In literary interpretation, paratext is material that surrounds a published main text (e.g., the story, non-fiction description, poems, etc.) supplied by the authors, editors, printers, and publishers. These added elements form a frame for the main text, and can change the reception of a text or its interpretation by the public. Paratext is most often associated with books, as they typically include a cover (with associated cover art), title, front matter (dedication, opening information, foreword, epigraph), back matter (endpapers, indexes, and colophons) footnotes, and many other materials not crafted by the author. Other editorial decisions can also fall into the category of paratext, such as the formatting or typography. Because of their close association with the text, it may seem that authors should be given the final say about paratextual materials, but often that is not the case.
Major examples of the impacts of publisher-inserted material include the case of the 2009 young adult novel Liar, which was initially published with an image of a white girl on the cover, although the narrator of the story was identified in the text as black.[1]
The concept of paratext is closely related to the concept of hypotext, which is the earlier text that serves as a source for the current text.
Theory
editLiterary theorist Gérard Genette defines paratext as those things in a published work that accompany the text, things such as the author's name, the title, preface or introduction, or illustrations. He states, "More than a boundary or a sealed border, the paratext is, rather, a threshold."[2] It is "a zone between text and off-text, a zone not only of transition but also of transaction: a privileged place of pragmatics and a strategy, of an influence on the public, an influence that ... is at the service of a better reception for the text and a more pertinent reading of it". Then quoting Philippe Lejeune, Genette further describes paratext as "a fringe of the printed text which in reality controls one's whole reading of the text". This threshold consists of a peritext, consisting of elements such as titles, chapter titles, prefaces and notes. It also includes an epitext, which consists of elements such as interviews, publicity announcements, reviews by and addresses to critics, private letters and other authorial and editorial discussions – 'outside' of the text in question. The paratext is the sum of the peritext and epitext.[3] Book scholar Nicholas Basbanes extends the concept of paratext to include illustrations, dust jackets, indexes, appendices, the thickness and weight of paper, typefaces, and binding.[4]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Alison Flood. Bloomsbury backs down over book cover race row, guardian.co.uk 2009-08-10
- ^ Genette, Gérard (1997). Paratexts : thresholds of interpretation. Cambridge: The University of Cambridge. pp. 1–2. ISBN 9781107784321. OCLC 867050409.
- ^ Allen, Graham (2000). Intertextuality. US and Canada: Routledge. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-415-17475-6.
- ^ Basbanes, Nicholas (2003). A Splendor of Letters. New York: HarperCollins. p. 229.
Bibliography
edit- Basbanes, Nicholas. A Splendor of Letters: The Permanence of Books in an Impermanent World. New York: HarperCollins, 2003.
- Collins, Ronald K. L.; Skover, David M. (February 1992). "Paratexts". Stanford Law Review. 44 (3): 509–552. doi:10.2307/1228974. JSTOR 1228974.
- Genette, Gérard: Seuils. Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1987. (translated as Paratexts. Thresholds of interpretation, Cambridge: CUP, 1997)
- Huber, Alexander: Paratexte in der englischen Erzählprosa des 18. Jahrhunderts [Paratexts in eighteenth-century English prose fiction]. (Master's thesis [in German]). Munich: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, 1997. [discusses Henry Fielding's Tom Jones, Jonathan Swift's A Tale of a Tub, and Laurence Sterne's Tristram Shandy]
- Müllerová, Lenka: Reklamní aspekty sekundárních knižních textů v devadesátých letech 20. století (Thesis). Available from http://is.muni.cz/th/117754/ff_d/?lang=en;id=121545
- Pellatt, Valerie. Text, Extratext, Metatext and Paratext in Translation. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013.
- Stanitzek, Georg (September 2005). "Texts and Paratexts in Media". Critical Inquiry (Submitted manuscript). 32 (1). Translated by Klein, Ellen: 27–42. doi:10.1086/498002. S2CID 161546900.
- Skare, Roswitha. “The Paratext of Digital Documents.” Journal of Documentation 77, no. 2 (2021): 449–60.