Pakubuwono XI

Pakubuwono XI (also transliterated as Pakubuwana XI; 1 February 1886 – 1 June 1945) was the eleventh Susuhunan (ruler of Surakarta) during the Second World War – and during the Japanese occupation of Java.

Pakubuwono XI ꦥꦏꦸꦧꦸꦮꦤ꧇꧑꧑꧇
Sri Susuhunan Pakubuwana XI
Susuhunan of Surakarta
Reign	26 April 1939 − 1 June 1945
Coronation	26 April 1939
Predecessor	Pakubuwono X
Successor	Pakubuwono XII
Born	(1886-02-01)1 February 1886 Surakarta, Dutch East Indies
Died	1 June 1945(1945-06-01) (aged 59) Surakarta, Japanese East Indies
Burial	Imogiri, Yogyakarta
House	Mataram
Father	Pakubuwono X
Mother	Kanjeng Raden Ayu Mandayaretna

In his capacity as the eleventh Susuhunan, Pakubuwono XI was an officer à la suite of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL). He was made a Major General of the KNIL on 15 April 1939.

Heir apparent

He was born as Raden Mas Ontoseno, he was the son of Pakubuwono X and his concubine, Kanjeng Raden Ayu Mandojoretno. Upon reaching adulthood, he was styled as Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Haryo Hangabehi. He was crowned as Susuhunan Pakubuwana XI on 26 April 1939.

The appointment of KGPH. Hangabehi as Pakubuwono XI wasn't without conflict, due to Pakubuwono X's preference to KGPH. Koesoemojoedo (Gusti Raden Mas Abimanjoe), KGPH. Hangabehi's younger brother, to succeed him. Moreover, from the Dutch colonial government's point of view, KGPH. Koesoemojoedo was a strong-personality Javanese nobleman who interested in the court's financial and administration affairs. In another side, KGPH. Hangabehi's position was also strong, mainly from majority of anti-Dutch court's elites. Pakubuwono X himself had more than 60 children. A wedging problem was that Pakubuwono X had no son from his two queen consorts. The eldest sons, KGPH. Hangabehi and KGPH. Koesoemojoedo, were born from concubines. In 1898, Pakubuwono X had actually intended to appoint KGPH. Koesoemojoedo as a crown prince although he was born 40 days after KGPH. Hangabehi's birth. However, Pakubuwono X abandoned his plan, and he chose KGPH. Hangabehi as the heir.

KGPH. Hangabehi was given many important positions, such as wedana tengen (chancellor) and Vice-Chairman of Raad Nagari, a royal advisory council. He was also tasked by his father to attend 40th jubilee of Queen Wilhelmina's coronation in the Netherlands.

Reign

In the late November 1938, Pakubuwono X was severely ill, and died 3 months later. On the advice of Parliament of the Netherlands, Governor-General Alidius Warmoldus Lambertus Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer chose KGPH. Hangabehi to succeed his father as Pakubuwono XI. Pakubuwono XI's coronation was accompanied by political contract which reduced Susuhunan's suzerainty, which mentioned that Pakubuwono XI would be deposed if he couldn't fulfill his obligation as determined in political contract, plus the withholding of royal expenditure budget dramatically.

Pakubuwono XI's reign was marked by difficult era, coincided with World War II. He also experienced the transfer of colonial government, from the Netherlands to Japan since 1942. The Japanese dubbed Surakarta Sunanate as Solo Koo. In Japanese colonial era, there was inflation which severed royal and nobility's finances. The Japanese also confiscated most of court's assets, which caused Pakubuwono XI fell ill. After his death on 1 June, 1945, he was succeeded by his very young son, styled Pakubuwono XII.

Family

Queen consorts

1. Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Kencana (died before his ascension)
2. Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Pakubuwana
   born as Raden Ajeng Kuspariyah, daughter of Kanjeng Raden Mas Tumenggung Puspadiningrat.

Concubines

1. Kanjeng Raden Ayu Dayaresmi
2. Kanjeng Raden Ayu Dayaningsih
3. Kanjeng Raden Ayu Dayasuma
4. Kanjeng Raden Ayu Daya Asmara
5. Kanjeng Raden Ayu Dayaningrat

Sons

1. Gusti Raden Mas Saliman
   son of GKR. Kencana, styled as Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Harya Mangkubumi.
2. Bendara Raden Mas Danurwinda
   son of KRAy. Dayaningsih, styled as Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Harya Hangabehi.
3. Bendara Raden Mas Surya Suksara
   son of KRAy. Daya Asmara, styled as Gusti Pangeran Harya Natapura.
4. Gusti Raden Mas Surya Guritna
   son of GKR. Pakubuwana, styled as Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Harya Purbaya, then Pakubuwana XII.
5. Bendara Raden Mas Surya Lelana
   son of KRAy. Dayaningsih, styled as Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Harya Prabuwijaya.
6. Bendara Raden Mas Surya Dharmaja
   son of KRAy. Daya Asmara, styled as Gusti Pangeran Harya Bintara.

Daughters

1. Gusti Raden Ajeng Saparinten
   daughter of GKR. Kencana, styled as Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Hayu.
2. Gusti Raden Ajeng Shamsiah
   daughter of GKR. Kencana, styled as Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Bendara.
3. Gusti Raden Ajeng Kus Sapatinten
   daughter of GKR. Kencana, styled as Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Chandra Kirana.
4. Bendara Raden Ajeng Suprapti
   daughter of KRAy. Dayaningsih, styled as Gusti Raden Ayu Kusumadartaya.
5. Gusti Raden Ajeng Kus Sapariyam
   daughter of GKR. Pakubuwana, styled as Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Kedhaton.

References

• Bachtiar, Harsya W. (1988). Siapa Dia? Perwira Tinggi Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD) [Who's That? Senior Officers of the Indonesian National Army] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Djambatan. ISBN 979-428-100-X.
• Miksic, John N. (general ed.), et al. (2006) Karaton Surakarta: A Look into the Court of Surakarta Hadiningrat, Central Java (First published: 'By the will of His Serene Highness Paku Buwono XII'. Surakarta: Yayasan Pawiyatan Kabudayan Karaton Surakarta, 2004) Marshall Cavendish Editions Singapore ISBN 981-261-226-2
• Purwadi. 2007. Sejarah Raja-Raja Jawa. Yogyakarta: Media Ilmu.