Palo Alto Battlefield National Historical Park

Palo Alto Battlefield National Historical Park near Brownsville, Texas, United States, is a National Park Service unit which preserves the grounds of the May 8, 1846, Battle of Palo Alto. It was the first major conflict in a border dispute that soon precipitated the Mexican–American War. The United States Army victory here made the invasion of Mexico possible. The historic site portrays the battle and the war, and its causes and consequences, from the perspectives of both the United States and Mexico.

Palo Alto Battlefield National Historical Park
Palo Alto battlegrounds today
Location in Texas Location in United States
Location	Cameron County, Texas, U.S.
Nearest city	Brownsville, Texas
Coordinates	26°1′17″N 97°28′50″W
Area	3,357.42 acres (13.5870 km2) 1,039.62 acres (420.72 ha) federal
Established	November 10, 1915
Visitors	36,707 (in 2012)
Governing body	National Park Service
Website	Palo Alto Battlefield National Historical Park
Palo Alto Battlefield National Historical Park
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark
U.S. National Historical Park
Former U.S. National Historic Site
Built	1846 (1846)
NRHP reference No.	66000812
Significant dates
Designated NHL	December 19, 1960
Designated NHP	March 30, 2009
Designated NHS	November 19, 1978
Delisted NHS	March 30, 2009

The National Park Service has acquired a little more than a third of the authorized land for the park, including the 300 acres (1.2 km²) southern core battlefield tract, which served as the location for Mexican forces during the Battle of Palo Alto. Private landowners still control some 2,000 acres (8.1 km²) of the battlefield. Honey Mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), although a native plant, is present in an unusually high concentration, altering the cultural landscape and threatening the natural and cultural resources at the park.

The park's visitor center features exhibits about the battle and the Mexican–American War, as well as a 15-minute video titled "War on the Rio Grande". A half-mile trail leads to an overlook of the battlefield and includes interpretive panels.

Background

The Battle of Palo Alto, fought on May 8, 1846, near modern Brownsville, Texas, was the first battle of the Mexican–American War. On April 30, 1846, Mexican federal troops under the command of General Mariano Arista crossed the Rio Grande into the disputed territory east of the river with the intention of attacking American General Zachary Taylor's forward base, Fort Texas. Taylor, expecting Fort Texas to be invested, took his main force approximately 20 miles east to protect his main supply base, Fort Polk, leaving 500 men, under Major Jacob Brown, to garrison the forward base. Arista's investment of Fort Texas began on May 3 and continued for several days, during which time Major Brown was mortally wounded. On May 7 Taylor departed Fort Polk, on the coast near Port Isabel, and began to move west towards the relief of Fort Texas. Arista, given timely intelligence of Taylor's departure, moved his main force to block Taylor along the Port Isabel Road. The two armies met the next day, May 8, when Taylor's columns engaged the Mexican line around 2 P.M. The Americans repulsed an initial cavalry charge to their right, and were then able to advance 1,000 yards when a grass fire forced Arista's line back. After a second failed cavalry charge, Arista advanced on the American left but was driven back by the quick and accurate fire of the American light artillery. Eager to seize the initiative from Arista, a mixed force of infantry and dragoons pressed forward against the retreating Mexican right, eventually driving them from the field. After dusk ended the fighting, Arista began to pull his forces away from the battlefield to a more defensible position in a dry river bed to the south. Taylor pursued the following day, leading to the Battle of Resaca de la Palma, on May 9.

While the battle was a clear American victory and casualties were very light, 5 dead and 43 wounded, two of the dead were the resolute commander of Fort Texas, Major Brown, and the innovative artillery officer Major Samuel Ringgold, whose fast and mobile "flying artillery" would continue to be a major advantage to Taylor throughout the campaign.

Administrative history

Battle of Palo Alto historical marker

Palo Alto Battlefield was designated a National Historic Landmark on December 19, 1960. It became Palo Alto Battlefield National Historic Site on November 10, 1978, with a boundary change authorized on June 23, 1992. Establishing legislation in 1991 (Pub. L. 102–304) was sponsored by Rep. Solomon Ortiz.

On March 30, 2009 the site was redesignated a National Historical Park, and the park was expanded to include the Resaca de la Palma Battlefield, which is a separate 34 acres inside the Brownsville city limits.

The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 authorized the addition of Fort Brown (166 acres) to Palo Alto Battlefield National Historical Park if a study finds it feasible.

See also

• List of National Historic Landmarks in Texas
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Cameron County, Texas

References

• The National Parks: Index 2001–2003. Washington: U.S. Department of the Interior.

External links

• Official NPS website: Palo Alto Battlefield National Historical Park
• Palo Alto Battlefield NHL information
• National Park Lover Page: Palo Alto Battlefield National Historical Park
• Out ‘N About with Jimmy and George - "The Battle of Palo Alto" from the Texas Archive of the Moving Image