Paraconodonts (Paraconodontida) are an extinct order of probable chordates, closely related or ancestral to euconodonts (true conodonts).[1][2][3] The order contains the superfamily Furnishinacea, itself containing the families Westergaardodinidae and Furnishinidae.[3]
| Paraconodontida | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Subphylum: | Vertebrata (?) |
| Order: | †Paraconodontida Müller, 1962 |
| Subgroups | |
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| Synonyms | |
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Paraconodonts were introduced into the scientific literature by Klaus Müller, who sought out the Cambrian ancestors of conodonts through the 1950s and 1960s and proclaimed success upon the discovery of paraconodont fossils. Like early true conodonts, paraconodont elements were phosphatic fossils which generally had a horn- or tooth-like shape, and some were serrated with multiple cusps. Westergaardodina acquired an even more unusual W- or horseshoe-shaped form.[3][4]
True conodont 'teeth' have a distinct crown and base tissue, with each component growing independently through the addition of external layers. In contrast, paraconodont 'teeth' have a single main component which only grows downwards via additional sheath-like layers. As a result, the tip of the 'tooth' remains fully exposed and unmodified through its entire lifetime, while the base of the 'tooth' eventually expands into a rimmed cavity.[5][4]
In the earliest paraconodonts (such as Furnishina and Prooneotodus), the basal cavity is very simple and entirely lacks internal growth. Later paraconodonts are more complex: Problematoconites, for example, has 'cone-filling laminae' (very thin layers which stack up within the basal cavity), while Rotundoconus adds a spherulitic infilling (thicker beady-textured layer) below the 'cone-filling laminae'. This trend of increasing complexity further supports the idea that paraconodonts are ancestral to euconodonts. In fact, the internal structure of Rotundoconus is nearly identical to the base tissue of the early euconodont Granatodontus. In addition, it also demonstrates how conodonts evolved their 'teeth' independently from the enamel-based true teeth of jawed vertebrates.[6]
During the 1970s and early 1980s, paraconodonts were frequently associated with an even more simplistic group of conodont-like Cambrian fossils, the protoconodonts (taxa such as Amphigeisina, Gapparodus, Hertzina, and Protohertzina).[5][3][7] Both paraconodonts and protoconodonts were grouped together within the order Paraconodontida in the 1981 Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology volume on conodonts (Part W revised, supplement 2).[3] Later research found little support for this association, instead arguing that protoconodonts were an unrelated group of invertebrates closer to modern chaetognaths (arrow worms).[8][9]
Taxonomy
edit- Superfamily Furnishinacea Miller, 1981[3]
- Family Furnishinidae Müller & Nogami, 1971
- Albiconus Miller, 1980
- Furnishina Müller, 1959
- Muellerodus (Miller, 1980)
- Nogamiconus (Miller, 1980)
- Proacodus Müller, 1959
- Problematoconites Müller, 1959
- Prooneotodus Müller, 1959
- Prosagittodontus Müller, 1959
- Proscandodus Müller & Nogami, 1971
- Family Westergaardodinidae Müller, 1959
- Westergaardodina Müller, 1959
- Family Furnishinidae Müller & Nogami, 1971
- incertae sedis:
- Diaphanodus? Bagnoli, Barnes, & Stevens, 1987
- Dolabrodus An, 1982
- Bengtsonella Müller & Hinz, 1991
- Hunanognathus Dong, 1993
- Laiwugnathus An, 1982
- Prodistacodus? An, 1982
- Rotundoconus? An & Zhang, 1983
- Serratocambria Müller & Hinz, 1991
- Shandongodus An, 1982
- Trolmenia Müller & Hinz, 1991
- Yongshunella Dong & Bergström, 2001[10]
References
edit- ^ Supplement to systematics of conodonts. KJ Müller and RC Moore, in Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, Part W: Miscellanea : Conodonts Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils, and Problema, 1962 - Geological Society of America
- ^ Donoghue, P.C.J.; Forey, P.L.; Aldridge, R.J. (2000). "Conodont affinity and chordate phylogeny". Biological Reviews. 75 (2): 191–251. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1999.tb00045.x. PMID 10881388. S2CID 22803015.
- ^ a b c d e f Clark, David L. (1981). "Chapter 3: Systematic Descriptions". In Moore, Raymond C.; Robison, R.A. (eds.). Part W, Miscellanea, Supplement 2: Conodonta. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Boulder, Colorado; Lawrence, Kansas: Geological Society of America; University of Kansas. pp. 111–180. ISBN 0-8137-3028-7.
- ^ a b Müller, K. J.; Hinz-Schallreuter, I. (1998). "Internal structure of Cambrian Conodonts". Journal of Paleontology. 72 (1): 91–112. doi:10.1017/S0022336000024045. ISSN 0022-3360.
- ^ a b Bengtson, Stefan (1976). "The structure of some Middle Cambrian conodonts, and the early evolution of conodont structure and function". Lethaia. 9 (2): 185–206. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1976.tb00966.x. ISSN 0024-1164.
- ^ Murdock, Duncan J. E.; Dong, Xi-Ping; Repetski, John E.; Marone, Federica; Stampanoni, Marco; Donoghue, Philip C. J. (2013). "The origin of conodonts and of vertebrate mineralized skeletons". Nature. 502 (7472): 546–549. doi:10.1038/nature12645. ISSN 0028-0836.
- ^ Bengtson, Stefan (1983). "The early history of the Conodont" (PDF). Fossils and Strata. 15: 5–19.
- ^ Szaniawski, Hubert (1982). "Chaetognath Grasping Spines Recognized among Cambrian Protoconodonts". Journal of Paleontology. 56 (3): 806–810. JSTOR 1304409.
- ^ Szaniawski, H. (2002). "New evidence for the protoconodont origin of chaetognaths" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 47 (3): 405–419.
- ^ Dong, Xi‐Ping; Bergström, Stig M. (2001). "Middle and Upper Cambrian Protoconodonts and Paraconodonts from Hunan, South China". Palaeontology. 44 (5): 949–985. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00210. ISSN 0031-0239.
External links
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