwest Exposures: A Geologic History of the Northwest. Mountain Press. pp. 227–231. ISBN 0-87842-323-0.
- ^ "DontHurtTheDirt - John Day Fossil Beds National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov.
- ^ "Protect the Outdoors - Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor Ethics". Leave No Trace.
- ^ Group, Kathy Aney EO Media. "Painted Hills live up to billing". Blue Mountain Eagle.
{{cite web}}:|last1=has generic name (help) - ^ "Oregon eclipse". Total solar eclipse of Aug 21, 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
External links
edit
- "John Day Fossil Beds". National Park Service. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
- "Image Gallery". Marius Schilder. Archived from the original on 2013-01-24. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
[1] – Painted Hills